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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

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Collection  de 
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Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
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10X  14X  18X  22X 


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or  illustrated  impression. 


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la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  •^»>  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies 


Un  des  symboies  suivants  apparaftra  sur  la 
dernlAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE  ",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
fiimis  A  das  taux  de  reduction  diff6rents. 
Lorrque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seui  clich6,  11  est  fiimd  A  partir 
de  I'angle  sup6rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n6cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


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THE 


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PHYSIOLOGY  OF  DIGESTION, 


WITH 


EXPERIMENTS  ON  THE  GASTRIC  JUICE. 


BT   WILLIAM  BEAVMOSrTyM.D, 

Snriaon  in  the  U.  8.  Aitaj. 


CORRECTED   BT   SAMUEL   BEAUMONT,   M.  D. 


BURLINGTON: 
CHAUNCEY   GOODRICH. 

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TO  JOSEPH  LOVELL,  M.  D. 

STTRGEON   GENERAL   OP   THE     UNITED     STATES'   ARMY, 

Whose  merit  justly  entileis  him  to  the  rank 
which  he  hdlds/ 
And  whose  zeal  ift  thS  cause  of  Medical  Scf^cie  is 
equalled  only  by  his  ability  to  promote  it,       1 
As  a  tribute  of  respect  for  his  public  and  private 

virtues, 

And  as  a  feeble  acknowledgment  for  a  long 

tried  and  unvarying  friendship. 

This  work  is  respectfully  dedicated,  by 

THE  AUTHOR. 


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PREFACE  TO  THE  SECOND  EDITION. 


BY  THE   PUBLISHER. 


This  work  was  first  published  in  1833.  That  edi- 
tion, though  a  very  large  one,  (3000  copies,)  has  been 
for  some  time  exhausted,  and  the  present  publisher  has 
made  arrangements  with  Dr.  Beaumont  to  publish  ano- 
ther edition. 

Of  the  merits  of  the  work,  it  is  not  necessary,  per- 
haps, to  speak.  It  has  been  for  some  years  before  the 
scientific  public,  who  are  the  best  judges  of  its  value. 
That  the  author  himself  has  seen  no  reason  to  change 
the  views  and  opinions  he  entertained  in  1833,  on 
the  question  then  brought  into  discussion,  will  be 
sufficiently  manifest  when  the  reader  is  informed,  that 
this  second  is  simply  a  reprint,  with  a  few  verbal  cor- 
jections,  of  the  first  edition. 

But  if  the  verdict  of  the  press,  both  domestic  and  for- 
eign, scientific  and  secular,  is  to  be  regarded  as  evidence 
of  tnerit  and  success^  the  author  has  succeeded  beyoi^ 
his  most  sanguine  expectations.  To  insert  these  eoB^tr 
mendatory  articles  in  detail  would  be  to  swell  this 
face  to  a  volume.  With  a  view,  however,  of  sb< 
the^estimation  in  which  this  work  is  held  by  thoi^ 
entitled  to  judge,  it  will  not  be  improper  to  make  one  or 
two  quotatioiu :  A  writer  IRJ^  **  Journal  of  Medical 


.  s»^.; 


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q:^|i<^ni  qMl^e  work,  soon  ailnr  iti  {ttibli^ioo)  thai  the 
aiii^of,  '<  b^  bjsen  Qnahled  to  ^lettl^^jCoiiclusiTdly  many 
]>omtS)  which  haye^hoen  .  ubjects  of  dii^ptat^,  and  to  throw 
veiycQqaiderable, light  upon  others  in  relation  to  which 
Qiir  views  ^ero  formerly  v^gqe  und  confused)"  and 
*<that  the  report  of  jij^s  (Dr.Bv's)  e^rimentsandabsor* 
vationa  cons^titutes,  unquestionably,  in  many  particulars^ 
t^e  n^pst  impoJttant  woflc  ever  published  pn  the  physiol- 
ogy, of  digestion,"  ,  .  ■ 

In  a  v^ork  oi^  the; "Physiology  of  Digestion,  conaider** 
ed  in  relation  to  the  principles  of  Dietetics,"  by  "An^ 
drew  Combe,  M,  D.,  Fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Physicians  of  Edinburgh,  and  Physician  in  Ordinary  to 
tlieir  Majesties,  th^  King  and  <4ueen  of  the  Belgians," 
a  gentleman  well  known  to  the  medical  and  scientific 
woyld,  as  an  author  of  much  celebrity,  the  following  no- 
tice is  taken  of  Dr.  Beaumont's  work.  "  In  preparing 
the  present  volume  for  the  press,"  he  says,  "  I  have  de- 
rived the  utmost  advantage  from  a  very  valuable  work, 
by  Dr,  Beaumont,  an  American  writer,  which,  though 
scarcely  know:n  in  this  country,*  contains  an  authentic 
record  of  j^ome  of  the  most  curious  and  instructive  ob- 
servations which  have  ever  been  inac^e  on  the  process  of 
digestion.  That  excellent  and  enlightened  physiologist 
had  the  rare  good  ifortune  to  meet  with  a  case  where  an 
artificial  opening^  into  the  stomach  existed  through 
which  he  could  see  every  tiding  that  took  place  during 
V the  process  9^.healthy  digestion;  and  with  the  most 
^disinterested  ^^eaV  an|d  adinirable  perseverance,  l^e  pro- 
ceeded to  avail  himself  of  the  opportunity  thus  afforded » 

"    -    ■■^""'    !"■»    ■'■     '■ ■     I  —■        II ■(■MM. L^aiMIM    IWI         I  !■       Mi        I  "  '  '  — — ^>iii^— **— IMP— — |P— »^ 

*  Ihfote  tbe  tH>H(  WM  pabtliJil^il  in  Oreat  Britiin! 


pnK^AHAL  tb  Tito  «k6dMb  KDition. 


of  adTanbffig  huftttk' ktibwl^|i6,  bf  tinf^ing  the  pa- 
tient, at  hidavy  ex|wnse,  to  lire  with  him  foir  several 
feari,  and  be^ttotfthe  subject  of  niiiherotiB  aiid  care^ly 
condiietod  exp^imientB.  Ofthei^esultib  thuk  obtained, 
I  hUre  hot  scrupled  to  ibt&keiHe'Mst  and  hiOst  ^mple 
use;  both  because  tfady  illnstrate  utmost  ev^ry  point  of 
importance  connected  with  digestion,  and  because,  from 
Dr.  Beaumont's  \irork  being  still  indceessible  to  the  Brit- 
ish reader,  it  is  a  bare  act  of  justice  towards  him^  and 
also  the  best  way  of  fulfilling  the  objects  he  had  in  view, 
to  make  its  contents  known  as' wide  as  possible ;  for, 
whenever  they  are  known,  they  will  be  aclrnowledged 
to-  redound  to  his-  crisdit,  and  not  I9SS  as.a  man  than  as 
a  philosopher."'  In  the  prosecution  of  his  work,  Dr. 
Combe  has  quoted  nearly  50  pages  of  Dr.  Beaumont's 
work.  After  giving  a  briof  history  of  the  case,  he  says, 
on page  •91,  ^'Dr.  Beaumont  was  sensible  of  iid  xralu^, 
(the  opportunity  of  experimenting)^  arid  al^cordih^Iy 
pursued! his  inquiries  with  a  zeal,  perseverance  and  dis-^ 
interestedness,  I  ghly  creditable  1(6  i.ts  character,  both 
as  a  manand  asaphilosophfer.'*  Again/oit^ag^  93.  "It 
ought  to  be  added^  in  justicO  tO  tho  AmeWcati  physiolo- 
gial,  that,  from  the  excellent  judgfuent^'witfi  Vhicli  he' 
carded  on  his  investigationis,  and  thJ  scnipuloUs  care*^ 
with  whith  hc^announces  hl^  rfestilts,  aii(^  separates  facts 
from  thecHfyi  it  is'imposSiWo  nttt  tbli^ce  great'confidence 
bd^ln  kis^  personal  qu«ilificat!mis  IS  ah  obderver^  ailtd^ 
im  the  general  accuracy  of  his  statements.  Moreo^r, 
as  he  enjoyed 'the  rire  advantage  of  Ismw^  What  he  de- 
scribfes'to  ha!v^  t^.kenrplace  hi  the  stoniiich'dttrin^  healttiy 
dJc^istS^  hts'evidetlii^  coioi^  before  us  #ith  the  strong^ 
estpO^ibte  clap^vOfl^^ouif  atti^ntioi^^^^  After  giving  a 
somewhat  detailecl  account  ol^  these  experiments,  Dr. 


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8 


PREFACE  TO  THE  SECOND  BDITIOM . 


Combe  says,  page  1S9,  "  Such  then  are  the  phenomena 
and  conditions  of  healthy  digestion,  and  such  is  the 

"8*^^  ^^OTiVfS'^  l^W,,lWl^^^^^^  ^pnbliqitionof 
the  Amencan  physlolb j^ist." 

It  must  be  gratifying  to  the  author  to  know  that  his 
work  has  been  republished  in  Great  Britain,  Prance  and 
Gwwany ;  a^  that  it)ias  .been  extensively ,  read  ^d 
quoted,  apdi8,i;©gar4ed,  as  the  best  aulhq^ty  by  all  the 
"WiBilprsontb©"S"bjepts,pf  yrhich  it  treats. 

The  publisher,  in  ofejing  tl^is  new,  and,  as  he  be^ 
]mn^  ipipfove4  edit^bapf.  Dr.  Peaun^oxif  s  wprk  tf>.4he 
pwW^C^aUers  hii»ip^lf;thatbP  is  nojro^ily  promoting, the 
interests  <?f8ci^ifce„W,;f>y  miakipg  the  r^^der  acquamt^ 
ed  with^he  laws  t^t  gpyerjpi  the  digestion  of  aliment, 
and.giv^ng.  him  the,  ii^fpmaUpn  necessary  to^enj3?lejvW 
tQ  »m^m^  huptfi^l  agents  in. -the  selection  qiW  food," 
tM  he  is,  jn  nPi.mftlj; *egree,  subserving  th^cause  ot 

h(u»ajai^;,iiA-  •  ''-  ^^.  •.•  ;  ■. 
Burlirigtbn/ Vt*  18»17-. 


J.  n. 


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PREFACE  TO  THE  FIRST  EDITION. 

'The  present  age  is  prolific  of  works  on  physiology; 
tHkfrefOrd  in  offering  to  the  public  another  book  relative 
to  an  important  branr^h  of  this  science,  it  will  perhapii 
be  necessary  to  assign  my  motives, 
"^liey  aire,  first,  a  wish  to  comply  with  the  repeated 
and  tirgeht  solicitations  of  many  medicel  men  who  have 
become  partially  acquainted  with  the  facts  and  obser- 
vations it  is  my  intention  to  detail;  n^pn,  in  whose 
judgment  I  place  confidence,  and  who  have  expressed 
their  conviction  of  the  deep  importance  of  the  experi- 
ments, the  result  of  which  I  mean  herewith  to  submit 
to  the  public :  secondly,  (and  it  is  that  which  maiiily 
influences  me,)  my  own  firm  conviction  that  medical 
science  will  be  forwarded  by  the  publication. 

I  am  fully  aware  of  the  importance  of  the  subject 
which  these  experiments  are  intended  to  illustrate,  as 
well  in  a  pathological  as  in  a  physiological  point  of 
view ;  and  I  am  therefore  willing  to  risk  the  censure  or 
neglect  of  critics,  if  I  may  be  permitted  to  cast  my 
mite  into  the  treasury  of  knowledge,  and  to  be  the 
means,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  of  subserving  the 
cause  of  truth,  and  ameliorating  the  condition  of  suf- 
fering humanity. 

I  make  no  claim  to  originality  in  .my  opinions,  as  it 
respects  the  existence  and  operation  of  the  gastric 
Juice.  My  experiments  confirm  the  doctrines  (with 
some  modifications]  taught  by  Spallan2UNI,  and  many 


ipi3»?7 -^™^ X '■vli*' .    ■  ^  ^^np^^"^^. *' 


*,-^ 


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10 


PREFACE  TO  THE  FIRST   EDITION 


z"^  • 


*  of  the  most  enlightened  physiological  writers.  They 
are  experiments  made  in  the  true  spirit  of  inquiry,  sug- 
gested by  the  very  extraordinary  case  which  gave  me 
an  opportunity  of  making  them.  I  had  no  particular 
hypothesis  to  support ;  and  I  have  therefore  honestly 
recorded  the  result  of  ea^'h  experiment  e  lactly  as  it 
occurred. 

•  The  read*'*  will  perceive  some  slight  seeming  discre- 
pancies, which  he  may  find  it  difficult  to  reconcile; 
but  he  will  recollect  that  the  human  machine  is  eridbwed 
with  a  vitality  which  modifies  its  movements  in  different 
states  of  the  system,  and  probably  produces  som^  di- 
versity of  cifects  from  the  same  causes. 

I  had  oppc|;tunities  for  the  examination  of  the  interior 
of  the  stomach,  and  its  secretions,  which  have  never 
before  been  so  fiiUy  offered  to  any  one.  This  most  im- 
portant organ,  its  secretions^  and  its  operations,  have 
been  submitted  to  my  observation  in  a  very  extraordin- 
•ary  manner,  in  a  state  of  perfect  health,  and  for  years  in 
succession.  I  have  availed  myself  of  the  opportunity 
afforded  by  a  concurrence  of  bircumstances  which  prob- 
ably can  never  again  occur,  with  a  zeal  and  perseve- 
rance proceeding  from  motives  which  my  conscience 
approves ;  and  I  now  submit  the  result  of  ,my  experi- 
ments to  an  enlightened  public,  who  I  doubt  no:  will 
duly  .appreciate  the  truths  discovered,  and  the  confir- 
mation of  opinions  which  before  rested  on  conjecture* 

I  submit  a  body  of  facts  which  cannot  be  invalidated. 
My  opinions  may  be  doubted,  denied,  or  approved,  ac- 
tcffding  as  they  cpnflict  or  agree  with  the  opinions  of 
each  individual  who  may  read  them;  but  their  worth 
Witt  be  best  determined  by  the  foundation  on  which 
they  rest— the  incontrovertible  facts. 


■     '■■'",  :^ry' 


PR£FACB  TO  THE  FIB8T   EDITION. 


11 


I  avail  myself  pf  this  opportunity  to  maice  my  grateM 
apkno\irled^^ii;i,ents  to  Doctor  Joseph  Loyei^l,  Surgeon 
Oc^nei^f^lt,  ofi^Q^  United  States'  Army,  (to  w^om  I  am 
uio^^i  ppliigt^^ons  for  personal  kindness  and  official  exer- 
tions in  affording  facilities  for  prosecuting  the  experi- 
ments ;}--to  Professors  Silliman,  Knight,  Ives  and 
Hubbard,  of  Yale  College,  Dunglison,  of  the  Vir- 
ginia University,  and  Sewall,  Jones,  Henderson 
and  HAiif,  of  Cblumbian  College,  for  their  unsolicited 
frienclshipj  for  the  interest  which  they  have  taken  in 
the  es^peri^ents,  and  fp]^  the  gquevous  encouragement 
which  they  have  given  to  the  proposed  publication. 
To  Doctor  Samuel  Beaumont,  of  Plattsburgh,  N.  Y. 
I  ampartijeular^y  indebted  for  the  assistance  which  he 
has  rendered  me  in  arranging  and  preparing  my  notes 
fpi[  the  pr^ss* 


nm 


«'• 


'wi 


/    ^i 


t] 


'sT' 


^1  ■ 


i^*. 


1. 


p 


>,.♦■■   -/K . tiftJeoif  i>«m»ti£'  hiwrnmi 

^-^-..,-.-i.-,..'  ..,aix,M-i  j^m^f/Mi  1  It.  mmm$^%mMi 


^«^»' 


INTRODUCTION. 


# 


The  experiments  »vhich  follow  were  commenced  in 
1826,  and  have  been  continued,  with  various  interrap- 
tions,  to  the  present  time,  (1833.)  The  opportunity  for 
making  them  was  afforded  to  me  in  the  following  way. 

Whilst  stationed  at  Michillimackinac,  Michigan  Ter- 
ritory, in  1822,  in  the  military  service  of  the  United 
States,  the  following  case  of  surgery  came  under  my 
care  and  treatment, 

Alexis  St.  Martin,  who  is  the  subject  of  these  ex- 
periments, is  a  Canadian,  of  French  descent,  and  was, 
at  the  above  mentioned  time,  about  eighteen  years  of 
age,  of  good  constitution,  robust  and  healthy.  He  had 
been  engaged  in  the  service  of  the  American  Fur  Com- 
pany, as  a  voyugeur,  and  was  accidentally  wounded  by 
the  discharge  of  a  musket,  on  the  6th  of  June,  1822. 

The  charge,  consisting  of  powder  and  duck  shot,  was 
received  in  his  left  side,  he  being  at  a  distance  of  not 
more  than  one  yard  from  the  muzzle  of  the  gun.  The 
contents  entered  posteriorly,  and  in  an  oblique  direc- 
tion, forward  and  inward,  literally  blowing  off  thS  in- 
teguments and  muscles  for  several  inches  in  circumfer- 
ence, fracturing  and  carrying  away  the  anterior  half  of 
the  sixth  rib,  fracturing  the  fifth,  larcerating  the  lower 


■■"■<* 


14 


INTRODUCTION. 


■i  *« 


portion  of  the  left  lobe  of  the  lungs,  as  well  as  the  dia- 
phragm on  the  left  side  and  perforating  the  stomach. 

The  whole  mass  of  materials  forced  from  the  mus- 
ket, together  with  fragments  of  clothing  and  pieces  of 
fractured  ribs,  was  driven  into  the  muscles  and  cavity 
of  the  chest. 

I  saw  him  in  twenty-five  or  thirty  minutes  after  the 
accident  occurred,  and,  on  examination,  found  a  por- 
tion of  the  lung,  as  large  as  a  Turkey's  egg,  protruding 
through  the  external  wound,  lacerated  and  burnt ;  and 
immediately  below  this,  another  protrusion,  which,  on 
further  examination,  proved  to  be  a  portioitof  the  stom- 
ach, lacerated  through  all  its  coats,  and  pouring  out 
the  food  he  had  taken  for  his  breakfast,  through  an  ori- 
fice large  enough  to  admit  the  fore  finger. 

In  attempting  to  retun%  the  protruded  portion  of  the 
lung,  I  was  prevented  by  a  sbaip  point  of  the  fractured 
'l^b,  over  which  it  h- d  caught  by  its  membranes;  but 
%  raising  it  with  m,  finger,  and  clipping  off  the  point 
of  the  vib,  I  waa  Mt .  return  it  into  its  proper  cavity, 
though  it  "could  not  be  retained  there,  on  account  of  the 
inoesfBHiit  efibits  to  oougbi. 

The  |«>jectitag  pbrtioa  of  the  stomach  was  nearly  as 
large  tie  ihatef  the  lung;  E  passed  through  the  lacer- 
ated diaphragm  and  external  woand,  mha^ktg  the  food 
il^ith  thd  l^ciody  mudtts  bte^^isi  £rom  the  longs. 
r  After  deaniing  the  wound  ttHtt  ^e  ehsfge  and  oth^ 
extraneous  mtctc^r,  find  leplodBf^e  stomaeh  and  h]iig<s 
as  far  as  praotieabl9|  I  i^pltM  the«n^X}»BlBd^  fonnen^ 
mgfx)ultice,  and^kept  the  BUiioiindiiig  psrti  oimstaiitly 
wet  with  a  lotion  «f  miiriate  of  mkattSBiift  andvmegar ; 
und^gave  intemally  ^  aq*  ftoet.nD.iinA  icamph<«,  in 
libenil"  ^tiantities.  ■   '«.-i  m''m>s0immii  ssttto  - 


;*y 


r»» 


INTRODUCTIOJf. 


IS 


Under  this  treatment  a  strong  reaction  took  place  in 
about  twenty-four  hours,  accompanied  with  high  arte- 
rial excitement,  fever,  and  marked  symptoms  of  inflam- 
mation of  the  lining  membranes  of  the  chest  and  abdo- 
men, great  difficulty  of  breathing,  and  distressing  cough. 

He  was  bled  to  the  amoimt  of  eighteen  or  twenty 
ounces,  and  took  a  cathartic.  The  bleeding  reduced 
the  arterial  action,  and  gave  relief.  The  cathartic  had 
no  effect,  as  it  escaped  from  the  stomach  through  the 
wound. 

On  the  5th  day  a  partial  sloughing  of  the  integu- 
ments and  muscles  took  place.  Some  of  the  protruded 
portions  of  the  Ijang,  and  lacerated  parts  of  the  stomach, 
also  eloughed,  and-left  a  perforation  into  the  stomach, 
plainly  to  be  seen,  large  enough  to  admit  the  whQ]« 
length'fof  my  five-finger  into  its  cavity ;  and  alap  n 
pftflsage  iBto  the  lolieyt,  half  as  large  as  my  ^  -^^^0. 
tag  to  .view  a  pail  of  Ihe  jiung,  and^permitting  1^a/il# 
,  escape  of  ftir  and  l;doQ4y  x^ucus^at^yery  iei^i];a|ifl|i^%v^ 

rik  'Violent  lever  caDtanueii  for  ten  dayi^  irunmag  iiiti» 
•  typhoid  4ype,  and  lbi»  woinni  become  very  fcetid.. 

On  the  eleventh  day,  a  mor^xtensive  9]0^ghing  to^l^ 
plae^vthe  ^brik  symgifiOfm  auhaided,  and  the  "^^i^le 
eur^M^of thewound^aasuineda^hsal^y  andgi»nul% 
liog  i^^peavafiee. 

Fof  aeveiHeeQ  idftys,  aU  Ihat  enticed  his  stomach  bf 
thU'CBdophagiis,  soon  passed  oiH  thiough  the  womid; 
•nd  die  only  way  of  sMsfaMBwig  ton  was  by  means  of 
nutrioiflus  ii^eotioiis,  iintfl^  oentpi^esses  and  adhesive 
stfapS^coald  be  applied  saasito  letainhis  iood,  Su»- 
isg/diisfeiiod  fio  akrine  eraonatiops  cenld  be  obtain- 
ed, altbeBgh  catiiartic  i^jsotlons  were  giwm,  and  tsi^ 
«w  other  mesas  were  adopted  to  proiaote  them. 


m 


Iip|.^,>-f    I'J'il,    ;' 


^iviufiiK  <M*4|iiiifl  i."w<ipij|i; 


^w 


16 


INTRODUCTION. 


■^ 


* 


In  n,  few  days  after  firm  dressings  were  applied,  'and* 
the  contents  of  llie  stomach  retained,  the  bowels  be- 
came gradually  excited,  and,  with  the  aid  of  cathartic 
injections,  a  very  hard,  black,  footid  stool  was  procured, 
followed  by  several  similar  ones ;  after  which  the 
bowels  became  quite  regular,  and  continued  so. 

The  cataplasms  were  continued  until  the  sloughing 
was  completed,  and  the  granulating  process  fully  es- 
tablished ;  and  were  afterwards  occasionally  resorted 
to,  when  the  wound  became  ill  conditioned.  The  aq. 
acet.  am.  with  camphor  was  also  continued  for  several 
weeks,  in  proportion  to  the  febrile  symptoms,  and  the 
fcBtid  condition  of  the  wound. 

No  sickness,  nor  unusual  irritation  of  the  stomach, 
not  even  the  slightest  nausea,  was  manifest  during  the 
le  time ;   and  after  the  fourth  week,  the  appetite 
good,  digestion  regular,  the  alvine  evacuations 
l1,  and  all  the  functions  of  the  system  perfect  and 
thy. 
ly  the  adhesion  of  the  sides  of  the  protruded  por« 

»ns  of  the  stomach  to  the  pleura  costalia  and  the  ex- 
ternal wound,  a  free  exit  was  afforded  to  the  contents 
of  that  organ,  and  effusion  into  the  abdominal  cavity 
was  thereby  prevented. 

Cicatrization  and  contraction  of  the  external  wound 
commenced  on  the  fifth  week;  the  stomach  became 
nqore  firmly  attached  to  the  pleura  and  intercostals,  by 
its  external  coats ;  but  showed  not  the  least  disposition 
to  close  its  orifice ;  this  (the  orifice)  terminated  as  if  by 
a  natural  boundary,  and  left  the  perforation  resem- 
bling,  in  all  but  a  sphincter,  the  natural  ftouA,  with  a 
slight  prolapsus. 
^  Whenever  the  woimd  was  dressed  the  contents  of 


'  '*'^-  '^"t^'i. 


<?;• 


TirrRODUCTtOII. 


the  ttomaeh  woid4  iow  out,  in  propotUon  to  the  qmty' 
*itY  recently  taken.  If  the  stomaeti  hafvpened  to  be 
«mpty,  or  nearly  so,  a  partial  inveraion  wovld  take 
place,  unleee  pievented  by  the  application  of  the  finger. 
Frequently  in  consequence  of  the  derangement  of  the 
dressing,  the  inverted  part  would  be  found  as  large  as 
ahoa'segg.  No  difficulty,  however,  wae  experienced 
.  in  reducing  it  by  gentle  pressure  with  the  'finger,  or  a 
sponge  wet  with  cold .  water^  neither  of  which  produced 
the  leant  pain. 

In  the^eeventh  week)  exfoliatipn  ef  the  ribe,  and  a 
^8epamtioB:  of  their*  d^lagiaons  ends,  began  to  take 
place. 

,  fThe  aiaE^  rib  was  d^uded  of  itaperiosteum  for  aboi:: 
two  inches  fiom^thf^.  £raotured  part,  so  that  I  was  obli^- 
ged  to  amputate  i^ral^ut,  three  or  four  inches  irom^ 
artiGulatieavWith^tbafv9pme««  Thip  {  accomplisl 
t^eseotMig^y  jaacl^  thev^iiiiieK^f^}  >ee$^iirittg  the  interc 
artery,  and  sawing  off  the  bone  with  a  rery  fine 
^sam  rm^if>i^<^9iiffJi^^  the  HI 

"m^m^  msmMi^^m  rHealtbyl 

granulationa  9C¥3n  af9m!^ail4^f<iMPle4  i9QunfiUy  over 


the?a«9putaie4>«!n4- 1 

fi&h  rib  exfoliated,,  an 


of  the 


;*         * 


.Mi.     'K' 


of  bonei  I  attempt- 


g^er 

f^yii^^ir-^Mi^iiiaff'^tifcifr^  WQIIP4.,  wa9aa^ 

l«ftfi^^i(#MlM^l^ft|ii4:t|ii^#^      ill  lliealosa^  neaj^ 

Mm  <ihnwn|(oa%lhis  toth^  of  th€ylfi|^UIiljB^r^ 

;jlki4riii»|.l^^  and 

2* 


^m 


1x3 


M. , 


» 


nrTRomndrioK; 


K'j»f 


f»     v.. 


I^^^i 


v^' 


teat  of  Imt,  &ttod  to  the  shape  and. size  of  ^le  perfbnlt' 
tion,  and  confined  there  by  adhesive  btraps*. 

After  trying  all  the  means  in  my  power  for  eight  or 
ten  months  to  close  the  orifice,  by  excithigiulhesbreJn- 
flammation  in  the  lips  of  the  wound,  without  .the  least 
appearance  of  success,  I  gave  it  up  as  ^  impracticable  in 
any  othei  way  than  that  of  incising  and/ bringing 
them  together  by  sutures ;  an  operation  to  which,  the 
patient  would  not  submit. 

^  By  the  sloughing  of  the  injured  portion  of  the  lung^ 
a  cavity  was  left  as  large  as  a  common  sized  teacup, 
^on»  which  continued  a  copious  dischange  of  pus  for 
llhree  months.  It  then,  became  filled,  with  healthy  granu- 
lations, firmly  adhering  to  the  pleura,  and;h«alecU 

Four  months  after  the  iiajury  was  received)  an  abscess 
formed  about  two  inches  below  the  wound,  neairly  ovdr 
^MKpartilaginous  ends  oLthe  first  and  second  false  ribs, 
ir0iy  paiitful,  and  extremely  sore,  producing  v^ioleat 
symptomatic  fever.  On  Uie  application  of  an  emolUent 
poultice  it  pointed  externally^  ^Itwas  thei^  laid  i«^n 
|tf  .the  e^Ltent  of  4hre&4nohe8,  and  several-  shot  atid 
f)ieces  of  wad  were  extracted./' rAf ter.  which  a  gunk- 
^[ibtstic  bougie  could  be.  introduced  three  on  ibc^  inches 
iii4he  longitudmal  direction  of  t^e  eibSf  >  tow^s  the 
«pine.  Great  pain  and.  soreness  extended  from  tip 
xppening  of  the  abscess,  along  the  trnpt  of  the  cartiJagoii- 
ous  iends  of  iher  false  ribs,  towards^  the  ^pijie,  with^  &/»0f 
fiious  discharge. fnm  the  sinus.  ./ 

i>ilii£ve  orsixidays^ftoartilage)  onedncbinleBfth^  in#i^ 
or  seven  days  more^  another,  an  inch  and  a  half  l(»igytand 
in  aboErt  thevsaiiieleiijB^of  Ume,  a4biidf4wo«ichegJking, 
^*weiret4«Kbi»;ged.  And  tshey  conUnued  to  com&away 
i|vti|r  five  opaj^^day^iiinitil  jfive  Wfsre  dpohiurged  iopm 


■   .  Ai- 


y 


f       1  iJf  i*ilj|!ilf  w  i^J  iJi  "iPjJff 


IMTRODUCTION. 


t» 


the  same  opening,  the  last  three  inches  in  length.  They 
were  all  entire,  and  evidently  separate  from  the  false 
ribs. 

The  discharge,  pain  and  irritation,  during  the  four  or 
five  weeks  these  cartilages  were  working  out,  greatly 
reduced  the  strength  of  the  patient,  produced  a  general 
febrile  habit,  and  arrested  tho  healing  process  of  the 
original  wound. 

Directly  after  the  discharge  of  the  last  cartilage,  in- 
flammation  commenced  over  the  lower  end  of  the  ster- 
num, which,  by  the  usual  applications,  terminated  in 
a  few  days  ipi .  a  large  abscess,  and  from  whiph,  by 
laying  it  open  two  inches,  I  extracted  another  cartilage, 
three  inches  in  length.  The  inflamation  then  abated ; 
and  in  a  day  or  two  another  piece  came  away,  and  the 
discharge  subsided. 

To  support  the  patient  under  all  these  debilitating 
circumstances,  I  administered  wine,  with  diluted  mu- 
riatic acid,  and  thirty  or  forty  drops  of  the  ^•▼^cture  of 
•  assafoBtida,  three  times  a  day;  which  appeared  to  pro- 
duce the  desired  effect,  and  very  much  improved  the 
condition  of  the  wound. 

On  the  third  of  January,  1823,  I  extracted  anoth^ 
cartilage  from  the  opening  over  the  sternuni;  an  in^ 
and  a  half  long ;  and  on  the  fourth  another,*  two  inches 
«nd  a  half  in.  length,  an  inch  broad  at  one  end,  and 
less  than  half  an  inch  at  the  other.  This  must  have 
been  the  ensiform  cartilage  of  the  sternum.  After  this 
the  sinus  closed,  and  there  was  no  return  of  inflam- 
mation. 

From  the  month  of  April,  1323,  at  which  time  he 
had  so  f&i  recovered  as  to  be  able  to  walk  about  and  do 
lightwork,,  eiijpying,  his  usual  good  appetite  and  digea- 


'\!1. 


""^Hiy\ 


i' 


_/ 


ifc«i^ 


'r^  •!■«  J 


w^^ 


m 


INTAObVOVtOlt 


t 


if- 


lioiii  h«  oonliniMd  with  me,  rapidly  regainlnihii  heftltk 
«nd  itrangth. 

Bf  the  6th  of  June,  1883,  one  year  fVom  the  time  of 
the  tooident,  the  itemed  parti  were  all  eound,  and  firm- 
ly cicatritedi  with  the  exception  of  the  aperture  in  the 
•lomaoh  and  tide.  Thie  continued  much  in  the  lame 
eituation  aa  it  waa  aix  weeke  after  the  wound  wai  re* 
ceived.  The  perforation  wfti  about  two  and  aiid  a  half 
inchee  in  oiroumferenoo,  and  the  food  and  drinks  con- 
stantly exuded,  unices  prevented  by  a  tent,  oompresi 
and  bandage. 

From  this  time  he  continued  gradualdy  to  improve 
in  health  and  strength,  and  tho  newly  formed  integu* 
menis  over  the  wound  became  firmer  and  firmer.  At 
the  point  where  the  lacerated  edges  of  the  muscular 
coat  of  the  stomach  and  intercostal  muscles  met  and 
uniited  with  the  cutis  vero,  the  cuticl9  of  the  external 
8U|$iLce  aud  the  intwrnal  mem6r(me  of  the  stomach 
ojilirottcAeti  each  other  very  nearly.  They  did  notunitey 
like  those  of  the  lips,  uo8e,d&c.,  but  lefl an- intermediate*^ 
tnaisiual  apace,  of  appreciable  breadth,  completely  su^ 
funding  the  aperturo. ,  This  space  is  about  a  line  wide  \ 
the  cutis  and  nervous  papUlas  are  uuprotected,  and 
^l^ensible,  auidiirritab^  as  a  blistered  surface,  abraded 
the  cuticle.  This  condition  of  the^partf,  still  poo* 
lues,  ^and,  constitutes  the  paincipal >an4^lmost  only 
cause  9f  pp^aor  distress,  experienced  froniU^e  continue 
anise  of,  ihf)  jipjirmio^  tllie*/nt^uctiouvo£inatrumenta^ . 
^iik  in  tiNs  expeiiments,  or  the  exudatHMi  of  ^uids  firona 
tha,ga^tr^jjavit|?.,  ,„,^.  ,.  ..,..,  ...  .M.^r- 
Fxequent  dressinga  n^th  soft  compresses  and  bi^da» 
ges  wsio*  aeos88arily,appl)fid,  to  relieye  his  suffering 


f'S*- 


^^1 


^ 


INTKODUCTIOW. 


81 


"ni^ 


At  this  timo,  a  nninll  fold  or  dj^iMIng  of  llio  conts  of 
tliu  Mloinacli  nppranMl  at  tli(>  HU|MM'ior  Iuar^in  of  ttio  ori- 
dee  nliglitty  protruding,  niid  iiinronning  till  it  fiilod  thn 
apprtnro,  w  ns  to  Rii[)orsodo  thn  iiocc^Nsity  of  the  cotn- 
prcNN  niid  bandagn  for  rotaitiing  Iho  ootitonts  of  tho 
Nlonmrh.  This  valvidar  formation  adaptod  itsnlf]  to 
the  accidontal  oriflno  so  as  complotcly  to  prc^votit  tho 
efflux  of  tho  gastric  contonts  when  tho  stomach  was 
full,  hut  was  easily  depressed  with  the  finger. 

In  tho  spring  of  1824  ho  liad  perfectly  recovered  his 
natural  heidth  and  strongtlj ;  tho  aperture  remained ; 
and  tho  surrounding  wound  was  firmly  cicatrized  to  its 
edges. 

In  tho  month  of  May,  1825,  I  commenced  my  first 
series  of  gastric  experiments  on  him,  at  Fort  Makinac, 
Michigan  Territory.  In  tho  month  of  June  following,  I 
was  ordered  to  Port  Niagara,  N.  Y.  whore,  taking  the 
man  with  me,  I  continued  my  experiments  until  August 
Part  of  those  experiments  were  published  in  1826,  in 
the  29th  number  of  the  Philadelphia  'Medical  Recorder,' 
conducted  by  Dr.  Samuel  Oalhoun.  Al)out  this  time, 
(August,  1826)  I  took  St.  Martin  with  me  to  Burlington, 
Vt.  and  from  thence  to  Plattburgh,  N.  Y.  From  the  latt 
place,  he  returned  to  Canada,  his  native  place,  withou 
obtaining  my  consent 

Being  unable  to  ascertain  the  place  of  his  resort,  I 
gave  him  up  as  a  lost  sulject  for  physiological  experi- 
ments, and  returned  to  my  post  at  the  west  again.  I 
did  not,  however,  remit  my  efforts  to  obtain  information 
of  his  place  of  residence  and  of  the  condition  of  the 
wound. 

He  remained  in  Canada  four  years,  during  which 
period  he  mairied,  and  became  the  father  of  two  cbil- 


% . 


''*Vffi 


*t 


PMiipi^iiJllPi'      ii»,f  1^ 


22 


INTRODUCTION. 


-si 


dren ;  worked  hard  to  support  his  family ;  and  enjoyed 
robust  health  and  strength.  In  1825,  as  he  has  informed 
me,  he  engaged  with  the  Hudson  Bay  Fur  Company,  as 
a  voyageur  to  the  Indian  country,  ,Ho  went  out  in  1827, 
and  returned  in  18!lB;  and  subsequently  labored  hard 
to  support  his  family  until  1829. 

Accidentally  learning  about  this  time  where  he  resided, 
and  that  he  enjoyed  perfect  health,  I  m»»de  arrange- 
ments with  the  agents  of  the  American  Fur  Company, 
who  annually  ;-isit  Canada  for  the  purpose  of  procuring 
voyageurs,  to  find  and  engage  him  for  my  service,  if 
practicable.  After  considerable  difficulty,  and  at  great 
expense  to  me,  they  succeeded  in  engaging  him,  and 
transported  him  from  Lower-Canada,  with  his  wife  a.  . 
two  children,  to  me,  at  Fort  Crawford,  Prairie  du  Chion, 
Upper  Mississippi,  a  distance  of  nearly  two  thousand 
miles,  ip  August,  1829.  His  stomach  and  side  were  in 
the  same  condition  as  when  he  left  me  in  1825.  Tht 
aperture  was  open,  atid  his  health  good. 

He  now  entered  my  serdce,  and  I  commenced  an* 
other  series  of  experitoents  on  the  stomach  and  gastric 
fluids,  and  continued  them,  interruptedly,  ixntll  March, 
1831.  During  this  time,  in  the  intervals  of  experinient- 
ing,^  he  performed  all  iSste  duties  of  a  common  servanti 
chopping  wood,  carrying  burthens,  A^.  with  little  or 
no  suffering  or  inconvefnience  from  his  wouiid.  He  la- 
boured constantly,  became  the  father  of  mare  children, 
and  etqoyed  as  good  health  and  as  much  vigor  as  men 
in  general.  He  subsisted  on  cmde  food,  in  abundant 
quantities,  except  w4ieti  on  prescribed  diet  for  pwrticvi- 
lar  experimental  purposes,  and  under  special  observ* 
imoe; 

la  iSb»  spring  of  1831  circumstances  made  it  expect 


■■? 


%. 


\ . 


INTRODUCTION. 


S3 


fnt  for  him  to  return  with  his  family  from  Prairie  dii 
Chien  to  Lower  Canada  again.  I  relinquished  his  en-  ' 
^agements  to  me  for  the  time,  on  a  promise  that  he 
would  return  when  required,  and  gave  him  an  outfit  for 
himself,  wife  and  children.  They -started  in  an  open 
canoe,  via  the  Mississippi,  passing  by  St.  Louis,  Mo. ; 
ascended  the  Ohio  river  ;  then  crossed  the  state  of  Ohio, 
to  the  Lakes ;  and  descended  the  Erie,  Ontario,  and  the 
River  St.  Lawrence,  to  Montreal,  where  they  arrived  in 
J'Qe.  He  remained  in  Canada  with  his  family  until 
C  /ober,  1832,  in  good  health,  and  at  hard  labor.  He 
was  in  the  midst  of  the  cholera  epidemic,  at  the  time 
it  prevailed  and  passed  through  Canada,  and  withstood 
its  ravages  with  impunity,  while  hundreds  r round  him 
fell  sacrifices  to  its  fatal  influence. 

In  November,  1832,  he  again  engaged  himself  to  me 
for  twelve  months,  for  the  express  purpose  of  submit- 
ting to  another  series  of  experiments.  He  joined  me  at 
Plattsburgh,  N.  Y.,  and  travelled  with  me  to  the  city  of 
Washington,  where,  with  the  facilities  affo>rded  by  the 
head  of  the  Medical  Department,  the  experiments  were 
continued  upon  him  from  November,  1832,  to  March, 

183%r 

During  the  whole  of  these  periods,  from  the  spring  of  ^ 
1824  to  the  present  time,  he  has  eryoyed  general  good^ 
health,  and  perhaps  sufTeied  much  less  from  disease 
than  is  common  to  men  of  his  age  r.nd  circumstances 
in  life.  He  has  bqen  athletic  and  vigorous,  exercising, 
eating  and  drinking  like  other  healthy  and  active  peo^ 
pie.  For  the  last  four  months,  he  has  been  unusually 
plethoric  and  robust,  though  rmstantly  subjected  to  a 
series  of  experiments  on  the  interior  of  the  stomach ; 
allowing  to  be  introduoed'or  taken  out  at  the  aperture 


^■'^''M.i.i 


A'-i": 


^„_ 


"% 


24 


INTRODUCTION. 


different  kinds  of  food,  drinks,  elastic  catheters,  ther- 
mometer tubes,  gastric  juice,  chyme,  &c.,  almost  daily, 
and  sometimes  hourly. 

Such  have  been  this  man's  condition  and  circum- 
stances for  several  years  past ;  and  he  now  enjoys  the 
most  perfect  health  and  constitutional  soundness,  with 
every  function  of  the  system  in  full  force  and  vigor. 

Mode  of  Extracting  the  Gastric  Juice. 

The  usual  method  of  extracting  the  gastric  juice,  for 
experiment,  is  by  placing  the  subject  on  his  right  side, 
depressing  the  valve  within  the  aperture,  introducing  a 
gum-elastic  tube,  of  the  size  of  a  large  quill,  five  or 
six  inches  into  the  stomach,  and  then  turning  him  on 
the  left  side,  until  the  orifice  becomes  dependent.  In 
health,  and  when  free  from  food,  the  stomach  is  iistLal- 
ly  entirely  emrity,  and  contracted  upon  itself.  On  in- 
troducing the  tube,  the  fluid  soon  begins  to  flow,  first 
by  drops,  then  in  an  interrupted,  and  sometimes  in  a 
short  continuous  stream.  Moving  the  tube  about,  up 
and  down,  or  backwards  and  forwards,  increases  the 
discharge.  The  quantity  of  fluid  ordinarily  obtained 
is  from  four  drachms  to  one  and  a  half  or  two  ounces, 
Vvarying  with  the  circumstances  and  condition  of  the 
stomach.  Its  extraction  is  generally  atteno^  by  that 
peculiar  sensation  at  the  pit  of  the  stomach,  termed 
sinking,  with  some  degree  of  faintness,  which  renders 
it  sometimes  necessary  to  stop  the  operation.  The  usual 
tiitie  of  extracting  the  juice  is  early  in  the  morning,  be- 
fore he  has  eaten,  when  the  stomach  is  empty  and  clean* 
On  laying  him  horizontally  on  his  back,  pressing  the 
hand  upon  the  hepatic  region,  agitating  a  little,  and  at 


::t 


'f- 


INTROOVCTlOlf. 


99 


the  same'time  turning  him  to  the  left  side,  bright  yel- 
low bile  appears  to  flow  freely  through  the  pyloruS) 
and  passes  out  through  the  tube.  Sometimes  it  is  found 
mixed  with  the  gastric  juice,  independent  of  this  mani- 
pulation. This  is,  however,  seldom  the  case,  unless  it 
has  been  excited  by  some  other  cause,    , 

The  chymous  fluids  are  easily  taken  out  by  depress- 
ing the  valve  within  the  aperture,  laying  the  hand  over 
the  lower  part  of  the  stomach,  shaking  a  little,  and 
pressing  upwards.  In  this  manner,  any  quantity  ne- 
t;cssary  for  examination  and  experiment  can  be  ob- 
tained. * 
^  ^vl'tt/i^e— *The  vdlve  mentioned  above,  is  formed  by  a 
slightly  inverted  ^itlon  of  the  inner  coats  of  the  stoni- 
'a0h,  fitted  exadiiy'to' the  aperture.  Its  principal  and 
most  external  atflichment  is  at  the  u|^  and  posteribr 
^edge  bf  the  dpdrting.' ;  its  free  portion  haings  pendulous, 
and  i^ls- the  apfa^' when  the^«tomieeh  is  Ml,  aod 
^l%s  tipandilti^,  simultaneously  wilh  the  respiiRUoi^ 
^itm9(i^e^^''i;rh^  viM  oi^gfain'  i#  empi^^  y-  '^  ^ 
K  jdn  |)^s8i^  d^^nr^lhe  t4lve  whciiii  the  stomach  is  fuH, 

m^\^riX^f^^  '^When  the^stdifeaeh  is 

enifty';i^tiH'  quiyicl^.t,:tht>5^teribr  of  the  cavity 
'tt>hf  Ife  %^         lb  thbdepth  of  ive-Of  4lix-inohe8,. 
^l^|>t;^8lt^(!^H%ra^tiflci^^  thelbod^lii^ 

krihkSB*m#  te'sei^ 
%n^,  thrbugft  tie  rMg  bf  the  iRisoiihs^U^ 
tion^  thrill  thi:wl^ll#^  o^  the  -s«omBaeh, '  is  ftboul^  t'hl^ 
ifijs^S to thii'MI^ of  ^  cardia, n€»r  the  leib ^ Mptti^r 
^rmittatioh  of  tlie!0^citrv^liJre.i  Wwii^mirely^B^ 
t%,  Itit9  stom^&ieo^^      upon  'itSeH;  «^  4K)metiiii*8 
"^IditsfeS^he  i^aite  tfiro«ihr:ihdo^ei,^^^^l^  i^n 


3 


^*r'f.ji&. 


4^^' 


,■    tm^'-n 


f 


-\i 


^iJi'liiWW"/'*''  ii^i'ii'Jmi-iwiii  II  y 


HjTft0t)tTCTl6N. 


*"'—.• 


comes  completely  inverted,  and  forms  a  tumour  as  large 
as  a  hen's  egg.  After  lying  on  the  left  side,  and  sld«p- 
ing  a  few-'lopurs,  a  still  larger  portion  protrudes,  atid 
spreads  oui  o^rer  the  external  integuments,  for  five  dr 
six  inchesijiil  circumference,  fairly  exhibiting  the  natu- 
ral rugiB,  villous  membrane,  and  mucous  coat,  lining  the 
gastric  cavity.  This  appearance  is  almost  invariably 
exhibited  in  the  morning,  before  rising  from  his  bed. 

Plattsburgh,  1833. 


-V  '^~ 


rtlW|f5  '•.jit    '|,)5    f'lt'tt     ' 


a*li  #t.h 


iHI%*fHi  ^liil?   '' 


■-  f^«»r*--    ■!-■. .'  f- . 


UsAjmu  \^kitmM  >' 


.*iy  ■  'tr,.H  i^.f_- 


^■#^-**%. 


»n(* 


innJ|ippiiqTii9% 


« 


This  engraving  represents  the  ordinary  appearance 
of  the  left  breast  and  side,  the  aperture  filled  with  the 
valve  ;  the  subject  in  an  erect  position. 

AAA  The  circumference  and  edge  of  the  aperture, 
within  which  is  seen  the  valve. 

B  The  attachment  of  the  valvular  portion  of  the 
stomach  to  the  superior  part  of  the  aperture. 

C  The  nipple.  ' 

D  The  anterior  portion  of  the  breast. 
B  The  scar  where  the  opening  was  made  with  the 
scalpel,  and  the  cartilages  taken  out. 

P  P  P  F  Cicatrice  of  the  original  wound,  around 
the  aperture. 


•VM^r- 


19 


LOI 


HI 


jfT-*-«*ji«  '■•■  t'  ,r 


.'■i! 


J 


-V 


Xmw 


'   -"'An 
-     Ij  lo  oohl/i^iD  H  af  a  a 


•>* 


^w 


iSis  engrating  represents  the  appearance  of  th« 
t^iertare  with  the  valve  depressed. 

AAA  pdges  of  the  aperture  through  the  integu- 
m^  and  intercostal^  on  the  inside  and  around  which  w 
^mm  of  the  la^raited  e^s  (^ 

^|th|he  int^rcostaUand  skin. 


,  1^?  ^*y  ^  ^  stomich,  when  tlie  Vali^  :ia 


17 


€  ;^RW%*pw^  tile  oavityof  the  stonuw*. 

Il  |:E  if  Cicatrice  of  the  originat  wound. 

-.jliiJSiii ^'   "i^'^     ^4:*^     j-  ■      ,   f.,  -    .        ^    ...-■. 


,:  ^i^-tm 


r 


■v< 


&#-■  *s. 


<*-    V    ^ 


'«  ^   ' 


13 


*f 


^^&i.,; 


»s«  '■ 


m 


naiT:»^aouTUt 


■^■j-' 


r■^^^• 


70 


^ 


ub  y>  itn^Hvm^fiiai  tdJ  '1070  ^jio  bamqa  btm  M^mai 
*«!J  lo  «|f>f>3  laani  arfi  lo  se^tn  to  ablo*?  A  A  A  A  A 


i^:  ^  ... 


«■«" 


'  '^  jj- ' 


,!»■•■*"'•  \' 


V^'. 


tlTTftODUCTlOir. 


k- 


3i 


Thw  wpaTing  reprewnti  8  portfon  of  the  stomach 
^P^  *f«8»'  «»  apertme,  with  the  inner  .iirfaee 

•Wwted,  and  .pwad  out  over' the  integuments  of  the 
Slue.  '  •  ■ 

-^^1,^^^  ^*^^^^  rag®  of  the  inner  coats  of  the 
stcnnach. 

B  B  B  B  InteisUces,  fiUed  with  mucous  substance. 


.^1 


Ci^ 


':7^. 


jws  Vat*  i^ 


<;*>    t*,,''    -.y/  .)  ■»  )    M^       / 


?«»«*|,^.V^.^ 


;W-» 


(I 


^'^^Av^aBfio  yiri.>?mimrr 


'i<^; 


.;  .''.  ,r  , 


■'■■■  '■'^■V'    r. 


)«' 


■   ■■  ■/  , filial 

■  ;    ■■  ■  •  '  :■■  'n)ii-^„a 

''^"":  -.v^.L'  •-.<«,  v.ii.,„  ■„,.„,  i,  ■    •■'•■'"'■"'"'•qt*  «%mfa  a 
..  tlr.        1*  «>  awtoTDftih  rf.j,„  ,,^  «^  ,^~:* 


« 


•^* 


PRELIMINARY  OBSERVATIONS. 


I  do  not  design,  in  the  following  remaks,  to  present 
a  systematic  treatise  on  digestion.  Works  of  this 
kind,  investigating  the  subject  both  physiologically  and 
pathologically,  have  so  multiplied  of  late,  as  to  render 
any  attempt  on  my  part,  entirely  a  work  of  supereroga- 
tion, even  if  I  believed  myself  qualified  for  the  task. 
I  consider  myself  but  a  humble  inquirer  after  truth — 
a  simple  experimenter.  And  if  I  have  been  led  to  con- 
clusions opposite  to  the  opinions  of  many  who  have  been 
considered  the  great  luminaries  of  physiology,  ^  and,  in 
some  instances,  from  all  the  professors  of  this  science, 
I  hope  the  claim  of  sincerity  will  be  conceded  to  me, 
when  I  say  that  such  difference  of  opinion  has  been 
forced  upon  me  by  the  convictions  of  experiment,  and,  as 
I  think,  the  fair  deductions  of  reasoning. 

I  shall  not  attempt  an  anatomical  description  of  the 
organs  of  digestion,  for  the  reasons  given  above.  In  a 
work  professedly  elementary,  such  descriptions  are 
essential  The  medical  profession  are  acquainted  with 
these  organisms.  The  general  reader,  if  he  have  a 
wish  for  information  of  this  kind,  is  referred  to  anatom- 
ical authors  generally,  or  to  the  physiological  writings 
of  Richerand,  Broussais,  Magendie,  Bostock,  Fordyce, 
Paris,  Jackson  and  Dunglison,  the  last  of  which,  as 
containing  the  sum  of  what  has  been  taught  in  the 


<»1 


4tij0  ^ 


34 


PRELIMINARY  OBSERVATIONS. 


schools  on  the  subject  of  physiology  generally,  arranged 
in  a  clear  and  distinct  mannet,  and  with  the  assistance 
of  numerous  plates,  is  well  worthy  his  perusal. 

With  a  view  to  comment  on  my  experiments,  and 
to  elucidate  my  opinions  on  the  subject  of  digestion, 
I  shall  divide  my  observations  into  the  following 
heads : — 

Section  1st.  Of  Aliment.  Section  2d.  Of  Hunger 
and  Thirst.  Section  3d.  Of  Satisfaction  (jind  Sai^yety. 
Section  4th.  Of  Masticationy  Insa,livati(fn  and  deglu- 
tition. Section  5th.  Of  Digesti&n  by  the  ^Gastricju ice. 
Section  Cth.  Cf  the  {.ppearance  of  t^c  Villous  Coat)  and 
of  the  Motions  of  the  Stomach,  Section  7th.  Of  Chyli- 
f  cation,  and  Uses  of  the  Bile  and  Pancreatic  Juice. 


,%:, 


r.  ■■*■■. 


\Wfftm 


<.f^- 


,*■  . 


*•  % 


jMPttrriLYVitMio 


^m 


t ' 


»*<i#l« 


rf- 


»ilt  (I" 


'If  im 


SECTION  1. 


OF    ALIMENT. 

Man  is  said  to  bo  an  omnivorotis  animal,  destined  to 
procure  his  food  from  both  the  animal  and  vegetable 
kingdoms.  The  inhabitant  of  temperate  climates  is  url- 
questionably  so.  It  would  be  interesting  to  ascertain 
by  experiment  whether  he  could  be  sustained  by  habit, 
from  infancy,  exclusively  on  the  productions  of  either 
of  these  grand  divisions.  If  the  result  should  bo  favor- 
able to  the  demonstration  of  this  proposition,  though  it 
might  still  more  unsettle  the  opinions  of  physiologists,  it 
would  be  an  evidence  of  this  truth,  that  man  is  a  crea- 
ture of  habit  and  circumstance,  carrying  about  him  the 
effects  of  primeval  disobedience,  destined  not  only  to 
earn  his  food  by  his  own  exertions,  but  to  partake  of 
such  as  the  climate  in  which  he  resides  may  supply  to 
him.  Appfoximating  to  this  are  the  habits  of  people  of 
different  quarters  of  the  world — those  of  Asia,  who  live 
almost  exclusively  on  vegetable  and  farinaceous  food, 
and  those  of  the  northern  regions  of  America,  who  de- 
rive their  food  principally  firom  fish,  oil  and  flesh. 

Other  substances  have  sometimes  been  used  as  ali- 
ment ;  and  Professor  Dunglison  mentions,  on  the  au- 
thority of  Humboldt,  that  the  Ottomaques,  a  tribe  of 
Indians  of  South  America,  are  ii?  the  habit  of  using 
"an  unctions  earth,  or  a  species  of  pipe  clay,"  as  an  ar- 


k^  ^ 


if.' 


m 


PRKLIMliriM  aAMiVATioirt. 


tide oflA^t.'  Th&tinitriimntf'can b» 'ftopfrtM hf  tmk 

jneahs  iiloii6,  ill  llhlij^;  extremely  pM^Mttiatkah^NMI 

.ihajwtnfhl  sefistttldnof  htit)|g«rffttybe  Mlliiyea  bf  to» 

iroclufsfng  "^ipe  day,''  or  ixtif  other  subittoice,'  wlMthtt 

iiutrlciotls  idif  bth^vise;  that  ejc^^itea  the  tt^tioiy  •!  ito 

gastric  yess^Is,  and  stimulated  th^ni'  to  dtodMifg^tMr 

conteiits,  is  highly  probable.    In  all  ^6nfitr9es,  peiMmi 

roay  bo  foutid  who  are  in  the  instant  habit  of  eating 

Iar|e  qtiahthtes  of  d^y,  chalk;  sliJite  sVone,  4tc.    0ikIi 

practices  may  fee  regafddd  as  eVid^incie,  if  not  of  a  dii^ 

^ji8ed[,'at1esist  of  a  vitiated  A^^tite;  ttiongh  it  often 

^m)'eris  that  alkaline  and  Hbeorbeht  liibstsncoe  ar^  Uied 

medi^iriallyWith  advantfeg^,  t«ni(siilarlyiirher«  inttcll 

i&^itf  of  the  stomach  JjrovallB.  r>i]T 

^  kiii  r^p^^ts  the  ihhdbitanfir  of  Enrope^aoci  tfaehr 

Aml^iC^h  delcendant^,  as  'Well'  ks  most  other  natives  ^ 

i^^toeritfe  bliifn'iites,  it  is  wMl'  Irftown  ihat  1^6^^  dtoil* 

^^A!if  ^n6ttrishii«ittt  {iot^  bdth  the  aniAaal  atid'vegetaWt 


hiifadlity  Of  digestion  Of  different  knict«t  of  dtat 
^jie  (jnahti^  Of  litJtrierit'pHlwi^li*^  which'  th^iicfli- 
IkHkavii  b^^ii 'stiBgefets  of  fiia^^^di^ifepfeiil^^ 
a^iSi^  pftji^i^6§fists.  They'lWtir,-'Jio»wfeverj?  settlei 
Wvth  iMWh^idfj  i)t6biibif  rf«j»1rteal^tM"'lrWli  «fl^hw- 
ti^able;  that  '^inal  fbod  iV  jh^tr  feadiiy  ^siimi^^ 
atid  Ufibrdi  ii^t%  nUtHtion<  in- ^  given  qimntky,  tibift 
vePSible  or  iariiiiicebtte'i^d;*^^    •  «  ^i  >n  '     ;  ^ 

'    jMM  m^h^^  ten'f&iVfided  Intd fibiSti^^  felatiifi 
andfi^ftuyh;  airid  U  ^ihp^rmidti'^^m^miiAeh 

TOi^ioll  6f  iViliiiarfdbd:  botl^^ 

if- 


"i?i;;i-,-JT.' 


'\* 


OP  ALIMENT. 


10  a  correct  conclusion.    The  truth  is,  there  can  be  no 
general  rule  on  this  subject.    The  facility  of  digestion 
is  modified  by  so  many  circumstances,  as  health,  dis- 
ease, idiosyncracy,  habit,  and  preparation  of  food,  that 
a  rule  which  would  apply  in  one  case  would  be  incor- 
rect in  another.    It  depends  more  upon  other  distinc- 
tions than  upon  those  relating  to  the  chemical  composi- 
tion of  the  food.    Albumen,  (one  of  th'?f  e  chemical  divi- 
sions,) if  taken  into  the  stomach,  either  very  sligbtly  or 
not  at  all  coagulated,  is  perhaps  asi  rapidly  chymified 
as  any  article  of  diet  we  possess.    If  perfectly  formed 
into  hard  coaguiue,  by  heat  or  otherwise,  and  swalt^ 
lowed  in  large  solid  pieces,  it  experiences  a  very  pro- 
tracted digestion.    The  reason  is  obvious.    In  the  first 
case  the  albumen  becomes  finely  coagulated,  and  divid- 
ed in  the  stomach ;  in  the  second,  it  is  less  susceptible 
of  subdivision  from  its  hardness.    Fibrine  and  gelatine 
are  affected  in  the  same  way.    If  tender  and  finely 
divided,  they  ».re  disposed  of  readily ;  if  in  large  and 
solid  masses,  digestion  is  oroportionably  retarded.     Mi- 
nuteness of  division  and  t  idemess  offibia  are  the  two 
grand  essentials  for  speedy  and  easy  digestion.    By  re- 
ferring to  my  experiments,  it  will  be  seen  that  those  ar- 
ticles of  diet  which  were  submitted  to  the  action  of  the 
gastric  juice,  either  artificially,  when  out  of  the  stom- 
ach, or  in  the  stomach,  by  natural  process,  were  dis- 
solved in  proportion  to  the  fineness  of  their  division  or 
their  solidity — the  one  rapidly,  and  the  other  slowly.     ^' 
ifhe  digestion  of  animal  and  vegetable  diet  requires 
the  same  process,  though  one  may  afford  a  larger  pro- 
portion of  the  nutrient  principle  than  the  other.  General- 
ly speaking,  vegetable  aliment  requires  more  time,  and 
probably  greater  poweis  of  the  gastric  organs,  than  ani- 
4 


■m. 


*»'■ 


38 


PRELIMINARY  OBSERVATIONS. 


m>^ 


mal.  Its  digestibility  is,  however,  dependent  upon  <her 
same  laws  as  those  that  govern  the  solution  of  animal 
food ;  and  its  digestion  is  facilitated  by  division  and 
tendernesSr 

The  ultimate  principles  of  nutriment  are  probably 
always  the  same,  whether  obtained  from  animal  or 
vegetable  diet.  It  was  said  by  Hippocrates,  that  "  there 
are  many  kinds  of  aliments,  but  that  there  is  at  the 
same  time  but  one  aliment."  This  opinion  has  been 
contested  by  most  modern  physiologists  ;  but  I  see  no 
reason  for  scepticism  on  this  subject.  Some  imperfect  ex- 
periments which  I  instituted  on  the  operations  of  the 
hepatic  and  pancreatic  juices,  and  which  will  be  found 
in  a  subsequent  part  of  this  volume,  tend  to  throw  some 
light  on  the  subject.  Chyme,  whether  the  product  of 
animal,  vegetable,  or  mixed  diet,  was  submitted  to  the 
action  of  these  fluids,  and  they  invariably  produced 
similar  ejects.  A  fluid  was  separated,  varying  slightly 
in  color,  but  of  the  same  apparent  consistence  and 
identity ;  and  was  increased  or  lessened  in  proportion  to 
t^e  quality  of  the  food  of  which  the  chyme  was  formed. 
Whether  this  fluid  was  or  was  not  imperfectly  formed 
chyle,  is  a  matter  of  opinion  only.  The  circulating  fluids 
of  the  system  are  always  nearly  the  same,  in  health, 
and  that  which  goes  to  supply  and  replenish  them, 
should  consequently  possess  the  same  invariable  pro- 
perties. Chyle,  after  its  separation  in  the  intestines,  is 
probably  further  changed  and  perfected  by  the  action  of 
the  lacteal  absorbents  and  sanguiferous  vessels,  before 
it  is  completely  assimilated.  Chyme,  from  which  this 
nutrient  principle  is  obtained,^  is  a  compound  of  gastric 
juice  and  aliment.  It  may  be  regarded  as  a  gastrite 
of  whatever  it  is  combined  with,  varied  according  to  the 


OF  ALIMENT. 


39 


kind  of  aliment  used.  The  perfect  chyle,  or  assimilated 
nutriment,  probably  contains  the  elements  of  all  the  se- 
cretions of  the  system ;  such  as  bone,  muscle,  mucus, 
saliva,  gastric  juice,  &c.  &c.,  which  are  separated  by 
the  action  of  ihe  glands,  the  sanguiferous  and  other 
vessels  of  the  system.  * 

The  action  of  the  stomach,  and  its  fluids,  on  aliment, 
is  believed  to  be  invariably  the  same,  in  health,  on  all 
kinds.  And  yet  it  is  contended  for  by  Paris,  and  ob- 
liquely hinted  at  by  some  other  modern  physiologists, 
that  as  animal  food  "  possesses  a  composition  analogous 
to  that  of  the  structure  it  is  designed  to  supply,"  it  "  rfr^ 
quires  little  more  than  division  and  depuration,"  d&c.  It 
is  singular  that  sensible  men,  and  men  of  ficience,  will 
allow  themselves  to  be  led  to  such  erroneous  conclu- 
sions, and  will  not  perceive  a  simplicity  and  unifcfrmi' 
ty,  in  the  process  of  digestion,  as  well  as  in  all  the  other 
operations  of  nature.  That  the  active  solvent  of  the 
titomach  should  produce  the  same  effect  on  all  alimen- 
tary substances,  is  no  more  wonderful  than  that  caloric 
should  liquefy  all  kinds  of  matter.  In  either  case  it  only 
requires  a  longer  or  shorter  continuance,  or  more  or  less 
concentrated  action,  of  the  agent,  to  produce  the  effect. 
If  animal  food  is  only  to  be  divided  and  d:epurated,  blood, 
which  is  an  elementary  part  of  the  body,  would  require 
no  change  in  the  stomach.  But  it  is  perfectly  idle  to 
talk  in  this  way.  The  most  innutritious  vegetable  and 
the  most  animalized  substance,  require  the  «ame  action 
of  the  gastric  solvent,  as  the  reader  will  find  amp^y  de- 
monstrated in  the  following  experiments.  It  is  true 
that  one  may  be  disposed  of  with  ease,  and  the  other 
with  difficulty ;  but  this  is  not  always,  nor  indeed  often, 
in  a  direct  ratio  to  their  respective  proportions  of  nu- 


-^■i 


y* 


^wiWHW^fHli      I  JI.I.  IllPi^P^^f 


t 


40 


PRELIMINARY   OBSERVATIONS. 


•(■, 


h,^ 


trient  principles.  An  innutritions  diet  may  be  disposed 
of  as  easily,  the  circumstances  of  divisibility  and  tender- 
ness of  fibre  being  equal,  as  a  nutritious  one.  I  do  not 
believe  that  the  one  requires  a  more  "  complicated  se- 
ries of  decompositions  and  recompositions"  than  the  other; 
nor  that  the  chyle  from  animal  aliment  is  more  highly 
"  animalized**  than  that  from  the  poorest  diet  we  pos- 
sess. The  "digestive  fever,"  or  the  excitement  that  fol- 
lotrs  the  digestion  of  animal  food,  is  the  effect,  not  of  a 
di^SuPQnt  kind  of  stimulus,  but  of  the  introduction  of  a 
re^r  quantity  of  chyle,  or  the  nutritive  principle  of 
,  into  the  circulating  fluids.  It  excites  the  system 
?l9omewhat  in  the  manner  that  ardent  sjHrits  or  other 
diffusible  stimulus  does,  with  the  exception,  that  its 
eflfects  are  more  permanent. 

The  quantity  of  nutriment  required  by  different  uor 
dividuals,  is  as  various  as  the  individuals  who  partake 
of  it.  As  a  general  rule,  it  may  be  said  that  persons 
who  do  not  exercise  much,  require  less  nutritious  diet 
than  those  who  are  in  the  habit  of  constant  labor. 
What  would  be  a  natural  supply  in  one,  would  be  ex- 
cess in  another.  With  laboring  persons,  much  of  the 
excess  is  carried  off  by  perspiration;  and  probably  a 
great  deal  of  nervous  energy  is  wasted  by  laborious  o&* 
cupations,  which  requires  to  be  replenished  by  the  nur 
trient  principles  of  alin^ent.  This  is  a  subject,  however, 
on  which  we  can  only  offer  conjecture ;  for  it  is  diffiV 
cult  to  argue  on  a  -point  of  which  we  know  so  little* 
Young  people  wiho  are  growing,  require  more  nutriment 
in  proportion  to  their  size,  thaa  those  wiio  have  arrived 
at  adult  agei. 

The  quality  pf  nutnmeat  is  a  mailer  of  'Conenderabl^ 
ioipc^rtance  ;iii  dietetic  regulations.    Bulk  is,  perhaps^ 


0?  AhmEws.  ^^ 

nearly  as  necessary  to  the  articles  of  diet  as  the  nutrient 
principles  They  should  be  so  managed  that  one  should 
be  in  proportion  to  the  other.  Too  highly  nutritive  diet 
is  probably  as  fatal  to  the  prolongation  of  life  and  health, 
as  that  which  contains  an  insufficient  quantity  of  nutri- 
ment. It  has  been  ascertained  that  carnivorous  an|mals 
will  not  live  on  highly  concentrated  food  alone.  Dogs 
fed  on  oil  or  sugar,  which  are  both  converted  by  the  ^- 
gestive  organs  almost  entirely  into  chyle,  will  become 
diseased,  and  die  in  a  few  weeks.  The  inference  drawn 
by  Paris,*  that  it  merely  "proves  that  an  animal  cani^ 
be  supported  on  highly  concentrated  aliment  alon^,"  m, 
]  doubt,  is  a  correct  one;  thoi^glL  oppose!  to  the  opinibfiv 
'  of  Magendie,  who  infers  that  c'.Qath  proceeds  froqi  the 
want  of  azote  in  these  articles  of  diet,  and  that  life  can- 
not be  supported  on  non-azotized  aliment 

The  following  articles  of  the  materia  tUimmtarim 
have,  in  the  course  oCt^^se.  experiments,  been  subipitted 
to  the  action  of  the  stomach  and  the  gastric  fluids^  I 
have  attempted,  in  this  table,  to  approximate  tows^rds  a 
comparison  of  the  digestibility  of  the  several  article* 
^^  there  mentioned.  Precision,  as  to  minutes,  has  not  been 
attended  to.  When  digestion  has  been  accompMshed 
two  or  three  minutes  either  befwe  or  after  *  certain 
number  of  hours  and  quiarters,  I  have  set  down  the 
quarter  to  which  it  approached  the  nearest 

In  a  subsequent  part  of  this  volume  a  more  particula* 
and  minute  detail  will  be  found,  both  of  naturajl  and 
artificial  digestion. 


9^ 


Vf.: 


m 


*Faxm  on  Diet,  p.  78. 


JCJ.Y 


'-y' 


42  Hip 


PRELIMINARY  OBaERVATIONS. 


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OF  ALIMENT 


43 


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44 


PRELIMINARY  OB^BRVATIONa. 


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OP  ALIMENT. 


45 


Explanation  of  the  abbreviations    in  ths  foregoing 

Table.  ! 

Br'd  for  bread — veg.  for  vegetables — mod.  for  moder- . 
ate — inc.  for  increased — susp'd  for  suspended — dur'g. 
for  during — exp't.  for  experiment — h'rd.  bid.  for  hard 
boiled — h.  for  hour — m.  for  miimte,  dtc.  The  figures 
denote  the  time  of  digestion,  under  the  circumstances 
mentioned  at  the  head  of  the  column. 

This  Table  is  far  from  being  complete.  The  experi- 
ments from  which  it  has  been  formed,  were  made  prin- 
cipally with  the  view  of  demonstrating  other  important 
principles  connected  with  the  subject  of  digestion.  The 
only  way  of  ensuring  minutnness  and  accuracy  as  to 
the  comparative  digestibility  of  different  kinds  of  diet, 
would  be  to  try  the  effect  of  the  gastric  juice,  in  a  se- 
ries of  experiments,  first  on  one  article  of  diet,  and  then 
on  another,  repeating  and  adapting  them  to  meet  all  the 
various  conditions  of  the  stomach,  and  the  vicissitudes  and 
irregularities  of  the  system,  until  the  whole  range  should 
be  completed-^a  Herculean  task,  which  it  would  take 
years  to  accomplish.  In  the  above  table,  the  time  is 
counted  from  the  reception  of  the  meal  of  various  ard- 
cles  to  the  chymification  of  the  whole  :  hence  the  con- 
elusions  are  frequently  indefinite,  some  of  the  articles 
being  sooner  disposed  of  than  others.  For  instance,  if 
a  dinner  be  ealien  of  venison  steak  and  fat  pork,  the 
time  of  digestion  of  the  whole  quantity  would  in  all 
probability,  be  twice  as  long  jus  if  venison  had  been 
used  alone*  Oily  substances  are  digested  with  gieai 
difficulty,  and  the  tat  <xf  all  meats  is  converted  into  oil 
in  the  stomach  before  it  is  digested.    Chymification  is 


^ 


49 


PRELIMINARY  0BSERTATI0N8. 


most  readily  efTected  on  solid  food,  or  rather  on  a  soft 
solid,  which  is  easily  divisible  into  shreds  or  small  par- 
ticles. Such  is  particularly  the  character  of  veSison, 
which  is  ascertained  to  be  one  of  the  most  digestible  of 
substances.  The  qualities  of  looseness  of  texture  and 
susceptibility  of  division  bebng  to  most  of  those  wild 
meats  and  game  which  are  generally  acknowledged  to 
be  easy  of  digestion.  Beef  and  mutton,  of  a  certain 
age,  possess  similar  qualities. 

Thp  opinidn  advanced  by  Paris,*  that  the  flesh  of 
wild  animals  is  more  dense  than  the  domesticated,  does 
not  correspond  with  the  experience  of  those  who  are 
well  acquainted  with  the  former.  Although,  on  making 
a  section  of  wild  flesh,  such  appearance  may  be  indi- 
cated, yet  the  fibres  are  found  to  be  more  easily  separ- 
ated by  mastication,  or  other  force,  and  are  generally 
tender ;  at  least,  such  is  the  case  with  the  flesh  of  those 
animals  that  are  considered  luxuries  by  the  epicure.  Com- 
pare, for  example,  the  flesh  of  the  wether  and  the  deer, 
animals  which  have  a  near  correspondence  in  their 
habits,  and  the  difference  will  be  very  obvious. 

The  digestibility  of  most  meats  is  improved  by  in- 
cipient putrefaction,  sufficient  to  render  the  muscular 
fibre  slightly  tender. 

Vegetables  are  generally  slower  of  digestion  than 
meats  and  farinaceous  substances,  though  they  some- 
times pass  out  of  the  stomach  before  them,  in  an  un- 
digested state.  Orude  vegetables,  by  some  law  of  the 
pnimal  economy,  not  well  understood,  are  allowed,  even 
^hen  the  stomach  is  in  a  healthy  state,  sometimes  to 
pass  the  pyforic  orifice,  while  other  food  is  retained  there 

*  PuM  OB  Oti«^  p.  73. 


.-#. 


OF  ALIMENT. 


47 


to  receive  the  solvent  action  of  the  gastric  juice.  This 
may  depend  upon  their  comparative  indigcstibility ;  for 
it  is  well  known  that  cathartic  medicines,  various  fruits, 
seeds,  <fec.  which  operate  as  laxatives,  are  not  digested ; 
are  incapable  of  being  retained  in  the  stomach ;  and 
pass  rapidly  through  the  intestinal  tube.  When  such 
articles  are  in  excess,  they  produce  considerable  de- 
rangement, and  sometimes  fatal  consequences. 

Vegetable,  like  animal  substances,  are  more  capable 
of  digestion  in  proportion  to  the  minuteness  of  their 
division,  as  I  have  before  remarked,  provided  they  are 
of  a'^soft  solid ;  and  I  cannot,  therefore,  concur  in  the 
opinion  expressed  by  Paris,*  that  potatoes  are  better 
when  only  boiled  so  as  to  be  rendered  tender,  and  have 
their  shape  preserved,  than  when  boiled  to  a  '^dry,  in- 
sipid powder."  They  nxay  be  more  palatable,  and 
contain  more  nutriment ;  but  they  are  not  so  easily 
affected  by  the  gastric  solvent  The  difference  was 
quite  obvious  on  submitting  parcels  of  this  vegetable,  in 
different  states  of  preparation,  to  the  operation  of  the 
gastric  juice,  in.  the  stomach  and  out  of  it.  Boiled,  or 
otherwise  cooked  to  dryness,  so  as  to  be  easily  mashed, 
potatoes  very  readily  became  reduced  to  a  chymous 
state,  when  submitted  to  the  action  of  the  gastric  juice* 
When  differently  prepared,  and  only  boiled  so  as  to  be 
rendered  barely  soft,  moist  and  tenacious,  entire  pieces 
remained  long  undissolved  in  the  stomach,  and  very 
slowly  yielded  to  the  action  of  the  gastric  juice  in  vials 
on  the  bath.  Pieces  of  raw  potatoe,  when  submitted 
to  the  operation  of  this  fluid,  in  the  same  manner,  almost 
entirely  resisted  its  action.    Many  hours  elapsed  before 


m 

■A 


*  Paria  on  Diet,  p.  75. 


'«il>ti»>-#i>>* 


48 


PRELIMINARY    OBSERVATIONS. 


■i^ 


the  slightest  appearance  of  digestion  was  observable,  and 
this  only  upon  the  surface,  where  the  external  laminn 
became  a  little  softened,  mucilaginous,  and  slightly 
farinaceous.  Every  physician,  who  has  had  much 
practice  in  the  diseases  of  children,  knows  that  partially 
boiled  potatoes,  when  not  sufficiently  masticated,  (which 
is  aways  the  case  with  children,)  are  frequently  a  source 
of  colics  and  bowel  complaints,  and  that  large  pieces 
of  this  vegetable  pass  the  bowels  unaffected  by  diges- 
tion. 

These  remarks  will  apply,  also  to  most  other  vegeta- 
ble aliment. 

The  variety  offish,  which  are  generally  used  by  the 
citizens  of  this  country,  may  be  regarded  as  easily  sus- 
ceptible  of  digestion.  The  lobster,  crab,  and  sume 
others  of  the  testaceoustribe,  are,  perhape,  exceptions. 

Solid  food  is  quicker  disposed  of  by  the  stomach  than 
fluid,  and  its  nutritive  principles  are  sooner  carried  into 
the  circulation.  It  has  been  observed,  however,  thai 
the  exhaustion  from  abstinence  is  more  speedily  removed 
by  liquid  than  solid  aliment.  This  is  undoubtedly  true ; 
and  it  may  be  accounted  for  on  the  ground  of  a  general 
8yi[npathy  existing  between  the  stomach  and  all  the 
other  parts  of  the  body.  It  is  only  necessary,  in  proof 
of  this  fact,  to  appeal  to  the  experience  of  almost  every 
physician.  The  violent  spasms,  contortionsj  d&c.  affect- 
ing different  and  remote  parts  of  the  system,  that  some- 
times supervene  on  the  introduction  of  crude  or  indiges- 
tible food  into  the  stomach,  are  pretty  clear  indications 
of  the  powerful  ^sympathy  that  exists  between  it  and 
other  organs  or  apparatuses. 

Condiments,  particularly  those  of  the  spicy  kind,  are 
not  essential  to  the  process  of  digestion,  in  a  healthy 


.A^^.I^AfOF   ALIMENT. 


49 


Btate  of  the  system.  They  afford  no  nutrition,  lliough 
they  may  may  assist  the  action  of  a  debilitated  stomach 
for  a  time,  their  continual  use  never  fails  {o  produce  an 
indirect  debility  of  that  organ.  They  affect  it  as  alco- 
hol and  other  stimulants  do — the  present  relief  afforded 
is  at  the  expense  of  future  suffering.  Salt  and  vinegar  are 
exceptions,  and  are  not  obnoxious  to  this  charge,  whe^i 
used  in  moderation*  They  both  assist  in  digestion — 
vinegar,  by  rendering  muscular  fibre  more  tender — 
and  both  together  by  producing  a  fluid  having  some 
analogy  to  the  gastric  juice.  .  ^ 

Drinks  are  nearly  as  essential  to  the  animal  system 
as  food.  Though  not  subject  to  digestion,  they  enter 
into  the  circulation,  and  become  iijopprtant  agents  intl^e 
ultimate  changes'  that  are  undergoing  in  the  tissues  of 
jthe  organism.  Simple  water  is,  perhaps,  the  only  fluid 
that  is  called  for  by  the  wants  of  the  economy.  The 
artificial  drinks  are  probably  all  more  or  le^  injurj^ous ; 

,/ipmemore  so  than  others;  but  no^e  cls^im  ei^tir^  ex- 
eipption  from  the  general  charge  of  unhealthiness.  Even 
coffee  and  tea,  ^he  conpmon  beverages  of  all  classes  of 

:  pp9pje, ,  h^avp  t^  tendency  tp  ^deb^litfite  thf  digestive  or- 
g^nSt  Let  a(iy  one  who  is  ;n  the  habit  of  drinking 
these,  {^rticles  in  a  weak  decoctiot^  take  ^wo  or.t()ree 
cjup?  made^vj^ry  strong,  and  he  ,\yiH  soon  Jbe  aware  of 
th^ir  injurious  teudency,  ^d  this  additionf^l  strength 
only  Bidding  to  th^  amount  of  thejqfir^ptxc  h«  is  iu  the 
co^9Xapi  habit  ojf  losing,,   Th^  whole  class  of  alcohcdic 

/jiqubrs,  whetljer  simply  fermented,  or  distilled,  may  be 

xponsider^  as  n(ir,coticSi  producing  very  little  difference 
in  their  ultimate  effects  on  the  system. 

The  jryury  which  a  constant  use  of  wine  is  known 
to  produce  on  some  stomachs,  has  been  sometimes  at- 
5 


wW4 


LX": 


0f'  •        PRELIMINARY   OBSERVATIONS. 

tributcd  to  the  small  quaniity  of  tartaric  acid  which  it 
contains.  But  it  is  not  th'  cream  of  tartar  that  ren- 
ders wine  so  deleterious  lo  many  stomachs.  It  is  the 
acidity  produced  by  the  acetous  fermentation  of  the 
saccharine  matter  contained  in  the  wine,  aided,  perhaps, 
by  the  alcohol  which  is  in  a  state  of  combination  with 
it.  Beer  has  the  same  effect  on  the  same  idiosyncra- 
cies,  or  peculiarities  of  the  stomach.  Both  of  these 
fluids  are  in  a  partial  stage  of  acetous  fermentation, 
which  is  consummated  by  the  increase  of  temperature  in 
the  stomach. 

It  would  be  a  task  of  great  difliculty  to  designate  the 
exact  kind  of  diet  that  would,  if  generally  adopted,  be 
the  most  conducive  to  health  and  longevity.  A  consid- 
erable variety  seems  to  be  necessary  to  man,  in  a  state 
of  civilization.  This  want  of  variety  is  induced  by  long 
habit,  which  it  would  probably  be  unsafe  to  break 
through.  Whether  man  was  originally  carnivorous  or 
granivorous,  is  a  question  which  we  cannot  solve,  and 
perhaps  it  is  not  worth  the  attempt ;  at  present  he  is 
both,  and  with  his  present  mode  of  existence  we  have 

to  do,  :^^mm  J> 

To  ensure  health  and  the  integrity  of  the  digestive 
organs,  regard  should  be  had  as  well  to  the  quantity  as 
to  the  qifMity  of  food.  The  system  requires  much  less 
than  is  generally  supplied  to  it.  The  stomachy  disposes, 
of  a  definite  quantity.  If  more  be  tfiken  than  the  actual 
^  '  ^^  the  economy  require,  the  residue  remains  i» 
*'  iuach,  becomes  a  source  of  irritatipn,  and  produces 
i>nsequent  aberration  of  function,  or  passes  into  the. 
lOWer  bowels  in  an  indigested  state,  and  extends  to  them 
its  deleterious  influence.  Dyspepsia  is  oftener  the  eflfect 
of  over  eating  and  drinldng  than  of  any  other  cause. 


■wj*, 


* 


f 


SECTION  11. 


y'Si* 


OF   HUNGER   AND    THIRST. 


Hunger  is  a  painful  sensation,  referred  to  the  region 
of  the  stomach.  It  is  a  kind  provision  of  nature,  design- 
ed to  remind  maM,  and  other  animated  beings,  of  the 
necessity  of  replenishing  the  wastes  of  the  system,  as 
well  as  of  contributing  to  its  growth.  Much  inquiry  has 
been  made  on  this  subject,  and  many  theories  have  been  • 
given  to  account  for  the  phenomenon.  It  has  been  sup- 
posed by  some,  that  the  friction  of  the  inteiiial  ooats  of 
the  empty  stomach  is  the  cause  of  the  sensation.  This 
opinion  is  liable  to  several  objections : — 1st.  A  healthy 
stomach  digests  its  contents  in  from  one  to  three  or  four 
hours,  and  hunger  is  not  usually  experienced  until  some 
time  after  the  latter  period.  If  hunger  be  the  effect  of 
the  friction  of  the  parieties  of  the  stomach,  it  ought  to  be 
experienced  the  moment  that  that  organ  has  disposed  of 
its  contents.  2d.  In  nausea  and  vomiting,  the  stomach 
is  brought  into  a  situation,  according  to  this  theory,  td 
experience  the  sensation  of  hunger;  and  yet  we  know 
how  opposed  it  is  to  receiving  any  thing  like  food.  3d. 
In  gastritis  and  fevers  the  sensation  hardly  ever  occuni, 
though  very  little  food  shall  have  occupied  the  stomach 
for  a  long  time — ^perhaps  not  for  weeks.  This  organ, 
under  such  circumstances,  is  generally  empty  and  irrita- 


'■4-\ 


62 


PRELIMINARY   OBSERVATIONS. 


L>j 


&' 


ble,  yet  the  peculiar  sensation  in  question  hardly  evef 
supervenes.  Besides,  hunger  sometimes  occurs  when 
the  stomach  is  partially  or  wholly  filled.  The  i)6tation 
of  spirits  or  brandy  and  water,  or  other  indigestible  liquid! 
does  not  remove  the  sensation,  although  by  this  means 
the  parieties  of  the  stomach  are  as  completely  separated 
as  by  food. 

It  has  also  been  suggested  that  the  sensation  of  hun- 
ger is  produced  by  the  irritation  of  a  quantity  of  gastric 
juice  hi  the  stomach,  which,  by  its  stiihulus,  excites  the 
feeling.  The. principal  objection  to  this  doctrine  is  based 
UDon  the  fact  that  the  stomach  contains  no  gastric  juice, 
..,  at  any  rate^  but  a  very  small  quantity,  in  its  empty 
state,  or  when  aliment  or  other  irrita;nt  is  not  present. 
Besides  if  it  were  true  that  it  contained  a  quantity  of  the 
•  fluid,  such  fluid  does  not  possess  the  power  of  producing^ 
any  thing  like  irritation  or  inflammation  of  its  coats.  It 
is  as  innoxious  to  the  stomach,  as  the  blandest  substance 
in  nature.  It  exerts  its  influence  on  free  aliment^  but 
not  on  the  living  fibre. 

By  referring  the  sensation  to  *'an  energetic  state  of 
the  gastric  nerves,  occasioned  by  an  interval  of  inactivity, 
during  which  the  vital  powers  niay  be  supposed  to  ac- 
cumulate,'^ it  appears  to  me  that  we  are  venturing  upon 
unexploied  grounds,  of  which  we  know  but  Httle.  We 
are  not  accustomed  to  call  those  painful  nervous  sensa- 
tions to  which  the  system  is  tometimes  subject,  states  of 
high  nervous  ehergy.  Are  they  not  rather  states  of 
nf^itous  debility?  or,  at  any  rate,  irregular  and  un- 
healthy motions  ? 

That  the  introduction  of  narcotics  into  the  stomach 


*Ptrw  on  Diet,  p.  6& 


"^'•,5;^ 


OF   HUNGER   AND  THIRST. 


# 


,■1 


should  destroy  the  appetite,  proves  only  that  they  have  , 
the  same  effect  on  that  organ  as  they  have  on  other 
parts  of  the  body ;  they  paralyze  the  nerves,  and  render 
them  incapable  of  being  the  media  of  communication  to. 
their  common  centre.  - 

Many  other  causes  have  been  assigned  for  this  sensa- 
tion, equally  wide,  probably,  of  the  true  one.  It  has. 
been  attributed  to  the  "foresight  of  the  vital  principle,", 
a  phrase  that  means  any  thing,  every  thing,  or  nothing, 
according  to  the  construction  which  e^ch  one  may  put  ' 
upon  it.  Such  explanations  conduce  nothing  to  the  pro- 
motion of  science.  They  are  mere  sounds  and  words, 
which  ingeniously  convey  a  tacit  acknowledgement  of 
thejr  author's  ignorance. 

.  Again,  the  mechanical  action  of  the  liver  upon  the 
diaphragm,  has  been  accused  of  producing  the  sensatioB 
of  hunger.  Some  proof,  more  thanjnere  assertion,  is 
necessary  to  convince  honest  inquirers  that  so  remote  a 
cause  should  produce  such  effects  on  the  stomach,  thq^^^ 
immediate  seat  of  the  feeling.  Of  the  same  nature,  is 
the  opinion  of  the  fatigue  of  the  contracted  fibres  of  thi^^j 
stomach,  01^  of  compression  of  the  nerves  of  that  organ,- 

^Magendie,  conyinced  that  »U  the  theories  on  this  sul>., 
ject  were  unsatisfactory,  comes  to  the  foUowiiig  comprof  ^ 
hensive  conclusion :  tjhat  "  Hunger  is  produced  like  all 
other  internal  sensations,  by  the  action  of  thenervoufsj 
system,  and  it  has  no  other  seat  than  in  this  system  itself, 
and  no  other  causes  than  the  general  laws  of  org&nizaf ^ 
tipn."*    I  cai^not  perceive  that  such  explanations  bring 
tfie  .lind  to  any  satisfactory  understanding  of  the  sub- 

•Summary  of ..  hysioiogjr,  p.  196. 
5* 


m 


0^ 


*-''i 


,.>' 


"H 


H 


PRELIMINARY  OBSERVATlOICfT. 


I** 


ject  In  such  broad  propositions,  it  is  difficult  to  asceiv 
tain  the  exact  meaning.  If  the  design  is  to  convey  the 
impression  that  hunger  has  no  **iocal  habitation ;"  thai 
it  is  an  impression^  affecting  all  the  neirves  of  the  system 
in  the  same  manner ;  then  the  sensation  would  be  as 
likely  to  be  referred  to  one  organ  as  another,  w  It  is  true^ 
that  without  nervous  commimieation  there  would  be  ncx 
sensation  at  alL  This  applies  as  well  to  other  parts  as 
to  the  stomach.  The  nerves  are  the  media  of  commu- 
nication from  the  sensible  parts  to  the  centre  of  percep-^ 
tions.  They  warn  the  encephalon  not  only  of  the  inju- 
ries, but  of  the  wants  of  the  tissues.  We  are  accustom- 
ed to  refer  local  sensations  and  irritations  to  the  parts 
apparently  aSecied — desire  for  urination  and  defecation,, 
to  the  bladder  and  rectum ;  for  liquids,  to  dryness  of  the 
mouth  and  fauces :  and  we  account,  in  like  manner,  for 
other  physiological  and  pathological  sensations.  When 
we  can  arrive  at  the  exact  interpretation  of  an  author, 
who  says  that  hunger  has  '^no  other  causes  than  the- 
general  laws  of  organization,?'  it  wfll  then  be  time  to 
give  reasons  for  an  assent  to  or  disseat  from  the  propo- 
sition. 

This  subject  is,  unquestionably,  involved  in  considei^- 
able  doubt  and  obscurity,,  ^nd  will  not,  it  is  to  be  appre- 
hended, admit  of  a  very  speedy  elucidation.  The  Au- 
thor of  Nature  is  perfect  in  all  His  works  |  and  although 
we  may  not  understand  all  the  operations  of  His  hands;^ 
we  are  compelled  to  acknowledge  their  wisdom,  propri- 
ety and  beauty.  Man  would  be  miserable  and  wretch- 
ed indeed,  if  he  depended  solely  on  his  own  discretion 
and  judgment  to  decide  upon  the  quantity  and  quality 
«f  aUment  necessary  to  supply  the  wastes,  and  adminis- 
ter to  the  growth  of  the  system.    This  paucity  of  judg>- 


OF  HUNGER  AND  THIRST. 


ment  and  discretion  is,  however,  more  than  compen* 
sated  by  an  irresistable  sensation,  which  indicates  the 
proper  time  for  the  reception  of  food.  The  immediate 
cause  of  this  sensation,  as  we  have  seen,  has  not  as  yet 
received  a  very  satisfactory  explanation,  and  perhaps 
will  not  admit  of  one.  But,  although  confessedly  ob- 
scure, we  are  not  denied  ihe  privilege  of  patient  investi* 
gation,  and  persevering  search  after  truth.  Knowledge 
is  progressive,  as  well  in  this  as  every  other  science ;  and 
every  new  discovery,  and  every  rational  hypothesis,  are 
additions  to  the  general  stock.  Persuaded  of  the  truth 
of  these  general  propositions,  and  anxious  mainly  to 
elicit  investigation  on  the  subject,  I  submit  the  following 
Theory  of  Hunger,  believing  it  to  be  as  reasonable,  to 
say  the  least,  as  any  that  has  preceded  it.  ^ 

My  impression  is,  that  the  sensation  of  hunger  is  pro- 
duced by  a  distention  of  the  gastric  vessels,  or  that  ap- 
paratus, whether  vascular  or  glandular,  which  secretes 
the  gastric  juice ;  and  is  believed  to  be  the  effect  of  reple- 
tion by  this«fluid. 

One  reason,  among  others,  for  this  belief,  is  the  estab- 
lished fact,  that  the  internal  sensations  referred  to  differ- 
ent organs,  as  has  been  previously  alluded  to,  are  caused 
by  some  modified  action  or  condition  of  the  parts  in  the 
tissues  of  the  organ  itself.  The  modification  in  the 
parts  to  which  the  sense  of  hunger  is  invariably  refenedy 
I  conceive  to  be  a  distention,  by  the  gastric  juice,  of  a 
particular  set  of  vessels  or  glands,  constituting,  in  part,, 
the  erectile  tissue  of  the  villous  coat  of  the  stomach. 
The  sensation  varies  according  to  the  different  degrees 
or  states  of  distention,  from  the  simplest  desire  to  the 
most  painful  sense  of  hunger;  and  is  allayed  or  increas- 
ed in  proportion  to  the  application,  or  refusal^  of  alimen- 


# 


^1 


^, 


..*' 

-v;,,. 


rr,% 


■*r. 


h.    4. 


^tf-* 


PRELIMINARY  OBSERVATIONS. 


^f 


i'^'-     y^w^t 


a.'' 


tary  stimulus  to  the  excretory  vessels.  The  greater  the 
di^^iilion  of  the  vessels,  the  more  acute  will  be  the  pain :: 
hence,  the  difference  between  a  short  and  protracted  fest. 
Appetite  and  hunger  belong  to  the  same  class  of  sensa- 
tions ;  they  differ  only  in  degree.  In  this  they  are  like 
all  other  sensations.  A  little  increased  circulation  in  the 
vessels  of  the  brain  produces  peculiarly  vivid,  but  not 
Absolutely  unpleasant  feelings,  and  gives  force  and  ener- 
gy to  the  mental  volitions  :  carried  further,  it  produces 
most  painful  sensations.  It  is  unnecessary  to  cite  fur- 
ther examples.  Indeed,  it  does  not  need  arguments  to 
prove  what  is  the  subject  of  every  day's  observation,  tt 
is  well  known  that  the  pain  ffom  acute  inflammation  is- 
produced  by  distention  of  the  blood  vessels.  Let  any 
oie,  who  is  disposed  to  try  the  effect  of  vascular  disten- 
tion, place  a  ligature  around  the  finger  or  arm,  sufficient- 
ly tight  to  r6tard  the  returning  blood,  and  the  truth  will 
be  sufficiently  obvious. 

It  is,  therefore^  inferred  from  the  pain,  (and  no  one,,  it 
is  believed,  will  deny  that  hunger  is  a  painful  sensa- 
tion, whatever  may  be  his  opinion  of  appe^i/e)  that  ves- 
sels of  some  kind  are  distended  ;  and  it  is  demonstra- 
ted, I  think,  in  some  of  the  following'experiment^  thjit 
these  are  the  gastric  vessels.  On  applying  alini^'to 
the  internal  coat  of  the  stomach,  which,,  in  health,  is 
merely  lubricated  with  mucus,  innumerable  minute, 
papillflp,  the  orifices,  undoubtedly,  of  the  gastric  vesselis, 
immediately  throw  out  a  quantity  of  the  fluid,  which 
mixes  with  the  food.  This  effect  is  too  sudden,  and  the- 
secretion  too  copious,  to  be  accounted  for  on  the  ordinary 
principles  and  laws  of  secreting  mucous  surfaces.  The 
quiescence  and  relief  froin>  the  unpleasant  sensation,, 
which  are  experienced  as  tsoonas  the  vessels  are  emp^- 
ed,  are,.  I  think,,  additional  proofs  of  my  opinion.    It  is: 


„  -I 


OF  HUNGER   AND  THIB8T. 


87. 


certain,  that  at  the  introduction  of  every  meal,  or  on  the 
appHcation  of  alimentary  stimulus  to  the  internal  coat^, 
of  the  stomach,  a  very  large  secretion  of  a  fluid,  which 
has  repeatedly  been  ascertained  to  bean  alimentary  sol- 
vent, immediately  takes  place;  and  that  when  the 
stomach  is  destitute  of  food  or  some  other  irritating  sub- 
stance, no  such  secretion  can  be  found  in  it.  And  it  is 
more  than  probable — it,  in  fact,  almost  amounts  to  de- 
monstration, that  a  large  quantity  of  this  fluid  must  be 
omtained  in  appropriate  vessels,  during  a  fast,  ready  ta 
obey  the  call  of  aliment.  I  would  not  be  understood  to 
say  that  the  whole  quantity  necessary  for  an  ordinary 
meal  is  eUminated  from  the  blood,  previous  to  the  com*  . 
mencement  of  alimentation ;  but  that  enough  is  con- 
tained in  the  gastric  vessels  to  produce  the  sensation  of 
pain  or  hunger. 

If  it  be  objected  to  this  theory,  that  the  vessels  would 
become  ruptured,  or  empty  themselves  into  the  cavity 
of  the  stomachy  during  a  long  fast,  I  reply,  that  this  ap^ 
paratus  is  probably  constitiated  like  many  of  the  other 
organs  of  the  system,  and  permits  the  absorption  of  its 
secretions  by  the  lymphatic  or  other  absorbent  vessels. 

I  offer  this  theory  for  consideration,  pei[suaded  that 
the  public  will  allow  it  such  weight  as  it  may  have  a 
right  to  cla^:  more  than  this,  I  have  no  wish  to  ask. 

TAir^^This  sei  nation  is  felt  in  the  mouth  and  fau- 
ces. Like  hunger,  it  is  a  kind  provision  of  nature, 
designed  to  remind  men  and  animals  of  the  neces- 
sity, not  of  replenishing  the  wasting  solids  of  the  sys- 
tem, but  of  diluting  the  fluids  that  are  carrying  on  the 
process  of  nutrition.  Although  Magendie  has  attempt- 
ed to  put  a  stop  to  all  inquiries  on  this  subject,  in  the 
remark,  that  *^  Thirst  is  an  internal  sensation^  an  in* 


/         M 


rf^ 


PRELIMINAJIY   OBSERVATIONS. 


h    "^^ 


w 

stinctive  sentiment;"  the  result  of  organization,  and  does 
not  admit  of  any  explanation  ;"  I  apprehend  a  remote 
cause  of  this  sensation  may  be  found  in  the  viscidity  of 
the  blood,  which  requires  a  liquid  to  render  it  more  fluid, 
and  more  susceptible  of  introduction  into  the  capillaries 
and  secreting  surfaces.  The  proximate  cause  may  ex* 
ist  in  an  irritation,  a  kind  of  sub-inflammation  of  the 
lining  membranes  of  the  mouth  and  fauces,  the  efiect 
of  the  viscid  state  of  the  blood,  and  consequent  imper- 
vious state  of  the  secretory  vessels  of  these  membran^. 
The  sensation  of  dryness,  .r  thirst,  is  supposed  to  be  the 
effect  of  evaporation,  the  mouth  and  throat  being  con- 
stantly exposed  to  the  atmosphere.  When  there  is  suffi- 
cient fluidity  of  the  blood,  the  secretion  is  so  much  more 
copious  than  the  evaporation,  that  a  constant  moisture 
is  preserved.  The  sensation  of  thirst  resides  in  the  tissues ; 
and  it  is  no  more  ;  "  an  instinctive  sentiment"  than  any 
other  sensation  of  the  economy.  To  say  that  it  is  the 
"jresult  of  organization,"  gives  no  explanation,  amounts 
to  nothing,  and  is  certainly,  to  say  the  least,  a  very  un- 
satisfactory way  of  disposing  of  the  question. 


'      % 


^A 


''X 


TfJ, 


SECTION  III. 

OF   SATISFACTION   AND   SATIETY.  , 

In  the  present  state  of  civilized  society,  with  the  prov- 
ocatives of  the  culinary  art,  and  the  incentives  of  high 
seasoned  food,  brandy  and  wines,  the  temptations  to  es;- 
C08S  in  the  indulgence  of  the  appetite,  are  rather  too 
strong  to  be  resisted  by  poor  human  nature.  '  It  is  not 
less  the  duty,  however,  of  the  watchmen  on  the  walls 
to  warn  the  city  of  its  danger,  however  it  may  regard 
the  premonition.  Let  them  at  least  clear  their  own 
skirts  from  the  stain  of  unfaithfulness,  whatever  may  be 
the  result. 

There  is  no  subject  of  dietetic  economy  about  which 
people  err  so  much,  as  that  which  relates  to  quantity. 
Medical  men,  have  too  often  been  accessory  to  this  error, 
in  giving  directions  to  dyspeptics  to  eat  until  a  sense  of 
satiety  is  felt.  Now,  this  feeling,  so  essential  to  be  right- 
ly understood,  never  supervenes  until  the  invalid  has 
eaten  too  much,  if  he  have  an  appetite,  which  seldom 
fails  him.  Those,  even,  who  are  not  otherwise  predis- 
posed to  the  complaint,  ^frequently  induce  a  diseased 
state  of  the  digestive  organs  by  a  too  free  indulgence  of 
the  appetite.  *0f  this  fact  physicians  generally  are  not 
sufficiently  aware.  Persons  who  lead  sedentary  lives, 
and  whose  circumstances  will  permit  of  what  is  called 
free,  living,  are  peculiarly  obnoxious  to  these  complaints. 
Butby  paymg  particular  attention  to  their  sensations 


■■* 


«f  PRELIMINARY  OBSERVATIONS.  .     , 

during  the  ingestion  of  their  meals,  these  complaints 
may  be  avoided.  There  appears  to  be  a  sense  of  per- 
fect intelligence  conveyed  from  the  stomach  to  the  en- 
cephalic centre,  which,  in  health,  invariably  dictates 
what  quantity  of  aliment  (respondmg  to  the  sense  of 
hunger,  and  its  due  satisfaction,)  is  naturally  required 
for  the  purposes  of  life  ;  and  which,  if  noticed,  and  pro- 
perly attended  to,  would  prove  the  most  salutary  monitor 
of  health,  and  effectual  preventive  of,  and  restorative 
from,  disease.  It  is  not  the  sense  of  satiety,  for  this  is  be- 
yond the  point  of  healthful  indulgence,  and  is  nature's 
earliest  indication  of  an  abuse  and  overburden  of  her 
powers  to  replenish  the  system.  It  occurs  immediately 
previous  to  this,  and  may  be  known  by  the  pleasurable 
sensation  o{  perfect  satisfaction,  ease  and  quiescence  of 
body  and  mind.  It  is  when  the  stomach  says  enough, 
and  is  distinguished  from  satiety  by  the  difference  of 
the  sensations — the  former  feelings  enough — the  latter, 
too  much.  The  first  is  produced  by  the  timely  recep- 
tion into  the  stomach  of  proper  aliment,  in  exact  propor- 
tion to  the  requirements  of  nature,  for  the  perfect  diges- 
tion of  which,  a  definite  quantity  of  gastric  juice  is  fur- 
nished by  the  proper  gastric  apparatus.  But  to  effect 
this  most  agreeable  of  all  sensations  and  conditions — 
the  real  Elysian  satisfaction  of  the  reasonable  Epicure 
~ — timely  attention  must  be  paid  to  the  preliminary  pro- 
cesses, such  as  thorough  mastication,  and  moderate  or 
slow  deglutition.  These  are  indispensable  to  the  due 
and  natural  supply  of  the  stomach,  at  the  stated  periods 
of  alimentation ;  for  if  food  be  swallowed  too  fast,  and 
pass  into  the  stomach  imperfectly  masticated,  too  much 
is  received  in  a  short  time,  and  in  too  imperfect  a  state 
of  preparation,  to  be  disposed  of  by  the  gastric  juice. 
...The  quantity  of  gastric  juice,  either  contained  in  its 


oi^'mfismmdti^  im^u^mmY. 


A 


pxnrwgKKSi 


Mmm^)M^ 


0 


m\ 


^y  *ilMiti3nmaias\ 


fi^J^i^of 


J*" 


&il'^im:j'  -ti^iUi^  ''^ini  ^m'iS\tj  yf  yukm\fp  r??f f 


^i'" 


--■!.!.„ 


riaiLiMtirART  oBaEnrArtoWi: 

ton^t  on  an  unuiually  hearty  meal ;  the  suhfleanenf 
dmngemem  of  the  digestive  functions,  and  conw^uen 
•gdities  nnd  vitiated  content,  of  the  prima  vii^from 
acetic  fermentation  in  the  rtomach,  and  imperfect  for- 
mation of  chyle  in  the  inte»tine«. 

lo«*!»Oiq  mU  tti  Mi»u    {litiait.l  M^j   Ml  cnA  o«>rtT 

Wftixl  igiii(n(ixw  .lion's. ..♦(.j^  10  JU!>iu/   '*»  iitiCHi  Ax;i(  ikW^Ji^ 
h^njnn  i^^mx  ^tm  mnU  y^.'^hnj  ,,.,i.:if  ooomabtifxinrf 

^la  u/jin  liA  \*4i<»iJiBV:'>xi)u  'io  &iy<»^^»*  i\'^Ai  ^ih^m  ya^i 
-^y-rm :ilmii<mU  \h  tm,  x'^tls  ,h'u^. ,  mi;  tiUuiim 

kim'^^j-uoa  tf*^.;h^ >t4  I  ....  ,j  -^xuu  '<o(if  /.iij 

#df  ^iiJOf*  bh4jUv*nVi^  ton«1»»vv  <-fit)  %|     JioiJ4>iiii«Y^  Of 

mfit  m  mHmmnnl  ViliJtnhmin    jKlit^mhaqxii  ]s^ttlw. i 


rf 


.& 


SECTION  IV. 

OF  MASTICATION,  INSALIVATION  AND  OEOLVTITI  ON.  ^^1 

TlwM  are  the  preliminiuy  stept  in  the  ptoceiM  of 
digestion.  The  comparative  importance  of  these  pio- 
eeeie«  has  been  elevated  or  deproned,  according  to  the 
preponderance  which  each  of  them  may  have  receivdd 
fkom  the  opinions  of  the  different  phyaiologists  whir 
have  made  them  subjects  of  observation.  As  man  and 
animals  are  constituted,  they  are  all  absolutely  neces- 
eary  to  the  digestion  of  food.  But  in  an  abstract  point 
of  view,  disconnected  as  a  mean  of  introducing  inge^ 
i«  1^  ^e  stomach,  I  believe  I  hasatd  nothtog  in  saying 
that  they  may  be  considered  as  perfectly  toim-^MemiiS 
Ift  chymii||ation.  If  th^  iiurfw^a  drfiwen/arto  could  be 
introducer  into  the  etomach  in  a  finely  divided  state, 
the  operations  of  mastfoaUon,  msalivation  and  deglutition, 
would  not  be  necessary.  Aliment  is  as  well  digested 
and  asshHUated,  and  allays  the  sensation  of  hunger  as 
perfectly,  when  introduced  Oitectly  into  the  stomach,  in 
a  proper  state  of  division,  as  when  the  previous  steps 
have  been  taken,  as  fiiay  be  seen  by  some  qt  the  fol- 
lowing experiments.  If  particular  importance  is  to  be 
attributed  to  any  of  these  previous  steps,  it  is  certainly 
^e  to  masticatoi  J  4ho^h  an  undue  importance  has, 
<rf  late,  been  jfi^n  to  the  action  of  the  w/tvd.  Professor 
/«*so^  of  1»Kfladelpliia,  wto  has  lately  published  a 


I?-"'-- 


'$,  -"^^ 


k 


agent,  of  alimentaiy  maiic^r/^'fiTllriiiJiilrieSrf'  ih'tH* 

1ow6ai^^»%oitf«  s^^'fi^rt%t>.ofthr6e'of'tHfe  ex 
lji«s  oh  afti^iil  dipl^ytfoA;*  1Hri<^li^  '^ti^-'iristittited'fbr 
thy  J^W]f>b«e'br  doiiiparisort',"t»ilil  'tbtf  >4tfiiltiii«  of •  saMf a 
^it*^  the  gastric  juice  rather  retarded  its  sofrent  a^tiWi. 

"if^fyy.^^^"^  ^^'1^  iMfoimtytd  ai^stionj^.ns 

fte  foodi^'ind  thus  to  (kimmmi  ^^d6  of  th#  boMs 
yi«»ugh  m^diffektty ?5*f  «^t(tidfti '' Hr this  pd^^^f 

^  V!e^,  rt  i^e^fiar  «^Dif  ft6d*bah^rTt,e.  <8t^^ 
until  it  receives  an  «dmixture^  of  ft  fluid;  whether  it  be 
«*aliv«(t)r«oiiie^ther  Ikj^aiA^  is  m^I  conceive,  a  matter 

to  swallow  a  mouthful  of  dry^i^mw^f; ifa^dl  t#lJKg. 


:l-r'-^' 


'% 


># 


^ 


OF  MAITICATIONi  lir|IAJUiyATiqN^;J>KO|^TITIOir.      6| 


nesia,  H9  W^  ^^  ^^  mponihle  to  mpke  Xhp  oqgmis  of 
deglutition  act  till  f^  quantity  of  fluid  is  v^iLod  w^H  U. 
Water  will  answer  t|;ie  purpose,  ^ef^rly  Mir»iii^<9f^ifl»f 
though  the  glutinous  proj^^Wfj  c)(,^^ia  iiecD^^^iqi^ 
give  it  a  slight  prefer^pce,,.,,,,,  ^,..  ,  1,.  1,  .,. 
,  Pathology  is  not,  in ,  my  opinion,  nwfjh  indebted  to 
Ru3rsch,  who  attributed  the  Ipss.of  appetft^  to,th0  w^fe 
of  saliva  in  a  {)^rson  ¥^ho  w^  a^iqted  iv;^i|  a  fistula 
%  one  pf  the  saljivary  ducts ;  ,npr,t^  th^  ppimQU,a4vftn- 
^,oed  by  others,,  tb^t  the  pot^tfuit  ,fpftt|<ig  of  ipanioical 
patients,, ind^cfif  Ic^s  of, appetite  ')?}ifi,,^rti  ^  4l^t 
.inboth  c^ses,  the  effep|s,ajff.,pttr|bpted;^f^h^!wr9pg 
causes.  T,her^,isiinp,di%irtty  j|fti,b^U^T:iT«ftjth^t  ifpul 
ulcer  in  the  niouth  wp^d  1^  Uftble  to  fp^^Q^;MUl^a 
and  want  pf ,  appetite ;  no|r  thftli  ;i|ap'%cal  patients  afe 
generally,  if  not  alw:ays^  .a^ecfed  with  diseafjed  oraans 
,of  digestion.  I  have  known  n^apy  perjsons  tp  fpit  ueejly 
and  constantly,  wbosp  appetites  ^d^ge^tjoii^sve^e  per- 
fects *  Those  who  smok?i,  tpbcwpp,  j^p  cgitvitanfj.7,,^ 
chwging  li^rge  quantitipp  ofsfjiy^;  if^pcjlypt  J,  a^.ppt 
aware,that,dy9pepi?ia  is  more  cpnunio]^^  yfit^,|i^ppa  tjian  , 
with  others,.,  ^f,  ,     .  .,  ,,'„.;    ,',j.^^ ',|,',.    .■ 

.  I. entirely  dissent, from. the  .opifaipfi,;p4yagu9p<U^y  the 
authoriAbov;e  refprrpd.  to,.(Pari9,);  |haf  ,/'jii^j^ 
as  psisipntipL  as,  m^tication."  The  u?^  pjf  ff  ^^pA^iion  i* 
»itq  aepaiata  the  food  injtp  small  pajftipj^,  195^^1  ^®  f»^- 
yenC.9f.tbf»  stpmaph/ m§y  bp  applied  t<3i,agfpaf^r  extent 
fcolsurijwe.    TJh^p,  jsino  my^ery. ^^bqut  this.    Eyery 


I'll'.J'j'U   rl 


■» '  1  n  >  I    II    *  ■  I 


r*'t  f      >•<>*>.'.    <',; 


*Iii  oiing-tbe  word  ^oltent  or  MdltOi^  InieAranoA  to  the  gnatt'w 
jvio«i  I  irifb  » |ie4i9flerjMU>o4  to  ipfiMi  a  ohemifpfl  «A^ii9li>3f 9»lofotaf  t« 
.  thpt  *kt^p  a^.t|o»f»f  mvaeralioidi  ^  ^emetalit;  ^ot  like^^befolutiou 


■ii^f9mn^^^^jmi:^,i 


!{.>.! 

"'4^- 


i^«Vfv^nr' 


M:  ^^^mrvmrnkmrnrnmnmrnn^mrmmT^ 


"19 


jN^M)n^«iMjNtel3E^^        tofhealthy(idig«i<tioii^..jf 

f^!S*  ^^^  ***^"^  juice  may  act  upon  its  surface,  ciwS 
2^!f  ^^"^*'*^®^  '^•Jp^Iy. 'that  other  cfaangdtfVill 
liWBljftl»/*oiniWMii?e  ifcto^^  it  willfiu- 

a^ntri  QOniplolf l^|d|flB(^  «Beside%.4he  stqm§ch rwiU 
m^imm  lUiidigebediBiassei^  for  ft  ring  timej -withdfet 
l«u|»fm^^gliB«ixli$tu^tto^^  lis  boverhedubi^  certain 
towitwth  respect  to  alimfent. .  AaMrfood  ihas  .teen  ife- 
tolipdifeitt  certain  Wnilh  of  ftin»  itodi^ested/  say  from 
«^tto^h'Iit)aw,,batt)^iii|.  to^^^^  dr  diseased 

^^dfi  thart^orgMv^r/  the  quantity  i^ceived  into  it  it 
^^•» r^ted  byl vbmitihg,Mi6r  tjs  peimitted uto  p^ 
SL^i!!^***^  ^»d>4aw)er  bo#el4,i wttteieitsupr^s- 

'«M0»^  ltt>^^ife^etti(l3^s*«tairt^dnfQr  tw^nty-fonif  hoursJ  or 
t^L^  ?  sometimes  the  cause  of  rv-^ostr  digressing 

,  <SNi^^  i^^l^^tti  l>mi  .Sf'>.df|  ^^d«j  y'-fjwi  pMi^^mM  m 
^2f^^g^|»glUA^    ^hidk^ttaJc^l^^  few 


I 


tW 


OF  MA8TieATI0N,^I«*4LIVATI0K,iIIS«II.UTITI0N.    in 


^the  fffiBficmfttstepofittiditiii^  shall  not 

^be  40  liMyilb.eie  inthis  lattocone. 
ImJ&ww^wingi  retf^Jtipidhp^  prodnees  irregular  *  com- 
HMtbtioiw  of  tiie<iiiui0cular<  fibres  bf  the  <BSophagUB  and 
liBtomach  ;^idia|iirbs  the  yermiculait  nMHiofls  of  the  ra- 
,{|;is^taiid*ikitevru|>t8'  the  'Uniform  '&ctioQ' of  ^e*  gastric 

i(^^heH8l6mach- istnot, designed ito  receive  more fbod 
^dh  can  be  duly  mixed  with  the  gastric  solvit,  already 
!iivitS'prqpe|,vel»el8)'dr>ih  a.  i9tate>ofi  preparation  in  the 
)4}ldod''Vpssek.x»iBerfeol  h  Jiony  of vaction  oaiwt  exir 
£fthnnighout  ^the  ^  n^oie  ;lipparatu8^  <  'or  ^.derangement  of 
^healthy  action*  will  >eiisue.;.  if.  u'l       '  .! 

iltoThe  stomach*  o£jthaeubjectiof  these 'experiments^  will 
l0>0uiiglf[ni,  o^f  the^ » introduction  of  food, .  «ven!  of  a  liquid 
H^lndy^ihroughi  the  apej^ure,  at  i  a>  rapid  xate.«  i  If  <  a  few 
^PQonfulS'Ofsoupi  or  other  Uquid4iet,ibe  put  <  in  with  a 
-«fqp!(^aiiOF$  funnel^  »thet  ruge««gemly  >c]loseiupon  it,  and 
^gcaduaUyudiffuse  it  >tbzoughJ^e  gastric,  caBity^  entirely 

«Xi:^H^»g  more  duriog^his  I  action^.  xiWheJIi  relaxation 
i4ake»t  place,. ;  another  quantity  i  will  be  r^eived  in  .th& 
j^sMine? manner. !i>  ':4ii(..-.  t'i.'i  •.  ■Hinv»nt?><s  ^a  i-)iu\  ■  ■  'i« 
4ii  M  4he  tvalv(ular.  portiotiiof  thjB  stcHnach;^ be  depressed, 
aandaoiidifQad  boiintroduc^d,  either^ in  entire  pieces,  or 
,i^ely  djtyidfd<^quantities^  M^he !  sam^  gentle  contractioo, 

or  grasping  motion  takes  place,  and  continues  for  fifty 
•viipn  jeightyaa^wndfili  jaud,j:wiUynot(  allpw-of  the  intro- 
,«ftiic$i0tl>QfiinoiJiei  J  quantity  uptU  ^bi^  above  timci  Ims 
■  leUpsed ;  ■*.  when  tb^  valve  \  may*  again  bit  depressed,  ^  and 
jmoiSj^foadJbi^  pi)t  iij|i,,i'opd  and drioks  wili^be^^J^jved 
atb*P?ig^jrtl«  ^P9r)airei|iQ.fa?t?r*-§y^;jVjbe 

^m^i^Yimf^M^  ibftnathey  are},p|diw)!Xbrece^yi* 
through  the  oesophagus. 


©*;. 


i^*' 


68 


PRBLXMINABT  OBSBRVATIONB. 


When  the  subject  of  these  experiments  is  so  placed 
that  the  cardia  can  be  seen,  and  he  be  allowed  to  swal- 
low a  mouthful  of  food,  the  same  contraction  of  the 
stomach,  and  closing  upon  the  bolus,  is  invariably  ob- 
served to  take  place  at  the  cBSophageal  ring. 


■j-^Vi,    :>li«Te!*,i'>   3  0T    m 


»«U    HO 


»>,> 


mi. 

si'  . 


■  f   ''^^ii    'i>(~)iii<> 


:f'yt\H  f'l  iiuii^iuiia. 


>i.iy\'      --tt-i 


f-H« 


i.< 


'i4 


an 


fii 


ik 


i» 


*  v.*        3 


B 


^hi 


» 


litn  xi. 


'i.1. 


»f  ooiSin'iff':*  ill 


;T  -i;if 


il ;  n 


•:        .Ji., 

'..••'tlj,. 

-J* 


0P. 


\ 

1 

■   .             '  '     'i.;i«i- 

•'-•-.•  --y ■•':>'  l<* 

:.:. 

.„*j|K-il!l*'i  >'-i«- 

'^. 


■miiBmm.0^?^^  rutimhMMi*'^ 


fl^ 

^T^^ 


tiit 't<;>i|Cki^:5fc«?tHf''C»  e*m-m<    • '^    ■   ■■■•     -  ':    lUu'.v.     . 

SECTION  T. 

OF  DIGESTION  BT    THE  GASTRIC  JUICE. 

Chymification  is  effected  in  the  stomach.  It  is  the  ^ 
0nt  stage,  proper,  of  the  conTe;sion  of  aliment  into 
blood ;  thdugh  in  the  ordinary  course  of  proceeding,  as 
animals  are  constituted,  some  previous  steps  are  neces- 
sary. After  the  aliment  has  been  received  into  the 
stomachy  It  is  subjected  to  certain  evolutionie^  or  motions, 
propagated  by  the  muscular  fibres  of  that  organs  and  is 
acted  upon  i)y  the  agency  of  some  principle,  which 
changes  it  from  a  heterogeneous  mij^ture  of  the  yarioils 
kinds  of  jdiet)  submitted  to  its  action,  to  an  Jnifotm,  ho* 
mdgeneous  semji-fluid,  possessing  properties  aistinct  fiom 
the  elements  of  which  it  was  composed.  The  length  of 
^me  consumed  in  the  operation  is  various.  It  depends 
upon  the  quantity  or  quality  of  the  ingestas,  or  the  healthy 
or  diseased  state  of  the  stomach,  &x.  In  the  various 
•experiments  which  I  have  made,  the  medium  time  may 
be  calculated  at  about  three  and  a  half  hours. 

It  has  b|9h  suggested  by  many  physiologists,  and  pos- 
itively asJlrted  b^  some,  thit  tiaere  is  4  considerable  in- 
crease bf  the  tiemperaiure  pf  the  stoi^ilefa  during  the  di^ 
ges^on  of  a  meaL  But  Irom  the  result  of  a  great  muo* 
Iber^of  exp^ilm^ts  and  ^acaminations,  niadQ  with  a  vieW 
of  ascemm^f^  MK  of^^t^^  opinion^  in  the  empiy 
and  foil  state  of  the  o^n,  and  during  different  stages  of 


j^  :^i4 


^; 


•f  \!->^:-K 


%' 


f\^,'i.fm!!im. 


70 


4^R|^I|UNA1M7  \  4>BtlfipiyiatOlt8. 


i^pym&caiiQn^fl^m,  conviiioedthfit  there  is  nb  alteniibn 
of  temperature,  iinlessj  aomo  othen  circumstances  should^ 
produce  Jit.  v/  Actiye  exercisjB  always  elevaties  the  temped 
rature  <f{  thC;  stomach,  whether  fasting  or  full,  aboiit  q#» 
j^^  a  ^^If;  degrees.  t    ?   :  n       j 

With  respect  to  the  agent  of  chymififatioQ,  that  prin4 
ciplf3^^]^^w,hich;Cpnverts  the  crude)i^liment  intochytiie, 
ajflfl  je|:^ders  it  fit  for  the  action  of  the  hq;>atic  audi  paii*^ 
c^l^s^^(}  j^v^^s,  an4  ^ual  assimilation  ajQd\conv;ersionrinto> 
^he,  flii|%fU|;^dthe<vpriot»  tissues  of  jhe,imimaloigan« 
ii{mr|-^^^ .  ps^ .  of^  ^ysiology  i  hais,  periinps,.  -  so  earnettly^ 
e^^ga^eGi,^)ie  ^^tention  of  inanjrind,  m  m  muoh  oxJerdsfdi 
1^0^  ;ijag^]^^|tytPfi  iP^ysiplogists.  It  has  been  a  frUilfob 
ifOi^iiCO  of  ,f  he9i^^iqid  Jipecu]»tion,ii;omilie  "^^.ther  t>f  uMa 
i^e  c(ovrft^,tjbl§  ipre^ent  a^e.  ijlt  ^ould/  b9i«;wat3ta;ofi 
t^^  tq,«^|t^»i^^  r^futq  tho  do<^tri»ei^ithet5okter  wtitefBl 
o:^  ^(ij[s  ,i;uq||^t .  j  ^  $i#Go ,  iti  ,to  ^  sayi  thait  jtll^  theorfet  ofi 

<U#^#^^^^Mve  hei^!  ipstratiedi  in,  th^  dost^h^o 
%e^^,%ljlg;^^,o£#ci^ncQ,fa)d  the.  dedutilioiia;0f  exfieri^ 
T^i^hiiM?^^^^^^^^  f^""  SitALLAMSANi>rto  tnrm^ffiyfi 
i^£^^  ^pfjpimd«4.fiy{)0th$se%  anduto  enictiq^oittlMi^ 
n^p,  §,  ,thQpry,rWi^iGh.  iwiUvfita^d  jthaltQM>^  ae^ 
e^^iina^on  ^d  experinijent.  ^  •  He  estfathlished  a!  •thk)!)*' 
cdt^Hs^fCAL  soi*v?ioN|  and  taught  tt|at  f3hyani£oattoi|| 
W0,i^yms  ^  the^solFeut  action  (4 1  a  fluid/ 1  secreted -^bj^ 
th)|  8t|^I^L^,  pini^^^OperatiDg  asB  true  meaitfUtHoft^^^^ 
o^e^^^,  i^jbstiEUices. .  To  this  ifluid  he  ga^tkeaname  <if> 
QAi^ij^q  jiTiricjBu  It  does  not]  eomo^wi^in^tho'scope  oITt 
t^  ji9irQrlf^^^i:o  ji  deti|il  o£  Iho^isi^QirimtotB  lindi  tenml 
€s^tiwlai^\^  wroughtvconviction<>in<  tl^^'iiiRd-^^^^^  thin; 
great  num./^  Itis  Qi|ly;necessaiy  tOfsay  that  it  was  ilset 
iHnil^  0^  pdtiftn^  an^  persairerpg  uexptiriment  and  lb- 
search. 


OP  Dutnrrjmi  ^Wf^tmp  oiW-Rid'^AjicE.       71 


-  The  l^lftr  of  a^iti/^kaUi^k  theol^  l^^b^'^l^aM-^ 

ia^nc^  of  ft^chemfoal  «oltbh^  by  i^whd  WaveM<l6^0^ 

emeu   itiQiii^kBd^lflK|ferijrttf«Si^ 

peiiments  of  Tiedemann  and  GMELfir,'6f  liE^felf  sM 

,  By i  far  thet  fliOflt^  iwi^^lstdfttfe^  Biia'  itttdfli^tit  |)hysi^kP 
gists  fc«re  lio^^ettl^d^  '^^'liiHfe^^efigf  ihat'dh^iji§ 

aicreted!  by  miliar  drjfiuf/Wfetf/ afAiF^^ 
@l*tric  Juice..=^<!P^dttf  th%f|iatt6tli«f;^6^eVef;bf*SBl^^ 
i% and  sutimittiiig  Ou^ !dikld:i6 ^th^  mt'b[ Vs^p^mMi 
dnl^itbt  divltt«ify»ofirdklt«»1h  tfe^'iSjianiihMOT 

hiiT*toei»awlv^'ttff  ^^h&|i»ei3en<i^'df  A^' Active  Skfi^ 
w^with«r  arf«  «difeNiii)tf^^  ilonfcksioh  fttkh  ib^^^SM^ 

omfstBi^Mnei  Be)lm|;i!ff  td  tb^  stdiiia^lf^am^^g^ 
<si«lii|Bjr*(%{aiii^ifti0'officd  df  irhfieh  ii^t(^fiihii^^i^ffii^ 
tofifjfyixm  ^he^aanmUatioief  <^  'iitf^tliF^''^iii!l^nlli:''^ 

Ti|ei'diUlrobs^¥th«t  i&4ny^ai^mab^^y'fifirltiiBia'WiM^> 
0Wliie%Uatiib,  dnjlplting  tf  digestiv®  liquid."'  Thij|«a^ 
t%fr  %Mfiprtt#«i  tliffqj|^iiee<of  it  ^^I^rstk^yi  1^  "i^^t^'itc^ 

fiiuii^f^^lisvitisxpMsedtcmi^oiii^^  gTa  tli^  lt«iB^f> 
pii^ll9^{^iiiriB]|i^to(0M^i^fl^~'W^^ 


%l 


■■^.■^^ 


jl    ,V  f 
s-l.t 


U   r, 


'& 


#^:, 


*a 


wjT'  ^'^^^^'-'^wmm 


ii  Am^iIIi  'I 


lyif:^S 


ft 


•Hal 


^USKHIUff 


I  ff) 


wrm^^fm'  ■w^tnm  Mpniivw^jnf  «"K<mviir||^' 


OF   DIGESTION  BY  THE   QASTRXC  JUICE. 


73 


• 


ces,  or  who  has  tho  liberality  to  credit  the  opinions  of 
those  who  have  had  such  opportunities. 

It  has  been  objected  to  this  hypothesis,  that  the  seTist- 
hie  properties  of  the  gastric  juice  contradict  the  idea  of 
its  active  solvent  effect.  But  wo  should  recollect  that 
many  things  which  make  very  little  impression  on  our 
external  senses,  produce  nevertheless,  most  astonishing 
effects.  The  air  which  we  breathe,  by  which  we  arc 
surrounded,  and  which,  to  our  external  Sv'^nses,  is  almost 
inappreciable,  is  one  of  the  most  powerful  agents  in  na- 
ture— one  portion  of  which  combines  with  all  grades  of 
matter,  either  slowly  and  imperceptibly,  as  in^the  grad- 
ual change  of  all  substances,  or  rapidly,  as  in  the  com- 
bustion of  wood,  or  even  the  hardest  metals — and,  by 
means  inexplicable  to  us,  sustains  in  life  and  being  the 
whole  of  animated  nature. 

The  gastric  juice  has  been  submitted  to  chemical  ex- 
amination and  analysis,  with  various  results.  Perhaps 
in  the  present  state  of  the  science  of  chemistry  it  will  not 
be  practicable  to  ascertain  its  exact  chemical  character. 
The  parcels  heretofore  submitted  to  analysis,  have  been 
very  impure ;  but  the  result  of  even  these  partial  exam- 
inations, has  been  to  show  that  this  fluid  contains  a  por- 
tion of  free  muriatic  acid,  combined  with  the  acetic,  and 
some  salts.  In  the  winter  of  1832-3,  I  submitted  a 
quantity  of  gastric  juice,  with  no  other  admixture,  ex- 
cept a  small  proportion  of  the  mucus  of  the  stomach,  to 
Professor  DunglisoUj  for  examination,  who,  with  the 
assistance  of  the  professor  of  chemistry  of  the  Virginia 
University,  effected  the  following  analysis,  and  was 
kind  enough  to  communicate  the  result  to  me  by 
letter. 


■K\ 


<*Skl 


":;:*' :,  :i':>^Mr'--!..^  -.  .,%»if  isi:**,^:^' 


■^^ 


4 


u 


PRS;.||^INARY  OB8EaVATZON0» 


■HI 


"  UwiVBHilTT  or  VlRGlIf  U,  ♦ 

February  6th,  1833. 
»BfY  Dear  Sib: 

"  Since  I  last  wrote  you,  my  friend  and  colleague.  Professor 
Emmett,  and  myself,  have  examined  the  bottle  of  gastric  fluid 
which  I  brought  with  me  from  Washington,  and  we  have  found 
it  to  contain  free  Muriatic  and  Acetic  acid,  Phosphates  and  Muri' 
ates,  with  bases  of  Potassa^  Soda,  Magnesia  and  Lime,  and  an 
animal  matter,  soluble  in  cold  water,  but  insoluble  mhot.  We  were 
■atisfied,  you  recollect,  in  Washington,  that  free  muriatic  seid 
was  present,  but  I  had  no  conception  it  existed  to  the  amoun» 
met  with  in  our  experiments  here.  Wo  distilled  the  gastric  fluid, 
when  the  A^e  acid  passed  over ;  the  salts  and  animal  matter  re- 
maining in  thi^retort.  The  quantity  of  Chloride  of  Silver  thrown 
down  on  the  addition  of  the  Nitrate  of  Silver,  was  astonishing." 


r,' 


::.^ 


'■Ml, 

'•A 


I  had  been  long  convinced  of  the  existence  of  free 
muriatic  acid  in  the  gastric  fluids.  Indeed;  it  is  quite 
obvious  to  the  sense  of  taste  ;  and  most  chemists  agree 
in  this,  however  they  may  be  at  variance!  with  respect 
to  the  other  constituents.  The  analysis  of  l*rofessors 
Dunglison  and  Emmett  is  certainly  as  satisfactory  as 
any  that  lias  been  made.  It  is  a  question  whether  gas- 
tric juice,  in  so  great  a  stfiit^  of  purity,  has  ever  before 
bteen  submitted  to  chemical  analysis. 

It  is  to  be  hoped  that  no  one  Will  be  so  disingenuous 
as  to  attribute  to  Professor  Dunglison  the  design  of  find- 
ing the  existence  of  certain  chemical  agents  in  the  gastric 
juice,  with  the  view  of  propping  the  theory  of  the  chem- 
ical action  of  this  fluid,  which  he  has  maintained  in  his 
work  on  "Human  Physiology ;"— oy,  in  other  words,  tp 
sajr,  tliat  lie  had  determined  to  find  certsyn  results;  an4 
that  he  had  accordingly  founds  them.  Those  whp  iarf 
acquainted  with  him,  k]|^J^  ^^|^iy:«indor  lug^d  feirness 


^ 


OF  mOBSTION  BT  THE  OAiTRIO  JtJlCE. 


71 


m 


are  abore  ihe  reach  of  suspicion ;  and  that  he  would  be 
equally  as  willing  to  retract  a  false  opinion  as  to  main- 
tain a  correct  one.  Another  quantity  was  sent  to  him 
for  further  analysis ;  but  I  regret  that  no  report  has  yet 
been  received  from  him. 

In  April  of  the  present  year,  (1833,)  a  parcel  was  sub- 
Ijnitted  to  Benjamin  Silliman,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Chem- 
istry in  Yale  College.  Professiional  engagements  pre- 
vented his  examination  of  the  fluid  until  the  2d  of 
August,  when  he  sent  me  the  following  result : 

**  Examination  of  the  Gastric  Fluid,  Aug.  2, 1833. 

*'  1.  The  Fluid,  after  being  kept  in  a  cloeely  corked  vial,  more 
than  three  months,  from  April  to  August,  and  most  of  the  tjme  in 
a  cellar,  remained  unaltered,  except  the  formation  of  a  pellicle 
upon  the  eurikce,  slightly  discolored  by  red  spots.  A  second 
pellicle  appeared  after  the  precipitation  of  the  first  It  was  thick- 
^1  and  more  discolored  with  dark  red  spots,  like  venous  blood. 

<^  2.  The  Fluid  was  cloudy,  like  a  solution  of  gum  arable ;  but 
on  filtering,  it  became  perfectly  clear,  and  of  a  slight,  straw  yel- 
low tinge. 

"3.  The  pellicles,  which  had  the  appearance  of  inspissated 
mucus,  after  being  separated  firom  the  Fluid,  became,  after  ex- 
posure to  the  air,  throughout  of  a  brownish  red  color,  resembling 
the  inner  portion  of  a  mass  of  coagulated  blood.  This  change 
seemed  to  result  from  a  sudden  oxygenation, 

"  4.  The  Fluid  exhaled  a  slight  odor— 'not  disagreeable— rather 
aromatic— and  very  similar  to  that  which  it  at  first  exhaled ;  but 
not  so  strong.    It  was  then  rather  disagreeable, 
^j  "5.  Taste,  feebly  saline^— not  disagreeable. 

'*$.  Test  papers  of  litmus,  alkanet,  and  purple  cabbage,  were 
decidedly  reddened.  Turmeric  paper  underwent  no  change :  but 
when  previously  browned  by  an  alkali,  (ammonia)  the  gastric 
^uid  restored  the  yellow  color. 

«7,  Nitrate  of  Silver -gave  a  denpe  white  precipitate,  wliich, 


*    !^ 


:.«*, 


Sfe*^ 


p,     #^ 


p  invOTii  mii  imp    ip 


76 


PRELIMINARY    ODSERVATIONS. 


after  standing  five  minutes  in  the  sun^s  light,  turned  to  a  dark 
brownish  black;  thus  indicating  Muriatic  Acid.  Mur.  and  Nit. 
Barytes  gave  a  slight  opalescence,  indicating  n  trace  of  sulphuric 
acid  ;  not  improbably,  there  was  also  sumc  phosphoric  acid. 

"8.  Specific  gravity — when  taken  in  a  small,  thin  glass  tube, 
containing  201  grs.  ofdistilled  water — when  filled  witli  the  gastric 
fluid,  its  weight  was  increased  I  gr. — weight  of  tlie  gastric  liquor, 
therefore,  202  grs.  The  specific  gravity  is,  therefore,  about 
1.005.    But  little  solid  matter  in  solution."  ^,g^ 

Tho  following  results  have  been  obtained  from  partial 
examinations  and  analyses  of  the  gastric  juice,  or  rather 
in  most  instances,  of  the  mixed  fluids  of  the  stomach. 

Spallanzani,  in  1793,  after  many  experiments,  declar- 
ed thp  gastric  juice  to  be  entirely  neutral,  a  solvent  for, 
alimentary  matter,  tvithifi  and  without  the  stomach — 
that  it  did  not  putrefy  at  the  ordinary  temperature  of 
the  stomach ;  but  preserved  animal  matters  from  putre- 
faction, and  dissolved  them,  with  the  aid  of  heat. 

Scopoll  found  in  the  gastric  juice  of  the  rook,  water, 
gelatine,  a  saponaceous  matter,  muriate  of  ammonia  and 
phosphate  of  lime. 

Carminiti,  in  1795,  found  it,  in  carnivorous  animals, 
salt  and  bitter,  and  frequently  acid  when  they  had  eaten, 
but  not  so  when  fasting.* 

Viridet,  Werner,  Hmiter  and  others,  found  the  gastric 
juice  acid. 

MM.  Marquart  and  Vauquelin  found  albumen  and 
free  phosphoric  acid  in  it. 

Tiedemann  and  Gmelin  found  it  to  contain,  on  analy- 
sis, muriatic  and  acetic  acid  ;  mucus ;  very  little  or  no 


*  Probably  because  the  fluid  found  in  the  stomach  when  fasting,  was 
not  gastric  juice. 


•       .i      ■  .rt 


*JSx' 


^.J^- 


OF 


1^ 


BBTION  BY  THE  GASTRIC  JUICE. 


n 


albumen;  saliyary  mat^r;  osmazome;  muriate  and 
sulphato  of  soda.  In  the  ashes,  carbonate,  phosphate 
and  sulphate  of  lime,  and  chloride  of  calcium.  Princi- 
pally- from  carnivorous  animals. 

Louret  and  Lassaigne,  in  a  hundred  parts,  found 
water,  ninety-eight,  lactic  acid,  muriate  of  ammonia, 
muriate  of  soda,  animal  matter  soluble  in  water,  mucus, 
and  phosphate  of  lime,  two  parts. 

Montegre,  (1812)  who  could  vomit  at  will*  and  "w4io 
analyzed  the  fluid  so  obtained,  declared  it  not  to  be  add 
— not  a  solvent — not  slow  to  putrefy— m  nmch  like  saliva 
that  ho  regards  it  saliva  swallowed. 

Prout,  1824,  declares  the  gastric  juice  to  be  really  acid 
— does  not  contain  an  organic  acid,  but  free,  hydrochlo- 
ric, or  muriatic  acid.  , 

These  opinions  are  certainly  discordant.  The  major- 
ity of  evidence,  however,  is  in  favor  of  the  existence  of 
pretty  active  chemical  agents  in  the  gastric  fluids — .per- 
haps not  sufiicient,  compared  with  the  ordinary  bpera- 
tion|^  of  chemistry,  to  account  for  the  digestion,  or  solu- 
tion of  aliment. 

The  discrepance  of  results  in  the  reports  of  those  who 
have  had  opportunities.of  examining  the  process  of,  and 
have  made  experiments  on,  artificial  digestion^  by  the 
gastric  juice,  as  well  as  in  the  chemical  examination  of 
this  fluid,  has  been  owing  moife  to  the  difficulty  of  ob- 
taining it  pure,  in  sufficient  quantity,  and  under  proper 
circumstances,  than  to  any  real  diflerence  in  its  efl!ects. 
UndiCr  the  circumstances  in  which  the  following  experi- 
ments were  made,  I  flatter  myself  that  these  difficulties 

*  Bee  remaiks  netr  the  cloie  of  tbii  lection  on  Montegre'a  experi. 
ments. 

V 


< 


/ 


^ 


^»i 


PRBLIMtNA«T  OMBRVATIOlfl.     ^) 


4 


tA  '■■ 


I 


havo  been  obviatod;  and  if  tho  inferenots'be  inoorreot, 
tho  blame  muat  be  attached  to  the  experimenter.  He 
can  only  aa/i  that,  the  experimenla  were  made  in  good 
faith,  and  with  a  view  to  elicit  truth. 

I  think  I  am  warranted,  from  the  result  of  all  the 
experiments,  in  saying,  that  the  gastric  juice,  so  far 
from  being  "  inert  as  water,"  as  some  authors  asserts,  is 
the  great  solvent  of  alimentary  matter — even  the  hard- 
oat  b9ne  cannot  withstand  its  action.  It  is  capable,  even 
out  of  the  atomachf  of  cfiecting  perfect  digestion,  with 
the  aid  of  due  and  uniform  degrees  of  heat,  (lOO**  Fah- 
renheit,) and  gentle  agitation,  as  will  bo  seen  in  the  fol- 
lowing experiments. 

The  fact  that  alimentary  matter  is  transformed,  in 
the  stomach,  intp  chyme,  is  now  pretty  generally  con- 
coded.  The  peculiar  process  by  which  the  change  is 
effected,  has  been,  by  many,  considered  a  problem  in 
physiology.  Without  pretending  to  explain  the  exact 
modu3  operattdi  of  the  gastric  fluid,  yet  I  am  ^impelled 
by  the  weight  of  evidence,  afforded  by  the  experiments, 
deductions  and  opinions  of  the  ablest  physiologists^  but 
more  by  direct  experiment  and  personal  observation,  to 
conclude  that  the  change  effected  by  it  qn  aliment  is 
pureljf  cKemical.  We  must,  I  think,  regard  thia  fluid 
as  a  chemical  agent,  and  its  operation  as  a  chemical  ac- 
tion. It  is  certainly  every  way  analogous  te  it;  and  I 
can  see  no  more  ol^ection  in  accounting  for  the  change 
effected  on  the  food,  ^^  the  supposition  of  a  ichemical 
process,  than  I  do  in  accounting  for  .  the  varied  and 
diversified  modifications  of  matter,  which  are  operated 
on  in  the  same  way.  The  decay  of  the  dead  body  is  a 
cheinloal  operation,  separating  4t  into  its  elementary 
principles— and  why  not  tbe  soliation  of  alinient  in  the 


^ 


OP  DiailTION  BT  TRI  QAfTRIC  lUlCE. 


79 


itomach,  aift  iti  ultimate  astimnatibn  iiifto  fibrin'e,  gela* 
line  and  albumen?  Matter,  in  a  natural  Bense,  is  in« 
destructible.  It  may  be  differently  combined  ;  and  these 
combinations  are  chemical  changes.  It  is  well  known 
that  all  organized  bodies  are  composed  of  very  few 
•implo  principles,  or  substances,  modified  by  excess  or 
i^iminution  of  same  of  their  constituents. 

The  gastric  juice  appears  to  be  secreted  from  num- 
berless vc&sels,  distinct  and  separate  from  the  mucous 
follicles.  These  vessels,  when  examined  with  a  micro- 
■cope,  appear  in  the  shape  of  small  lucid  points,  or  very 
fine^  papillfle,  situated  in  the  interstices  of  the  follicles. 
They  discharge  their  fluid  only  when  solicited  to  do  so 
by  the  presence  of  aliment,  or  by  mechanical  irritation. 
.  Pure  gastric  juice,  when  taken  directly  out  of  the 
'•tomach  of  a  healthy  adult,  unmixed  with  any  other 
fluid,  save  a  portion  of  the  mucus  of  the  stomach  with 
which  it  is  most  commonly,  and  perhaps  always  com- 
bined, is  a  clear,  transparent  fluid  ;  inodorous ;  a  little 
saltish  ;  and  very  perceptibly  acid.  Its  taste,  when  ap- 
plied to  the  tongue,  is  similar  to  thin  mucilaginous  wa- 
ter, slightly  acidulated  with  muriatic  acid.  It  is  readily 
divisible  in  water,  wine  or  spirits ;  slightly  efiervesces 
with  alkalis ;  and  is  an  effectual  solvent  of  the  materia 
alimentaria.  It  possesses  the  property  of  coagulating 
Albumen,  in  an  eminent  degree ;  is  powerfully  antisep- 
tic, checking  the  putrefaction  of  meat ;  and  effectually 
restorative  of  healthy  action,  when  applied  to  old,  foetid 
sores,  and  foul,  ulcerating  surfaces.  ' 

*  I  Saliva  and  mucus  are  sometimes  abundantly  mixed 
with  the  gastric  juice.  The  mucus  may  be  separated, 
by  filtering  the  mixture  through  fine  linen  or  muslin 
cambric.  'The  gastric  juice,  and  part  of  the  saliva  will 


t 


t,  ,f 


7W 


'  'j'^  i^T^ 


'■'ii'ijt 


80 


PRELIMINARY  OBSERVATIONS. 


tf 


# 


MJ^ 


'n.jT, 


>  *' 


■4 


pass  through,  4hile  the  mucus,  and  spumSus  or  frothy 
part  of  the  saliva,  will  remain  on  the  filter.  When  not 
separated  by  the  filter,  ^he  mucus  gives  a  ropiness  to  the 
fluid,  that  does  not  belong  to  the  gastric  juice,  but  soon 
falls  to  the  bottom,  in  loose,  white  flocculi.  Saliva  imparts 
to  the  gastric  juice  an  azure  tinge  and  frothy  appear; 
ance ;  and,  when  in  large  proportion,  renders  it  foetid  in 
a  few  days ;  whereas  the  pure  gastric  juice  will  keep 
for  many  months,  without  becoming  fostid. 

The  gastric  juice  does  not  accumulate  in  the  cavity 
of  the  s'^mach,  nor  is  it  discliarged  into  this  viscus,  un- 
til alimientarv  matter  is  received,  and  excites  its  vessels 
to  discharge  tneir  contents,  for  the  immediate  purpose  of 
digestion.  It  then  begins  to  exude  from  its  proper  ves- 
sels and  increases  in  proportion  to  the  quantity  of  ali- 
ment naiurally  required,  and  received.  A  definite  pro- 
portion of  aliment,  only,  can  be  perfectly  digested  in  a 
given  quantity  of  the  fluid.  From  experiments  on  arti- 
ficial dijyestion,  it  appears  that  the  proportion  of  juice  to 
the  ingestffi,  is  greater  than  is  generally  supposed.  Its 
action  on  food  is  indicative  of  its  chemical  character. 
Like  othei-  chemical  agents,  it  decomposes,  or  dissolves, 
and  combines  with,  a  fixed  and  definite  quantity  of  mat- 
ter, when  its  action  ceases.  When  the  juice  becomes 
saturated,  it  refuses  to  dissolve  more ;  and,  if  an  excess 
•of  food  have  been  taken,  it  remains  in  the  stomach,  or 
passes  into  the  bowels  in  a  cnide  state,  and  frequently 
becomes  a  source  of  nervous  irritation,  pain  and  disease, 
for  a  long  time  ;  or  until  the  efibrts  of  nature  restore  the 
vessels  of  this  viscus  to  their  natural  and  healthy  ac- 
tions— either  with  or  without  the  aid  of  medicine. 

Such  are  the  appearance  and  properties  of  the  gas- 
tric juice.    It  is  not  always  to  be  6btained  pure.    It 


,*' 


■i 


"^'"■■■W'iiiliw^ 


,  * 


OF  DIGESTION  BY  THE  GASTRIC  JUICE. 


81 


^r> 


varies  with  the  changing  condition  of  the  stomach. — 
These  variations,  however,  depend  upon  the  admix- 
ture of  other  fluids,  such  as  saUva,  water,  mucus,  and 
sometimes  bile,  and  perhaps,  pancreatic  juice.  The 
gpecial  solvent  itself— the  gastric  juice — is,  probably, 
invariably  the  same  substance.  Derangement  of  the 
digestive  organs,  slight  febrile  excitement,  fright,  or 
any  sudden  affection  of  the  passions,  causes  material 
alterations  in  its  appearance.  Overburthening  the  stom- 
ach oroduces  acidity  and  rancidity  iii  this  organ,  and 
retards  the  solvent  action  of  the  gastric  juice.  Greneral 
febrile  irritation  seems  entirely  to  suspend  its  secretion 
into  the  gastric  cavity  ;  and  renders  the  villous  coat  of 
the  stomach  dry,  red  and  irritable.  Under  such  circum- 
stances, the  gastric  vessels  will  not  respond  to  the  call 
of  alimentary  stimulus.  Fear  and  anger  check  its  se- 
cretion— the  latter  causes  an  influx  of  bile  into  tlie 
stomach,  which  impairs  its  solvent  properties. 


.When  food  is  received  into  the  stcix.ach. 


the  gastric 


vessels  are  excited  by  its  stimulus  to  discharge  their  con- 
tents, when  chyraification  commences.  It  has  been  a 
favorite  opinion  of  authors,  that  food,  after  it  has  been 
received  into  the  stomach,  should  "remain  there  a  short 
pciiod  before  it  undergoes  any  change ;  "*  the  common 
estimate  is  one  hour.  But  this  is  an  erroneous  conclu- 
sion, arising  from  inacccuracy  of  observation.  Why 
should  it  remain  there,  unchanged?  It  has  been 
received  into  the  organ  which  is  to  effect  an  important 
change  upon  it — the  gastric  juice  is  ready  to  commence 
its  work  of  solution  soon  after  the  first  mouthful  is  swal- 
lowed ;  and,  certainly,  if  we  admit  that  the  gastric 
juice  performs  the  ofiice  of  a  chemical  agent,  which 


;"»^ 


» 


• 


:t1^ 


1&.   ,r4>' 


-V 


'f  Paris  on  Diet,  p,  39. 


'jH^'^  !'■■?■?■  f     1^* 


■^fe:' 


■M 


um'  wpi^^iiipti^iifpiiiiippiiiippmippippiipp 


83 


^      PRELIMINARY   OUSERVATIONff.    i|# 


..? 


F'tf' 


m 


^ 


most  physiologiBts  allow,  it  is  contrary  to  all  ciir  notions 
of  chemical  action,  to  allow  it  ono  moment  to  rest.  It 
must  commence  its  operation  immediately.  Timt  it 
docs  so^  is  distinctly  manifested  by  close  observation  of 
its  afction  on  food,  in  the  healthy  stomach. 

YiMi  Paris  is  not  alone  in  this  opinion.  It  appears  to 
have  been  a  favorite  dwtrine ;  and  has  been  rogtdarly 
handed  down,  from  one  physioloristto  another,  as  a  sort 
of  heir  loom  to  the  profession.  The  succcsssors  in  tho 
physiological  sciences  seem  to  have  Iwcn  compelled  to 
receive  it  with  the  legacy  of  their  predecessors,  without 
any  doubt  of  its  legitimacy  ;  when,  by  a  little  rational 
examination,  it  would  have  l)een  found  a  fair  sul)joct  of 
rejection.  It  will  be  seen,  by  the  fqllowing  oxpevimcnts, 
that  it  has  not  the  slightest  foundation  in  truth ;  and  to 
them  I  refer  the  I'eader. 

It  has  Ixjon  said,  that  when  one  meal  follows  another 
in  quick  succession — or  »»\  other  words,  when  a  subse- 
quent meal  is  taken  beforo  the  provio\is  one  is  digested 
— that  it  some  how  disturbs  the  process  of  digestion. 
This  is  generally  true  ;  and  it  allows  of  a  definite  solu^ 
tion.  It  is  because  more  is  received  into  the  stomach, 
in  the  aggrogate,  than  the  gastric  juice  can  dissolve. 
and  this  disturbance  will  result,  as  well  when  too  much 
food  has  been  taken  at  once,  as  wheii  too  much  has 
been  received  in  rapid  succession.  But  if  the  quantity 
be  moderate,  no  ill  effect  will  ensue.  Many  childrcu 
are  in  the  habit  of  eating  as  often  as  once  an  hour 
through  the  day,  in  small  quantities,  without  experience 
ing  any  bad  consequences.  Cooks  are,  also,  accustom^ 
cd  to  the  practice  of  constantly  tasting  of  the  various 
articles  of  food  which  they  are  preparing  for  the  table ; 
i^  aA  yet  I  am  not  aware  that  they  suffer  any  inconve- 


■  A. 


M 


^ 


OF  niaSBTlON  DY  TltK  OMTRIC  JtJtCE. 


83 


nionce  fnim  tho  habit.  From  thcie,  and  other  facts,  as 
well  as  from  direct  experiment,  I  think  it  is  perfectly 
apparent  that  digestion  must  progress  during  the  whole 
time  tliat  food,  in  proper  quantities,  is  in  the*  stomach. 
It*,  as  has  l)cen  suggested,  the  ingestion  of  food,  in  ad- 
dition to  tho  delay  to  itself,  retards  br  stops  tho  chymi- 
fication  of  that  which  has  been  previously  received, 
aliment,  as  it  relates  to  those  children  who  eat  hourly, 
would  bo  constantly  accumulating ;  and  there  would  . 
ronuiin  in  the  stomach  at  night  the  wholo  quantity 
taken  through  the  day :  a  supposition  not  to  be  credited, 
cvcti  by  those  disposed  to  make  the  most  of  a  favorite 
opinion  or  doctrine. 

i  Duotor  Wilson  Philip,  in  his  Treatise  on  Indigestion, 
says,  "tho  layer  of  food  lying  next  to  the  suface  of  tho 
stoinnch,  is  lirst  digested,  and  in  proportion  as  this  im- 
dcrgocs  the  proper  change,  and  is  moved  by  the  muscu- 
lar aclit)n  of  the  stonmch,  that  next  in  turn  succeeds,  to 
inulergo  the  same  change."  That  chymification  com- 
mences on  the  surface  of  the  food,  I  liavc  no  doubt ;  but 
L  apprehend  this  to  be  tho  case  as  it  respects  edch  indi- 
vidual  portion,  and  not  the  whole  mass.  I  have  fre- 
quently taken  out  portions  from  the  stomach,  a  few  min- 
utes at\er  they  had  been  received  into  that  organ,  when 
ihey  appeared  to  havo  received  a  full  supply  of  gastric  . 
juice  for  perfect  digestion,  when  submitted  to  the  artifi-  ^ 
cialmode.  When  a  due  and  moderate  supply  of  food 
has  been  received,  it  is  probaiile  that  the  whole  quantity  x-' 
of  gnstric  juice  for  its  complete  solution,  is  secreted,  and 
mixed  with  it,  in  a  short  time.  When  an  unusually 
full  meal  has  been  eaten,  the  necessary  quantity  for  its 
complete  solution,  is  not  so  readily  supplied.  If  a  tena- 
cious mass  of  food  be  used,  the  external  portion  of  tho 


%^: 


"  '■  ^ 7  "  "'^''••^■•' 


viji  I     [pm^mmifmmm 


u 


','f 


PRBLMtNARY   onSRIlVATIONS*  I  %» 


^/ 


'K. 


M» 


wliolo  qimntity  is  first  digested,  when  atiecceding  jwr* 
tions  ni"o  presented.    Tliero  is  no  ground  lor  the  opinion 
inferred,  that  the  gastric  jniec  never  leaves  the  parietes 
of  the  .<!tonmch,  except  as  it  cliyniifies  food.    It  is  a  thin 
lUiid,  and  is  governed  by  the  same  laws  that  other  tliin 
lUiids  are.    Fixim  nnmemus  examinations  of  the  stom- 
ach, 1  feel  warranted  in  saying,  at  least  in  the  human 
subject,  that  there  is  a  perfect  admixture  of  gastric  juiro 
and  fwd — that  tlie  particles  of  I'ood  are  const.intly  chang- 
ing their  txjlative  situations  with  eaclj  other    and  that 
they  aif  mixed  with  a  quantity  of  lluid,  the  gastric  juice, 
and  liquids  that  have  l)oon  taken  during  the  meal,  and, 
as  there  has  generally  lieen  observed  in  the  stomach  a 
large  proportion  of  fluid)  even  after  a  dry  and  solid  meal, 
I  have  been  led  to  suspect  that  there  is  also  a  synthetic 
formation  of  water,  from  its  elements.     This  mixture  is 
perfectly  heterogeneous  at  first,  nnd  is  kept  in  constant 
agitation,  by  the  chunttM^'  motions  of  the  stomacli.     If 
the  contents  of  the  stomach  Ixj  taken  out  in  from  thirty 
minutes  to  an  hour  after  food  lias  been  taken,  it  will  bo 
found  to  l>e  composed  of  perfectly  formed  chyme  and 
l>articles  of  food,  intimately  mixed  and  blended,  in  vari- 
ous pix>i)ortions,  accoixiing  to  the  vigorous  or  enfeebled 
state  of  the  digestive  orgaiis,  or  the  (piantity  or  quality 
of  aliment  taken.     Most  commonly,  if  the  meal  have 
l>een  moderate,  the  pixx'css  of  digestion  will  continue  in 
the  iwrtioM  taken  out,  when  placed  on  the  bath  at  a  prop- 
er temixvature,  and  the  motions  of  tlvc  stomach  imitated. 
From  the  circumstances  that   the   introduction  of 
sjxwge,  tulx^s,  pebbles,  &c.  by  Spallanzani  and  others, 
<?xcited  the  discharge  of  the  gastric  juice,  and  from  the 
fact  that  the  gum-elastic  tube,  in  my  experiments,  pro- 
duced the  same  etlett,  when  the  stomach  was  empty  and 


■r^         ■'> 


,£■  --1 


^11 


OP  DIQEBTION  BY  TIHB,ai^;p|lIC  JVICK.  8| 

healthy,  1  infer,  that  the  first  effect  of  aliment  on  the 
stomach,  is  one  of  irritaUon  of  the  gastric  popilliB  ;  thu« 
exciting  the  discharge  of  the  gastric  juice,  and  stinmla- 
ting  the  muscular  fibres  of  the  stoninclK  The  vermicular 
motions,  being  excited  by  mechanical  irritation,  not  only 
carry  the  food  into  all  parts  of  the  stomach,  and  diffuse 
its  mechanicol  influence  throughout  the  whole  iinier  sur- 
face of  this  organ ;  but,  they  imiformly  mix  the  aliment 
with  the  gastric  juice,  which  is  constantly  being  secreted, 
in  proportion  to  the  quantity  of  food  received  into  the 
stomach,  (unless  that  be  too  much  for  the  wants  of  the 
economy,)  until  chymification  is  completed.  Some  stim- 
ulus seems  to  lie  necessary  to  continue  the  motions  of  the 
stomach,  ai\er  chymification  is  accomplished,  in  order  to 
effect  the  complete  discharge  of  the  chyme  into  the  low- 
er bowels.  And  it  appears  highly  probable  that  the 
compound  lluid  of  gastric  juice  and  aliment,  or  chyme, 
by  its  ac(piired  acid  properties,  aflbrds  this  stimulus,  and 
propagates  the  contractile  motions  of  this  organ,  even 
afler  the  mechanical  irritation  of  the  crude  food  ceases. 
This  fluid  acquires  now  chemical  properties,  becomes 
more  acid  and  stimulating,  as  chymification  advances, 
until  it  is  completed.  When  it  is  all  transferred  to  the 
duodenum,  the  motions  of  the  stomach  cease. 
J  From  a  number  of  experiments  on  rabbits,  by  Doctor 
j;rWilson  Philip,*  with  the  view  of  ascertaining  the  pro- 
cess of  digestion,  this  gentleman  has  brought  his  mind 
to  the  conclusion,  that  when  food  has  been  taken  at 
different  times,  "  the  new  is  never  mixed  with  the  old 
food."  With  every  feeling  of  respect  for  so  valuable  and 
indefatigable  a  contributor  to  physiological  science,  I 


*  On  DigoBtion. 

8 


/t:i 


'4..^ 


43fe-^ 


f-^^- 


V  ' 


V 


^ 


<f^P^«^|[P^^W^^W1^<WP^««'»'^WP"^''"^iP'»"'''"«WiF"       II     WWW»M!W 


\    . 


m 


t'%v:\M<^\ri \n\  ot^nrnVA-vtowm. 


nwA  i^v\\\^yi\\\y^  tM  a  Vrvy  i\\rtvnM\t  \\\\\x\,    T\\v  \vf^\\\\ 
Wns.  tbnt  \i  won  6ntivl  i«:t  p!\vrtl\^  !\\>m  iho  oM  i;>o\l»  \\'\\\v\\ 

rtMM^>^  tM"  \hi^  \<\\\  i\y\\\.  t\\\\\  p\\vnM\ni\t^\  by  it.     'Vhin  is 

tt(\)\  its  sUjv^v  ,'\^\\^  ox>ns\ston\H%  in  Rnn\o  \norts\n-<\  wntil 
t^iMn^-btH^.  !\\ii^  t^n^Kon  \\\\  h)  \\\xy  n^iMioi^snl  tht^  stx^nuvott. 
fty  ?vVh>\ving  swtlixMxnit  tin\o  tW  \\\o  rtoiion  nr^bis  ovgnn, 
ii  i?!  pwWl^W  \hH  iho.  \\nt^  »M  !i:i^^>{\vr\non  \\-i>nl\l  \^<m  )m\"i> 
Wtt  ^xmM^i\-^^t  in<\ofHt  iho  \>iVhMr\>nvo\^rsiJ\ni  whiMi 
t^t^  ?ot»m\  ^\t!\nt\iy  ot'txvvl  Wrtsoi  \ho  s^mo  Kit\i\  nsthi* 
fim,  nnii  thr  Vv-^^bii  \\m\  In^on  U>i>  tt>  Ww  1\nv  )«f«>n\o  iin\i»s 
i'h^  lin^  xM' !5<>^>rtvn lion  WAS  vi>vy  int\i5iino<.  li  rt^>\wrtv« 
ihM  Vw>  t<*\\  rabbits  i>n  orrAv,  m\\\  i\\\vy  \\\t\\\\\\^  \\w\\\  1i\st 
f>v  wr^fV'«  ov  .svtvtfffvw  hmtrs>  b«  tV>i^  tbon>  ns  n\noh 
tfnhbr^rr  as  t1h>v  obtv>!«M^  tx>  t\M^  **  i\\ii^  kiUiM  thorn  m  vb(t>M*- 
6111  J>ovi\^ds,  1\v>m  onf  tl^  rti>*Af  Wnuvs  rttWv  thoy  \\(\\\  or\tvn 
ii^'^  wb<^n  th«  lin«^  x**<  sq'Kimtit>n  Mwx^n  tbo  tunv  tVx^i 
WlA  \hA\  which  )\m\  \>iS^\<^mx  l\\>m  fiLff-A^yt* ^^  rwrwfy- 
^*  W>wvs  bof\*>n\  NX'ti!*,  ttT>  d\>\tlvi^  ifHft€  Hi.'f^nH.  1  ci^n- 
'fess  1  knt^w  wvy  little,  AlvM^t  \h^  habits  t>t  tbow  Ai\irt\tt^ 
«B  it  WvS|Vct?s  tix<^iv  iwkW  ot"  <^igwtit>n ;  litit  \  shonld  hd 
ificUw^tOthiYyk  thAi  \(  the  *'\\^.  <>t  st^>amii\>^\"  ^mwyh^u 
ih<i  txvH^  }V«rtkms  <v('  i^vh^  >^^v  iw*  s^tlHoi^nily  i\istiwot^  it 
ti^As  not  fi>v  \\\\m  ot'  fww>,  In  m^t^  t>t^^  ftil^  l^t  th« 
Utm  ^mm\4.  ha\^  ^yH>n  nKH>e  ihmi  Miifioitnii  to  lmv«  di«* 
posxH^  <^(  any  i^e^sowaWt*  t^^m^uiiy  oV  tlxxi 

Odmparativo  fhysiokigy,  as  >^t^^  a?;  ci>n\|xiAati\'>^ 
*ii«t(Mny.  i«  wn<^"xibt^iy>  v^ry  «Re«\*i  ^  l^tu  at  tho  ?fam« 
time,  %t  >RiU  not  <k>  to  fi^ke  ii  of  g^i*e»t>l  Application^ 


'Sfc,  •>. 


*• 


■& 


^^. . 


/^^    -^ 


f 


;t 


Mff  t»trH>liltthW  Vii  tllK  WAHtitlb  JlflPtB. 


« 


*V\s^  \'\\\\\\\\  In  k  HiuilMtmni>  rtnhttiil ;  M»ul  \n  W  iiht  |mu 
^rthl»A  lh»U  tl\r»  "tU'W  nuul/'  ftiMMtl  Ih  (hn  "ntufill  tMii-vrt* 
t\t»<Mnt  Im»  in  IHi't  MulhHl  Hil'hs  l«  tMtttliUMl  n»r  flm 

itlf^t'shMJ  1  Irtlu*  Hiruntxhiiirn  Im  \\'{u\  rttitl  tlihVH  ItM  »m 
iWf^pli^tH  in  ll»n  rtim*^  I  thinh  thlN  um«t  ht^  ilm  dt^slgti  of 

Wis  \S\\m  \m\h^ ;  i»Ui  Ilu»y  rtt*n  tUH  »'hHt«lUNiVM*.     Wn  t'rttli 

i\t\\  hy  timl  Hf  rtHlHtivlfl,  )mHlrul»Mly  \\\\y  f^rn}ilv«»H)U«  nnd 
HtmlurttU^  rthlntrtin.  t1rttni\rmini«  rtnlitml«  numt  hmr»itt>. 
h\\s  imw  i\\  i)uM^  tll^«'fttivn  npjmhttttM.  Owi^  tliiti^  iftdtiii 
trtih)  M\\\  II  Is  >'rt|n»hlr»  of  «UmitMiMmtliii»  in  thn  Mmtmnh 
t\r  thi*  mttijm't  of  th^o  i^tpr»Hmmi(N,  tlmttilil  t\\u\  mw 
!\hM^  If*  \\\^y  rtrr*  hi  tl\i>  miWV)  BtfUrt  nrcnmuilhiHlmi,  nti 
h»inllly  \\\\\\  n[s\^\\\\y  \\\[%i\A  lit  the  uttminfUi 

||i[*wl\m  *^f  A  mewl,  th*»»i^  hh«  hwt*ti  «mtitt«Uv«r«llyoriiplii> 
hMi.  UhrtH|tnn«hUly  lnftrtH  t»5itt«i(i(lml,  lunv^nvttt',  thai  a 
ntrth>  tif  n»|M^«w  ii*  mm^t  (Hvnmlilo  to  titiymlftt'rttNi.  It 
l\t^R  bi'on  unhl  ihnt  tho-it^^  thn  tllf^^ntiofi  of  HlltlitiHi^  ittO 

»»u<  «!\<mUiI  mit  1h»  wUhdmwtt  in  atiy  tllsttttit  |mrt  i  tfmt 
thtt  ntnu^noh  h<rHmtt\«»«  t*  "  cniittt^  »if  flunlon/*  (Ski*,  dto*  t 
|it>rtii»!<t,  wgAltv^  tt^ftltmt  ihtt  \iii«  of  tnmifi  whh^o  lmt?»  nb 
rfi»fl4iH«  m?»Aiii^m:'  t  b«Hwvo  thw  bftHRfltn  «i>»^lptir>e  will 
Ivft  <wlh»ir  wUMH»tVT»>i  hy  nilhcHii^  M  fttets,  ttiiH  ih«  iletlwd* 
tiotw  of  expeHmi'niii,  thftn  >*f  tbo  ptopii^Atioii  nf  hypoth- 
«tf»«  ^lunded  ttu  u!\certAin  dnttt.  l^itjm  tiUitterous  tti- 
hIr^  I  «m  pt^tntimimi  that  inotlctniw  «t«»rt*ifie  co»idii«p«  % 
cao^^wdtptrnWy  bs  h^jAlihy  ftnd  mput  dlgemloti.    Tlio  dl«-    ^ 


# 


.•«><i 


t  % 


*<i^ 


^^fmmm^^mimm^m^frmm^miffmm 


88 


i>RRLtMiNAiir  oniKitVATioNfir. 


(.*! 

,.,;*, 


m- 


#' 


covcry  was  the  rosult  of  accident,  niul  contrary  to  pre- 
concoivtxl  ophiions.  I  accotuit  for  it  in  the  following 
way.  Gentle  exeiviso  increases  the  circulation  of  the 
uystem,  and  the  temperature o(i\\o  stomach.  This  in- 
crease of  temperature  is  generally  about  one  and  a  half 
degrees.  Now,  if  the  gastric  juice  be  a  lolvent,  its  ac- 
tion is  similar  to  other  chemical  solvents,  and  its  activi- 
ty is  increased  in  proportion  to  the  elevation  of  its  tem- 
peratifre.  Of  the  reason,.  I  leave  others  to  judge.  Tho 
effect  is  certain.  Severe  and  fatiguing  exercise,  on  thd 
contrary,  retards  digestion.  Two  reasons  present  them- 
selves for  this — the  debility  which  follows  hard  labor, 
of  which  the  stomach  partakes ;  and  the  depressed  tem- 
^raturo  of  the  system,  consequent  upon  perspiration, 
and  evaporation  from  the  surface. 

Exercise,  sufficient  to  prod«ce  moderate  perspiration, 
increases  the  secretions  from  the  gastric  cayity,  and  pro- 
duces an  accumulation  of  a  limpid  fluid,  within  the 
•tomach,  slightly  acid,  and  possessing  the  solvent  pro- 
perties of  the  gastric  juice  in  an  inferior  degree.  This 
is  probably  a  mixed  fluid,  a  small  proportion  of  which 
is  gastric  juice. 

Bile  is  not  essential  to  chymification.  It  is  seldom 
£)und  in  the  stomach,  except  under  peculiar  circum- 
stances. I  have  observed  that  when  the  use  of  fat  or 
oily  food  has  been  persevered  in  for  some  time,  bile  is 
generally  found  mixed  with  the  gastric  fluids.  Whe- 
ther this  be  a  pathological  phenomenon,  induced  by  the 
peculiarly  indigestible  nature  of  oily  food ;  or  whether 
it  be  a  provision  of  nature,  to  assist  the  chymification  of 
this  particular  kind  of  diet,  I  have  not  as  yet  satisfied 
myself.  Oil  is  affected  by  the  gastric  juice  with  con- 
siderable difficulty.    The  alkaline  properties  of  the  bile 


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OF  UIOESTION  BY  THE  OASTRIC  JUICE. 


8Q 


may  render  it  moro  suscoptiblo'of  solution  in  thin  fluid 
by  altering  its  chemical  character.    Irritation  of  the  py*, 
loric  extremity  of  the  stomach  with  the  end  of  the  elas- 
tic tube,  or  the  bulb  of  the  thermometer,  generally  ooca- 
sions  a  flow  of  bile  into  this  organ.    External  agitation, 
by  kneading  with  the  hand,  on  the  right  side,  over  thei 
regions  of  the  liver  and  pylorus,  produces  the  same 
effect.     It  may  be  laid  down  as  a  general  rule,  however, 
subject  to  the  exceptions  above  mentioned,  that4}ile  is 
not  necessary  to  the  chymification  of  food  in  the  stom- 
ach.    Mugondio  says,  "  I  believe  that,  in  certain  morbid 
conditioujs,  the  bile  is  not  introduced  into  this  organ,'' 
(the  stomach  ;)  inferring,  that  in  a  healthy  state,  it  is  alt 
ways  to  bo  found  there.     There  can  hardly  bo  a  greateK^' 
mistake.     With  the  exceptions  that  I  have  mentioned,^ 
it  is  never  found  in  the  gastric  cavity,  in  a  state  of 
health ;  and  it  is  only  in  "  certain  morbid  conditions'' 
that  it  is  found  there. 

When  bile  is  found  with  the  gastric  juice,  the  acid 
taste  is  diminished,  and  the  flavour  of  the  bile  prevails, 
in  proportion  to  the  quantity  in  the  mixture.  ..^ 

The  resulting  compi^und  of  digestion  in  the  stomachy 
or  chyme^  has  been  described  as  ''  a  homoge^ieous,  puU 
taceous,  greyish  substance,  of  a  sweetish,  insipid  taste 
slightly  acid,"  d&c.  In  its  homogeneous  appearance,  it 
is  invariable  ;  but  not  in  its  colour  ;  that  partakes  very 
slightly  of  the  colour  of  the  food  eaten.  It  is  always  of 
a  lightisU^or  greyish  colour  ;  varying  in  its  shades  and 
appearance,  from  thut  of  cream,  to  a  greyish,  or  dark 
coloured  gruel.  It  is,  also,  more  consistent  at  one  tiiai 
than  at  another ;  modified,  in  this  respect,  by  the  ki 
of  diet  used.  This  circumstance,  however,  does  noi 
affect  its  homogeneous  character.  A  rich  and  consistent 
8* 


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rRELTMtfTARY  OBSBRTATtOITS; 


quantity  is  all  alike,  and  of  the  same  quality.  A  poor- 
er and  thinner  portion  is  equally  uniform  in  its  appec^ 
ance.  Chyme  from  butter,  fat  meats,  oil,  dec.  resem- 
bles rich  cream.  That  frStn  farinaceous  and  vegetable 
diet,  has  more  the  appearance  of  gruel.  It  is-  invariably 
distinctly  acid. 

The  passage  of  chyme  from  the  stomach  into  the 
duodenum  is  gradual.  Portions  of  chyme,  as  they  be- 
come 4brmed,  pass  out,  and  are  succeeded  by  other  por- 
tions. In  the  earlier  stages  of  digestion,  this  is  more  <^ 
slowly  effected  than  in  the  later  ones.  At  first,  the 
chyme  is  more  mixed  with  the  undigested  portions  of 
aliment,  and  is  probably  separated  with  considerable 
difficulty,  by  the  powers  of  the  stomach.  In  the  later 
stages,  as  the  whole  mass  becomes  more  and  more  chym- 
iiied,  and  bettei^  fitted  for  the  translation,  the  process  is 
more  rapid ;  and  it  is  accelerated  by  a  peculiar  contrac- 
tion of  the  stomach,  a  description  of  which  will  be  found 
in  the  next  section.  It  appears  to  be  a  provision  of  na- 
ture, that  the  chyme^  towards  the  latter  stages  of  its  for- 
mation, should  become  more  stimulating,  and  so  excite 
the  pyloric  extremity  of  the  ston^ach,  as  to  produce  this 
peculiar  contraction. 

After  the  expulsion  of  the  last  particles  of  chyme,  tho 
stomach  becomes  quiescent,  and  no  more  gastric  juice  is 
secreted,  until  a  fresh  supply  of  food  is  presented  for  its 
action,  or  some  other  mechanical  irritation  is  applied  to 
its  internal  coat.  « 

Water  and  alcohol  are  not  affected  by  the  gastric  juice. 
Fluids,  of  all  kinds,  enjoy  the  same  exemption,  unless 
*they  hold  in  solution  or  suspension  some  animal  or  veg- 
etable aliment.    Fluids  pass  from  the  stomach  very  sooa 


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OP  DIOESTION  BY  THB  GASTRIC  JUICE. 


91 


after  they  are  received,  either  by  abeorption,  or  through 
4he  pylorus.  . , 

Since  the  general  adoption  of  the  theory  of  a  specific, 
solvent  fluid,  others  have  been  proposed. 

M.  Montegre,  who,  it  is  said,  had  the  power  of  vomit^ 
ing  at  pleasure,  performed  a  series  of  experiments  on  the 
fluids  of  the  stomach,  obtained  in  this  way,  which  in- 
duced him  to  come  to  the  following  conclusion  pn  the 
subject  of  digestion.  "  He  conceives  that  what  has  been 
supposed  to  be  the  gastric  juice,  is,  in  fact,  nothing  but 
saliva  ;  that  it  possesses  no  peculiar  powers  of  acting  on 
alimentary  matter ;  that  the  principal  use  of  the  gastric 
juice  is  to  dilute  the  food;  and  that  the  only  action  of 
the  stomach  consists  in  '  une  absorption  vitale  ct  elec- 
tive,' in  which  the  absorbent  vessels,  in  consequence  of 
their  peculiar  sensibility,  take  up  certain  parts  of  the 
food,  and  reject  others."*  A  complete  refutation  of  the 
conclusions  drawn  from  the  experiments  of  Montegre, 
will  be  found  in  the  fact,  which  has  been  tested  by  more 
than  t  .  1  hundred  examinations  and  experiments,  made 
by  me,  on  the  gastric  cavity,  that  although  there  never 
exists  free  gastric  juice  in  the  stomach,  when  empty, 
yet  when  this  organ  is  excited  by  aliment,  or  other  stim- 
ulants, large  quantities  are  secreted.  The  fluid  obtained 
by  Montegre  was,  in  all  probability,  a  mixture  of  saliva 
(which  had  been  unconsciously  swallowed)  and  the  mu- 
cus of  the  stomach.  Neither  of  these  secretions  are  capa- 
ble of  digesting  aliment ;  nor  could  the  peculiar  products^ 
generally  obtained  from  the  chemical  analysis  of  the 
gastric  juice,  be  found  in  them.  ^j^ 

""Nots  in  Bostock'i  Physiology,  vol.  2,  p.  384. 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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PRELIMINARY  OBSERVATIONS. 


The  hypotheses  proposed  by  Professors  Smith  and 
Jackson,  of  this  county,  are  modifications  of  Montegr^ 
theory.  ^  ^  ■■ 

4  The  former  of  these  gentlemen  supposes  that  diges- 
tion is  performed  "  by  the  veins  of  the  stomach,  and  by 
the  liv^rJ'  He  contends,  "  that  the  first  step  in  the  pro- 
cess of  digestion  is  effected  by  capillary  veins  originating 
in  the  villi  of  the  stomach,  with  obsorbing  extremities,, 
and  terminating  in  the  great  branches  of  the  vena  poi'^ 
tflB  ;"*  that  this  action  is  continued  through  the  Small 
intestines ;  that  the  absorbing  veins  take  up  the  nutrient 
-ji  principles  of  the  food,  and  reject,  as  excrementitious,  the 
^  innutritious  part ;  that  these  nutrient  principles  are  mix- 
ed with  the  returning  blood  within  the  cavity  of  the 
abdomen,  and  are  carried  into  the  liver,  where  the  final , 
processes  of  animalization  and  conversion  into  blood  are., 
completed. 

Professor  Jackson,  in  a  recent  work,  has  proposed  a 
new  theory,  or  rather  revived,  m  some  measure,  the  the- 
ory of  maceration.  His  hypothesis,  as  nearly  as  can  be 
collected  from  his  work,  is  as  follows :— He  supposes  that 
digestion  is  performed  by  subrpitting  food  to  the  action 
of  different  fluids,  each  of  which  has  "  solvent  powers 
for  different  principles  ;"t  thatj  ^e  nutrient  principles 
i  exist  already  formed  in  food,  and  are  released  from  prin- 
."  piples  that  are  not  required  for  nutrition,  by  a  species  of 
solution,  or  maceration.  The  different  fluids,  as  saliva, 
mucus  from  the  mouth,  throat,  stomach,  intestines,  the 
bile  and  pancreatic  juice,  are  the  solvents  of  the  different 


•^• 


*  Essay  on  Digestion^  p.  63. 

t  Principles  of  Medioioe,  founded  on  the  Strueture  and  Function* 
of  the  Animal  Org^ism,  p.  354.  _^  ^  _  ^,^„  ..  -^.^i..^  .i.^'i 


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OP  DIGESTION  BY  THE  GASTRIC  JUICE. 


# 


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innutritive  prmcfples,  ancTseparatiB  tliem  from  nutriment, 
m  attributes  great  importance  to  the  action  of  the  saliva ; 
thinks  it  exercises  a  "  very  energetic  operation  on  the 
food,"  (fcc,  and  denies,  altogether,  the  existence  of  a  spe- 
cific solvent  fluid. 

.    It  is  unfortunate  for  the  interests  of  physiological  sci- 
ence, that  it  generally  falls  to  the  lot  of  men  of  vivid ' 
imaginations,  and  great  powers  of  mind,  to  become^ 
restive  under  the  restraints  of  a  tedious  and  routine  modoC'* 
of  thinking,  and  to  strike  out  into  bold  and  original  hy- 
potheses to  elucidate  the  operations  of  nature,  or  to  ac-  * 
count  for  the  phenomena  that  are  constantly  submitting^ 
to  their  inspection.    The  process  of  developing  truth,  by  * 
patient  and  persevering  investigation,  experiment  and 
research,  is  incompatible  with  unrestrained  gerius.   The 
drudgery  of  science,  is  left  to  humbler  and  more  unpre- 
tending laborers.     The  flight  of  genius  is,  however,  fre-* 
quently  erratic.      The  bold  and  original  opinions  of 
Brown,  had,  for  a  long  time  an  injurious  eflect  on  the 
science  of  medicine*,  and  the  later  opinions  of  Montegre"^ 
and  others,  have  had  a  like  eflect  on  the  sister  science"* 
of  physiology.    It  is,  however,  a  right  which  men  of 
genius  possess,  in  common  with  others,  to  propose  hy- 
potheses, and  to  support  them  with  such  arguments  and ' 
deductions  as  they  may  have  it  in  their  power  to  adduce.  ^ 
Great  caution  and  circumspection  ought,  however,  to  be  ^ 
observed.    It  is  dangerous  to  unsettle  long  established^ 
truths ;  for  it  is  difficult  to  limit  the  extent  of  error.    The'* 
gratification  of  a  morbid  desire  to  be  distinguished  as 
the  propagator  of  new  principles  in  philosophy,  or  as  the 
head  of  a  new  sect,  is  not  a  legitimate  excuse  for  propa- 
gating heresy.    New  opinions  or  doctrines,  whether  true 
or  fdse,  will  have  admirers  and  foUowei s,  and  will  lead  . 


"^ 


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PRELtMINARY  onSKRVATIONB. 


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t6  pfKeiical  re-  \U8.    And  the  oftoirs  df  one  man  miy 
load  t!ionsands  into  the  samo  vortex. 

These,  of  course,  are  designed  as  general  remarks ; 
and  I  have  no  wish  to  apply  them,  so  far  as  bad  motives 
are  inferred,  to  the  highly  respectable  gentlemen  men- 
tioned above.  Honest  objections,  no  doubt,  are  enter- 
tained against  the  doctrine  of  digestion  by  the  gastric 
juice.  That  they  are  so  entertained  by  these  gentle- 
men, I  have  no  doubt.  And  I  cheerftiUy  concede  to  them 
the  merit  of  great  ingeimity,  talents  and  learning,  in 
raising  objections  to  the  commonly  rec  ived  hypothesis^ 
0JS  well  as  ability  h\  maintaining  their  peculiar  opinions^ 
But  we  ought  not  to  allow  ourselves  to  be  seduced  by 
the  Ingenuity  of  argument  or  the  blandishments  of  style^ 
Truth,  like  lieauty,  when  '<  unadorned,  is  adorued  the 
most ;''  and  in  prosecuting  these  experiments  and  inqui- 
ries, I  believe  I  have  been  guided  by  its  light.  Facts 
are  more  persuasive  than  arguments,  however  ingeni* 
ously  mad^^  and  by  their  eloquenoe,  I  hope  I  have  boon 
able  to  plead  for  the  support  and  maintenance  of  thoM 
doctrines  which  have  had  for  their  advocates  such  men 
as  Sydenham,  Hunter,  Spallanzani,  Richerand,  Aber- 
nethy,  Broussais,  Philip,  Paris,  Bostock,  the  Heidleburgh 
and  Paris  Professors,  Dunglison,  and  a  host  of  other 
Ittminarios  in  the  science  of  physiology. 


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SKCTION  VL 

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OP  THE   APPRAUANCK   OP   TIIK  VILLOUS  COAT,  AND  OF 

^\  THE  MOTIONS  OP  THE  STOMACH. 

■J*      - 

I?  Tho  inner  coat  of  the  stomach f  in  its  natural  and 
healthy  state,  is  of  a  light,  or  palo  pink  color,  varying 
in  its  hues,  according  to  its  full  or  empty  state.  It  is  of 
a  soft,  or  velvet-liico  appearance,  and  is  v^onstantly  cover- 
ed with  a  very  thin,  transparent,  viscid  mucus,  lining 
the  whole  interior  of  the  organ. 

Immediately  beneath  the  mucous  coat,  and  apparently 
incorporated  with  the  villous  membrane,  appear  small, 
spheroidal,  or  oval-shaped,  grandular  bodie'^j,  from  which 
tho  mucous  fluid  appears  to  be  secreted.  "^ 

u  By  applying  aliment,  or  other  irritants,  to  the  inter-' 
nal  coat  of  the  stomach,  and  observing  the  efl^ct  through 
a  magnifying  glasti,  innumerable  minute  lucid  points, 
and  very  fine  nervous  or  valvular  papillae,  can  be  seetl; 
arising  from  the  villous  membrane,   and  protruding" 
through  the  mucous  coat ;   from  which  distills  a  pure, 
limpid,  colorless,  slightly  viscid  fluid,    This  fluid  is  in- , 
variably  distinctly  acid.    The  mucus  of  the  stomach  is 
less  fluid,  and  more  viscid  or  albuminous,  and  some- 
times a  little  saltish ;  but  does  not  possess  the  slightest 
character  of  acidity.    On  applying  thfe  tongue  to  the 
mucous  coat  of  the  stomach,  in  its  empty,  unirritated  * 
9||te|.,Qo  acid  taste  can  be  perceived.    When  tbod,  or 


f-^^ 


uii  WfnmW  ^m'W»m  nvmi  m  i  m  mm <'i<'iii'i"illllPHiPiiPIPPVIili[ 


W 


*^H»'',l,UnNA«V   im^VlWVAVtrtHlli      »*Vf ;t»v 


ntHy  pMvi^|MiM«\  *rho  |m)\tl)i\s  \  nu\  ronvihotMl.  i^mu  oh* 
novvniiou,  Wmw  {\  prnl  or\vl\rtl  \n i'^IIimI  by  nuihovs,  ih«»  villi 

M  !<t>«Mv(ovy,  o\>n\po»o  t)\o  hMOhlnthM'.    T\\M  m\\\\\^  j^^V- 

tUMV  01'  tl\o  villi  fi>vo\  ny<*  »*^«Mv!tM'y  \\\\\'\n  \s(  \\\\i>  vi^moIh, 

M'  ^h\\\\Uy  \  l\rtVo  not  iho  Iim\m  iloul»f,  Oi»h»  Iniuunovnl^ln 

>>t^t^^\l!U"  o\{\\uln!\llo»\!*  or  tho  |mv»^f»!<  \s(  Ihn  wv»iMltM»  of 

Irt^Mvio  j\n\»tf^.    *rho  luvrtvlhbio  i^troot  of  nj^plylnji:  wll- 

mont  !x>  tho  iu!t>vuM.  h\\\  oxposod  ptul  of  Iho  ^nMvIo 

m»(^mlM\n\«\  whoh  In  rt  hortltluMM>h«iUloh,  !»««  W^w  Iho 

j,%t\v\rtiion  of  0\o  w^lvtMU  t1\ii<i,  l^iMu  iht^  ht>ovtv-ni»^htlort-' 

^fti^   \V'\|mII«\    *\M\ouj^h   Iho  r»|irr^wfw  of  tht»»o  vr»»w»lB 

t<M\\\<  no!  l>o  sfv^h)  <ntM\  wiih  \\m\  t\^n\n\mx'^  of  tho  ho«t 

Wbioh  \\\i\  i\m\  m\w\\  \\^\v  el«»rtvly  liutlr^nhMl  hy  tlm 
|mt<\\rt1  rt|Hx^rti*rt^it^o  of  inn\i»n»^mMo,  vt^vy  rtn<^,  iut^ld 
Bjv^^kss  Hsiug  ih^MUgh  \\\<'  \>tAm{mv\\\  Minoovts  tnvU)  iintl 

t5w  th^  \\rhol<^  intt>riov  jrrtstvio  «utfiv«^^»    This  rt)[>p«^ar- 
t%\w^  i»  tvM«\>i<^\UM»8  rtuly  tlitviMja:  Ailiwiftntittio«)  or  chymf. 

t*^m\^«MuM\  of  iho  «»5rtvtx>ry  ilnct«  of  \\\^  gm\tk  veBSpIs 
t>r  i^l-^n^v^  lho\<gh  l!\o  oKvmsf  n»\il  most  ttceumto  o!v 
;^>mih>n  n\«y  ttov>^r  be  i^bto  to  discern  tlioir  distinct 
%jwrt\nt^ 

Thtft  tl\uil  1^  di»ch«rg!»ti,  is  ttlwotlwl  by  tbt»  s\litncnt 
in  ctMtl^ct,  vw  w>\lp!Ct!s  in  small  dt\>|-.s^  nnd  tHckl«Mi  down 
the  stales  of  U\e  stK>m«cb,  t\>  the  tmm  dejieniling  ptirts, 
«tnd  thew  mittgles  with  the  txiod,  or  whiiitetet  else  nmy 
^5e  ^ontaitted  in  the  g^stvit  c<ivity»    This  fluid,  ttie  efll* 


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liittmtni,  t  huvn  lut  diMittt  lutfl  f;«Minritlly  lH<oliolilMiiln(t, 
fnmii[mHnuMit»  by  m«^«'!iinilr»il  lnllMUtiinif  llm  liili'iiml 
ront  of  llm  Rlumiv»li,  piddtHMMl  liy  llin  IntnuliU'lldii  of  u 
g\im-r>luMlr  hiln«,  llnon«li  whh'li  II  lilts  l)r«»«ii  prdciiirMl. 

MN«n  mmlHi^  Jiilrn  novni*  it|i|H«urN  1(»  l»n  lUMMninilaled  iti 
ttttHmvtty  of  titn  Niiunmrli  wiiiln  riiRiitif< ;  mid  In  rjoldntii, 
if  r^Vr>r,  dhiduir^tvl  fumi  Ur  |Uu|itM'  mMM«i*nliig  v<'Nm«ls, 
otoi^pt  whnii  ivxrll(^d  l>y  iIh»  nttliiiMl  MlttmliiR  (»riillm«»iit, 
mnHtiuHiMtl  IrHtnlltm  orinln'R,  oiotlu'i-nxfllfinlR.  VVInMi 
ivllmnni  In  rwolvod,  ilm  Jtiirn  Ih  givpu  «»ul  in  ttjtm'l  [»h»- 
prtrlioii  to  lis  nMpilroriuMilFi  for  floliiilon,  njtcnpl  whoii 
tnoi'p  food  hnn  boon  ttihoii  tlitni  In  iioroNNdiy  for  (ho  wanttf 
of  tho  Rystom. 

»  When  njoidundnril  InHntion  hy  n  noii-dlgpMllilo  m\h 
sinnro,  n^  thp  oIuniU*  tuho,  stRin  of  iho  lh(M'momot(M',A.c. 
In  itNnd,  th«  Boriclioii  In  piohuhly  Ionn  thftii  whofi  the 
IrrllrtUoh  is  pmdtn»nd  hy  mich  RiiliNtmuM^  an  {irn  itnidily 
dISBolvod  In  Iho  gHNlilo  JtHoo.  AUnujni,  whtui  iukoii 
Into  lliw  Nionmch,  isdilfuNt?d  over  the  whohi  villous  Niir- 
face,  and  HtlniidiUos  th«  gastric.  vf»NSolN,  gotiorully,  to 
Nwroto  Ihdr  thild  copiously  ;  whoronN  tlin  Irrlttttlou  of 
tubes^  iViC.  In  local,  aiul  pr(»dUo,(>s  oidy  a  pavllnl  oxrJlo- 
motU  t>f  tho  vobsoIn,  lUul  ooufietpioMtly  a  scanly  How  of 
tho  gUNtrlo  juicoi  Itoncp,  tho  dolay  in  ohlaining  the 
o.bmr  Ihiid  frotn  tho  rltipty  stomach,  through  ^lin  lid)o. 
t  havo  tAovcr,  on  utunerous  trials,  been  ahio  to  obtain, 
at  any  ono  tln\c,  movo  than  ouo  and  a  half,  or  two  oiuiogs 
of  this  thdd,  ni\or  the  stontaeh  had  dlsiKiscd  of  its  all- 
nic»ntary  mutters,  however  long  tho  period  of  alistiiitjtico 
tiad  been.  Thd  disclmrgn  of  this  small  (|imniify  has 
generally  been  excited  by  the  introduction  of  tho  tube. 
IVnj,  fU\cGn,  or  more  minutes,  were  necessary  to  collect 


iy' 


$ 


^'■ 


■Mi 


M^ 


X., 


98  .AK.     PREHMINAUY  0B9EBVATI0NS.    .,.,.,>,, 

even  this  small  quantity.  Whenever  fluid  was  obtained 
in  larger  quantity,  as  was  sometimes  the  case,  it  invaria 
bly  contained  more  than  the  usual  quantity  of  mucus. 

On  viewing  the  interior  of  the  stomach,  the  peculiar 
formation  of  the  imier  coats  are  distinctly  exhibited. 
When  empty,  the  rugoB  appear  irregularly  folded  upon 
each  other,  almost  in  a  quiescent  state,  of  a  pale  pink 
color,  with  the  surface  merely  lubricated  with  mucus. 
On  the  application  of  aliment,  the  action  of  the  vessels 
is  increased ;  the  color  heightened  ;  and  the  vermicular 
motions  are  excited.  The  small  gastric  papillae  begin 
to  discharge  a  clear,  transparent  fluid,  (the  alimentary 
solvent,)  which  continues  abundantly  to  accumulate,  as 
aliment  is  received  for  digestion. 

If  the  mucous  covering  of  the  villous  coat  bo  wiped 
off,  with  a  sponge  or  handkerchief,  during  the  period 
of  chymification,  the  membrane  appears  roughish,  and 
of  a  deep  pink  color  at  first ;  but  in  a  few  seconds,  the 
follicles  and  fine^  papillae  begin  to  pour  out  their  respec- 
tive fluids,  which,  being  difl'usedover  the  parts  abraded 
of  mucus,  restore  to  them  their  peculiar  soft  and  velvet- 
like coat  and  pale  pink  color,  corresponding  with  the 
undisturbed  portions  of  the  membrane ;  and  the  gastric 
juice  goes  on  accumulating,  and  trickling  down  the 
sides  of  the  stomach. 

If  the  membrane  be  wiped  off  when  the  stomach  is 
empty,  or  during  the  period  of  fasting,  a  similar  rough- 
ness, and  deepened  color  appear,  though  in  a  less  degree ; 
and  the  mucous  exudation  is  more  slowly  restored.  The 
follicles  appear  to  swell  more  gradually.  T^p  fluids  do 
not  accumulate  in  quantity  sufficient  to  trickle  down, 
as  during  the  time  of  chymification*  The  mucus  only, 
appears  to  be  restored. 


¥-- 


■■■-  :'Jv-#'-  f'^'-:W:- 


>.: 


/^i 


VILLOUS  COAT  AND  MOTIONS  OV  THE  STOMACH.     99 


\      i 


Tho  foregoing,  I  believe  to  bo  tho  natural  appear- 
ances of  the  internal  coat  of  the  stomach,  in  a  healthy 
condition  of  the  system.  !" 

In  disease,  or  partial  derangement  of  tho  heahhy 
function,  this  membrane  presents  variouSf  and  essential- 
ly different  appearances.  '*^ 

In  febrile  diathesis,  or  predisposition,  from  whatever 
cause — obstructed  perspiration,  undue  excitement  by 
stimulating  liquors,  overloading  the  stomach  with  food 
-—fear,  anger,  or  whatever  depresses  or  disturbs  the 
nervous  system — the  villous  coat  l)econies  somewhat 
red  and  dry,  at  other  times,  pale  and  moist,  and  loses 
its  smooth  and  healthy  appearance ;  tlic  secretions  be- 
come vitiated,  greatly  diminished,  or  entirely  suppress- 
ed ;  the  mucous  coat  scarcely  perceptible  ;  the  follicles 
flat  and  flaccid,  with  secretions  insufficient  to  protect 
the  vascular  and  nervous  papilla  from  irritation.        '^ 

There  are  sometimes  found,  on  the  internal  coat  of 
the  stomach,  eruptions,  or  deep  red  pimples ;  not  nu- 
merous, but  distributed  here  and  there,  upon  the  villous 
membrane,  rising  above  the  surface  of  the  mucous  coat. 
These  are  at  first  sharp  pointed  and  rod ;  but  frequent- 
ly become  filled  with  white  purulent  matter.  At  other 
times,  irregular,  circumscribed,  red  patches,  varying  in 
size  or  extent,  from  half  an  Inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half 
in  circumference,  are  found  on  the  internal  coat.  These 
appear  to  be  the  effect  of  congestion  in  the  minute  blood 
vessels  of  the  stomach.  There  are,  also,  seen  at  times, 
small  aphthous  crusts,  in  connection  with  these  red 
patches.*  Abrasions  of  the  lining  membrane,  like  tho 
rolling  up  of  the  mucous  coat  into  small  shreds  or  strings, 
leaving  the  papillte  bare,  for  an  indefinite  space^  is  not 
an  uticommpn  appearance,  ;f  fjit. 


mmm 


^ 


r>,  V 


10)) 


■m 


riiKUMiNAiiY  onBRnvATioNi.  <.4iy, 


(I '' 


m 


not  Ahvoys  i%l!^ot,  f»Mnminlly,  thn  gftMilo  »|t|mrntli8. 
y\\\v]\  oon»i(l(M'nl>lo,  juul.  ptiHioularly,  wluMi  thnro  urn 
ror»v»|MMwlinkr  .sy»Mpii>nifi  of  iHsonnc,  ns  dryt»<'««  ol'iho 
mouth,  tl\|i'M,  noorhMn''M  \nil«o,  vV^c.  iu>  gnMvU;  julro 
<*nn  l>o  oMvnotrd,  not  o\oii  on  tlio  nppUontion  oCaliiurn- 
tnry  MiiniiluN.  Drinks  roortviMl,  nw  imtncdiiiloly  nb- 
ffovboti,  ov  othorwiso  ^li^p(>^^Ml  of;  nono  n»umiuing  in  (bo 
BU)nu»ob  (on  ntinndw  nOor  b(M(\u:  «\vullo\vo<l.  I'ood, 
tnkon  in  (bi«  ot>ntU(ion  ol'  ibo  sUMunob,  vontains  undim^M- 
cil  lor  tv\M>niy-lbur  or  rov(y-oii?h(  bonr.-*,  or  nuutj,  iniM'oas- 
ing  ()>o  (kM'anitoniont  ot'  (bo  wbolo  nUiuonony  oMntxl, 
rtiul  ng4<rrtViUinu;  (bo  ifonrrnl  syinptoins  ol'cbsoaso. 

A()ov  a  otMnwo  ol'oxoossivo  oiUinu;  or  tb"inkin|»:,  obyirti- 
rion(ion  isnM;uxUMl;  umJ,  obbooj^b  (bo  oppodto  \h  nt)t 
ulwnys  inipairvM  n(  (ust,  ibo  (Iniil'"  liooon\o  rtovid  aiul 
shnr|>,  {\\\{\  (»xoorii\(o  (bo  otlgosol"(bo  npor(uro;  uml  !\l- 
!tK>s(  i»»v«riably  pixxbioo  nphvhons  pn(olio5»  nnd  (bo  otbor 
imUoa(ions  o('  a  disonsoil  stalo  of  (bo  intornal  »no(nl»rano, 
n\on(ionotl  abiwo,  Vi(ia(0(l  bilo  is  also  found  in  tbo 
stoumch  undor  (boso  oirouuKManoos;  and  ibtoouli  of 
muc\is  aix^  nntob  n)tnv  abiuub\n(  (ban  in  Jioablu 

Wheuovor  (bis  morlnd  iM>ndi(ion  of  (bo  sion\aob  oc- 
curs>  \vi(b  dio  Uvvual  aooonip;<nying  smyptoms  of  dis- 
casC)  iboiM^  i«  gi^norally  a  corrosponding  appoarauoo  of 
iho  t^mguo,  Wbon  a  beabby  sta(o  of  ibo  s(omucb  is 
restored)  the  itnuguc  iuvavi.ibly  becomes  clean, 

Mofhm  <if  the  tStmtuKAx 

With  the  (tt»«r/omy  of  this  organ,  I  have>  at  present,, 
nothing  to  do.  It  does  not  come  within  the  limits  whicK>v 
1  h^ive  prescrilKHl  to  myself,    Its  motims^  as  conipris* 


m 


^pp 


w 


VILLOVI  COAT  AND  MOTIOIff  09  ITOIIACII. 


m 


ing  a  part  of  thu  procods  of  digoBtion,  1  have  endoavor- 
i;d  to  obsorvo  as  accuratoly  as  practicablo;  and  1  give 
tho  rnault. 

Tho  hunmn  itomach  ii  furniihod  with  ipuicular 
fasciculi,  so  arrangod  as  to  shorten  its  dianiotor  in  every 
direction.  11/  tho  alturnato  contraction  and  relaxation 
ofthcflo  bnndtk,  a  groat  variety  of  motion  is  induced  on 
tliis  orgiin,  sonictinics  trniisvcrsoly,  and  at  other  times 
iongiludinally.  Tlioso  altcrnuto  contractions  and  re- 
laxations, when  adbcting  tito  transversn  diameter,  pro- 
duce wluit  are  called  vormiaUar  ov  perintaUic  motions. 
H'ho  elloct  of  tho  contraction  of  thu  longitudinal  Abrcs, 
is  to  upproxiuiuto  the  splonic  and  pyloric  extremities. 
When  tlicy  all  act  togotbor^  the  ctfcct  is  to  lessen  tho 
cavity  of  thu  stomach,  and  to  press  upon  tho  contained 
uliniont,  if  thero  bo  any  in  the  stomach.  These  mo- 
tions not  oidy  produco  a  constant  disturbance,  or  churn- 
itiff  of  tho  contents  of  this  organ^  but  they  compel  them, 
ut  (he  same  lime,  to  rcvolvo  around  tho  interior,  from 
point  to  point,  and  from  one  extremity  to  tho  other,  lu 
addition  to  ihcso  motions,  there  is  a  constant  agitation 
of  tho  stomach,  pre  luced  by  tho  respira  "ry  muscles. 

Those  contractions  and  relaxations  o/  tho  musculo i 
fasciculi,  do  not  observe  any  very  vxad  Jiode,  Their 
motions  are  modified  by  various  circumstances,  such  an 
the  stinuilant  or  non-stimulant  property  of  the  ingesta', 
the  healthy  or  unhealthy  state  of  the  internal  coat  of 
the  stomach ;  by  exercise,  and  by  repose,  <31&c.  ^^ 

Tho  ordinary  course  and  direction  of  tho  revohitious 
of  tho  f(X)d,  are  first,  afler  passing  the  (esophageal  ring, 
from  right  to  left,  along  the  small  arch  ;  thence,  through 
the  large  curvattire,  from  left  to  right  The  bolus,  uh 
it  ent^M  the  oardia,  turc^.^ J^ft  kft;.  pasjiw 

9 


u 


w 


m 


)^)iL%\.m\Hkt\  ^toikuvAtmitii     ^t 


,^ 


W\\\i\y  ^wWwwi^  yNV«v^N\^,  m\\  <>>N^y\  \\\r^  {Aviy  \\\^\  \\\\^  \s\\\h 

>\Vt^V*  i^MNSAx^^,  W^  ^y^y^tv^rtM  ^"'  \\\^  i^\sS\i\\  y\\\>M\M\  \sU\\^' 
I^V^^V  "{^  ^'^M^I^HlIt  y^l^  MNy^  y^<M<y\yi  \y>S*^S  yNf  W^^V\Vrt!<yM\  h^. 


•Mi,-. 


mm 


<^ 


ViM.OVIi  r04t  AHU  M'»tlHfll!  01^  ■tUWArtf. 


108 


miMnin  tif  lK«  ituMinrhi  until  ftiymifirittttriti  fin  nnm-ty 
t«hhi|ihMn,  HuhiMl  It  ttnh*hm»'ttmittH  ttiMM  of  milltlN  ntid 
ttiilflAt  ttnul  Kttil  nmO  t  »Mmtm«  iutti  nni*;  chHltt  rtiid  cUytu- 
inntl;  till  inMHmli«ly  ittUmI,  miuI  I'lriMilrttlMi^  primiliinu^ 
nunly  flthitt^ll  lltn  ^hnlHt'  OMVity,  IIIim  llin  ttiittiil  Hdit  •ntfi 
nfrt  ftowMil  vt^Mol,  ^v\\\\y  n^ltHliM),Mi'(iiHiNl  in  (In*  lirifiil. 
If  It  ttiMUlliOil  m(  niUMi*  tiMiHi'iMiiN  OutH  Ik*  |iiWMllnwt«i), 
nOi^f  il{u;««nliHU  in  iMtMNiilofMltly  M(Iviui!*imI,  i(  wiil  Itn  kmimi 
fihrinfi  (lu«  if)M«iiiii|},  (M  (hn  ^m,\  (MuvMiiii-ii)  niul  in  flu* 
t'lUM'Ni'  ol  mImmiI  «mh«  Miitl  n  liMlr  ni'  Iwm  iiiiiinlppi,  il  wiil 
tt»Mm»ir«tn",  wilh  |Ih»  iiiMirM'til  flriMilMlinw  i*miii«'|iIn,  iiimr'  or 

lltflll  iuitltlMt  \\)  pil't'PM,  (H-  (iiVltilMl  illtu  NhltllltM  pincPH  |    (tll(l 

W^ty  mnMt  limrM  i(H  iiliMtlity.  1M(iN  tt»ilMtiii^  uiMllntt  liitft 
ihn  (^()^i>t,  ntul  i^  utuhMilitiMlly  ilcNi^iirMl,  to  lupiilt  np  tliii 
Ih^Iuk.  \\n  \\nA\  h«  loNopMnHw  lli»»  ottliMiiiil  »«*ul  rliyiiiidHl 
|HM'li«M(  oMho  piu-(it*li>nol  Huul,  Mtid  mIIow  (Iii«  uiidi^i'MlHl 
poHlonn  lo  »MMhM  in  I'oMttiri  Willi  lliM  ^n«iiif  |nl('i»,  ilioir 
\m)\\t^'  Kolvonl.  li  llw»  iiioHoM  MMii-n  niiiiply  involiHloti 
wry,  tlu>  tMMiti'iil  poiHonn  wiMilil  rnluiii  liinir  f<lliiMtioti, 
\\)\\\\  \\\\^  (iuirM\  Ml'  (*ln  iiiilUMi  ptiil,  liiol  pMNMMl  into  tlin 
tlnodtMuun,  in  wii«M«»»«p*l\n  pnhM-lw  ;  wliirii,  it  is  i^viilnnt, 
wouM  vovy  niiH'li  ir^ttihl  tlm  piofr>wR  oriii^nNtltm. 

An  (hi>  i'ooti  )«MM)ini>n  tttoiM  rtiid  iitornrtinii^tMi  froin  jtn 
nMuUMo  [[n  rliymittod  Ptnl«»,  (ho  iM'iiliiy  ofllM'^umtHn 
flulitN  In  iMMinidiMitlily  iiiftiMiBHl  j  inoio  m  in  Vp^f'tttlilo 
thrtn  Hhlnml  ili»»t;  tniil  tlir»  ^.<n»^i'nl  rontiro'liln  (oirti  nf 
tht>  mnwdi»«oriht»  nioinin  li  is  nnKinmitiMl  in  »>vr»ry  iHrec- 
{{m  \  i^Mving  ittn  onntalnt^d  lluidB  on  inipnifto  (owiirds  the 

U  Is  |mdml»lR»  tlmt  fitini  thn  vpry  t*nmninnr«trtent  of 
i^hymlft(^AtloU- riiuu  llio  (line  tlmt  food  In  m'civml  Into 
Ut«  Bttmittt^h—untll  llnit  or^nn  hnooniGn  onipty,  pnrtioiiN 
^  diyme  Are  constantly  pttsning  into  tlio  duodetium, 


■f-,if^'  -7^_^»,f  ;  » 


104 


PAIBLtlitMAIlY  OBiBR VAT  10110. 


»^  } 


% 

.'■<*■ 


'.i# 


through  the  pyloric  oriAco,  as  the  mass  ii  presented  dt 
ttaoh  BUoccBBivo  revolution.  I  infer  this^  t'roni  the*  fact 
that  the  volume  is  constantly  dtioroaBiikg^  Tills  decrease 
of  volumO)  however,  is  slow  at  Arst  i  but  it  is  rapidly  ac- 
celerated tovvaitls  the  conclusion  of  digestion,  wheu  the 
whole  mass  t)ecomcs  more  chyniifled.  This  accelerated 
expulsion  appears  to  bo  effected  by  a  peculiar  action  of 
the  transverse  muscles,  or  vatlier  of  the  transverse  bandy 
as  described  by  Simllannani,  Haller,  Cooper,  Sir  E.  Home, 
and  others,  in  their  experiments  on  animals.  This  band 
is  situated  near  the  commoticementof  the  more  conically 
shaped  part  of  the  pyloric  extremity^  three  or  four  inches 
fl^1m  the  smaller  end.  In  atteuipting  to  pass  a  long 
glass  thermometer  tul>e,  through  tho  aperture,  into  the 
pyloric  portion  of  tho  stomachy  during  the  latter  stages 
of  digestion,  a  forcible  contraction  is  tirst  perceived  rt 
this  point,  and  tho  bulb  is  stopped.  In  a  short  time, 
there  is  a  gentle  relaxation,  when  the  bulb  passes  without 
difftculty,  and  api^ears  to  he  drawn,  quite  forcibly,  for 
three  or  four  inches,,  towaitis  the  pyloric  end.  It  is  then 
released,  and  forced  back,  or  suffci*ed  to  rise  again ;  at 
the  same  timo  it  gives  to  the  tube  a  circular,  or  rather 
spiral  motion,  and  frequently  revolves  it  completely  over. 
These  motions  am  distinctly  indicated,  and  strongly 
felt,  in  holdiiig  the  end  of  the  tube  Ijetween  the  thumb 
and  finger ;  and  at\er  the  bulb  has  [mssed  the  transverse 
band,  it  requires  a  pretty  foitjible  grasp  to  prevent  tho 
stem  from  slipping  fit>m  the  band^  and  being  drawn  sud- 
denly down  to  ih©  pyloric  extremity.  When  the  tube  is 
hH  to  its  own  direction)  at  these  perioda  of  conuraction, 
it  is  drawn  in^  nearly  its  whole  length,  to  the  depth  of 
ten  inches ;  and  it  requires  considerable  force,  and  gives 
to  th«  fingers  tho  sensation  of  a  strong  suetioH  power. 


VlLLOVi  COAT  AKD  MOTION  Or  fTOMAClI.        106 


likG  drawing  tho  piBton  from  ati  oxhtinstrcf  tuVxi,  todmw 
it  back.  Tills  cdttsos  tiB  soon  as  tho  rolrtxtitlmi  ocriiri, 
and  tho  ttibo  lisos  ngnin,  of  iin  own  nccord,  fhrco  or  four 
inches,  whrn  tlio  btilb  spoms  to  bo  obstrtic'od  from  rising 
further;  but  if  ptillod  tip  nn  inch  or  two,  ihrough  Iho 
•tricturo,  it  movers  freely  in  rill  directions  in  the  cnrdiac 
portions,  nnd  mostly  inrlineu  to  the  splenic  extremity 
though  not  disiKisod  to  innlto  its  exit  nt  tho  nperture.    H 

Above  tho  contrncling  bnnd,  nnd  towards  the  splenic 
portion  of  tho  stomach,  the  suction  or  grasping  motion 
is  not  perceptible ;  but  when  the  bidl)  is  puslied  tlown  to 
the  transverse  bnnd,  it  is  dislinrtly  fell  to  bo  grasped, 
nnd  confined  in  its  movements.  ,^ 

These  pecidiar  motions  and  contractions  continue  un- 
til tho  stomach  is  p(nlV'Ctly  enipty,  nn<l  not  a  particle  of 
food  or  chyme  remains;  when  all  becomes  quiescent 
again.  4 

If  tho  bulb  of  the  thermometer  be  suffered  to  bo  drawn 
down  to  tho  pyloric  extremity,  and  retained  there  for  a 
•hort  time,  or  if  the  experiments  bo  repeated  too  fre- 
quently, it  causes  severe  distress,  nnd  a  sotisation  like 
cramp,  or  spasm,  which  ceases  on  withdrawing  tho  tube, 
but  leaves  a  senso  of  soreness  and  tenderness  at  tho  pit 
of  the  stomach. 

These  peculiar  contractions  and  relaxations,  mention- 
ed above,  succeed  each  other  at  irregular  intervals  of 
from  two  to  four  of  fivo  minutes.  Simultaneously  with 
the  contractions,  there  is  a  general  shortening  of  the 
fibres  of  the  stomach.  This  organ  contracts  upon  itself 
in  every  direction ;  and  its  contents  are  compressed  with 
much  force.  The  valvulav  portion  of  the  stomach  is 
firmly  thrust  into  the  aperture;  closing  the  orifice; 
preventing  the  egress  of  aliment ;  and  obstructing  the 


%I 


100 


5"<ri 


view  of  the  Itttertor.  During  the  intervals  of  tclaxntloti, 
the  rugre  per^rm  their  vermicular  actions,  the  nnduln- 
tory  motions  of  the  Aulds  continue,  and  the  allmontaiy 
and  chymouB  mass  appear,  revolving  as  before,  proniis- 
cuousljr  mixed,  through  the  splenic  and  cardiac  por- 
tions. 

All  these  facts,  taken  together,  will,  1  think,  ration- 
ally admit  of  the  following  explanation.  The  longitu- 
f  dinal  muscles  of  the  whole  stomach,  with  the  assistance 
of  the  transverse  ones  of  the  splenic  and  central  portions, 
carry  the  contents  into  the  pyloric  extremity.  The  cir- 
cular or  transverse  muscles  contract  progressively,  from 
lell  to  rigli*  When  the  impulse  arrives  at  the  tram- 
verse  hand^  this  is  excited  to  a  more  foi'clble  contraction, 
and,  closing  upon  the  alimentary  matter  and  fluids,  con- 
tained in  the  pyloric  end,  prevents  their  regurgitation, 
The  muscles  of  the  pyloric  end,  now  contracting  u^wn^ 
the  contents  detained  there,  separate  and  expel  some 
portion  of  the  chyme.  It  is  probable  that  the  crude  food 
excites  the  contractile  power  of  the  pylorus,  so  as  to  pro-* 
Vent  its  passage  Into  the  duodenum,  while  the  thimier, 
chymified  portion  is  pressed  through  the  valve,  in^o  the 
Intestine.  After  the  contractile  impulse  is  carried  to  the 
pyloric  extixjmity,  the  circular  band,  and  all  the  trans^ 
verse  muscles,  become  relaxed,  and  a  contraction  com- 
mences in  a  reversed  direction,  fVom  right  to  left,  and 
carries  the  contents  again  to  the  splenic  extremity,  to 
undergo  similar  revolutions. 

It  would  appear,  then,  that  the  discharge  of  the  chyme 
ftfom  the  stomach,  is  eflfected  by  mechanical  Impulse. 
Out,  t  confess,  I  do  not  like  to  give  an  opinion.  I  state 
the  circumstances  ai  they  have  occurred.  The  idea  of 
mechanical  force,  I  admit,  ii  liable  to  objection ;  but| 


\-'- 


VILLOUS  COAT  ANO  MOTION  OF  STOMACH. 


lor 


po)  iiapB,  not  moro  so  than  that  of  the  aetecting  power  of 
tho  pylorus.  Wh|tever  bias  1  may  have  in  favor  of  the 
former  mettiod)  has  been  forced  upon  me  by  the  deduC' 
lions  of  experiment  and  observation. 


if/ 


Vr 


=-^ 


l.t^*L„ 


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4 


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f  'f 


4-  Mf^ 


\*bi 


01 


>l|;!!! 


^mi-^m^^-"--  -^??^^-^r 


1 


SECTION  VII. 


JYv.  ' 


XfF  GHYLIFICATION  AND   USES  OP  THE  BILE  AND 
PANCREATIC  JUICE. 


^f^.*y| 


As  food  becomes  chymified  by  the  gastric  juice,  the 
contractile  motions  of  the  stomach  send  it  into  the  duo-' 
deimm,  to  receive  further  changes,  preparatory  to  its 
assimilation  'o  the  circulating  fluids  of  the  system,  by* 
the  lacteal  alreorbents  and  blood  vessels.    It  is  at  first 
slowly  received  into  this  organ  from  the  stomach  ;  hw.f 
during  the  later  stages  of  chymification,  its  transmis-' 
sion  becomes  more  accelerated.     The  duodenum  is  8(yf 
constituted,  that  the  passage  of  the  chyme  through  it, 
is  considerably  retarded ;  and,  hence,  in  some   patho-^ 
logical  conditions  of  the  system,  the  pressure  on  that 
organ  from  repletion,  is  considerable  j  and  frequently^ 
produces  great  pain  and  distress.  * 

The  vermicular  motions  of  this  and  the  other  intes-* 
tines,  are  propagated  from  the  stomach,  and  are  con-l 
tinued,  after  this  organ  has  discharged  all  its  contehts.^ 
They  are  more  or  less  rapid,  varying  at  diflerem  sec-^* 
tions  of  the  canal ;  of  which  it  not  necessary  to  par- 
ticularize.   These  motions  are  excited  by  the  stimulus 
of  the  chyme,  and  occur  at  intervals,  on  the  introduc- 
tion of  each  successive  quantity  passed  through  the 
pylorus. 

The  chymous  mass  is  not  changed  until  it  arrives  at, 


110 


PRELIMINARY  OBSERVATIONS. 


•» 


or  passes  the  mouth  of  the  ductus  cholodochus,  when 
the  liver  and  pancreas  are  excited  to  discharge  their 
respective  fluids.  These  mix  with  the  chyme,  and 
produce  an  essential  alteration  in  its  sensible  and  chemi- 
cal properties.  At  this  point,  the  lacteal  absorbents 
commence.  ^  ^r^m 

'  That  the  change  from  a  chymous  to  a  chylous  stage 
is  effected  by  the  operation  of  the  bile  and  pancreatic 
juice,  there  can  be  no  doubt.  Of  the  nature  of  this 
change,  there  is  some  diversity  of  opinion.  Chyle  ;s 
generally  described  as  "  a  white,  opaque  substance,  con- 
siderably resembling  cream  in  its  aspect  and  physical 
properties ; "  *  though  it  is  said  to  vary  slightly,  accord- 
ing to  the  kind  of  aliment  which  has  been  used.  It 
is  my  impression,  however,  that  pure  chyle,  taken 
from  the  lacteals  of  a  healthy  subject,  and  produced 
by  natural  food,  is  invariably  the  same  substance  in  the 
same  individual.  Changes  that  have  been  observed 
must  be  reckoned  as  the  eflfectof  a  pathological  state 
of  the  sytem,  or  the  absorption  of  a  non-digestible  sub*j 
stance.  Medicines  and  other  substances,  which  are  not 
capable  of  digestion,  are  sometimes  taken  up  by  the 
lacteal  absorbents,  and  may  produce  an  alteration  in 
the  physical  and  chemical  properties  of  chyle.  It  is 
possible  that  a  small  proportion  of  oil  may  escape  the*i 
action  of  the  digestive  apparatus,  be  absorbed  by  the 
lacteail,  and  produce  the  opaque,  white  color,  mentions 
ed  by  authors,  as  sometimes  appearining.  Counizm 
nance  is  given  to  this  snggestion,  by  the  fact,  that  the 
more  opaque  colored  parts  of  chyle  are.  found  floating 
on  the  surface ;  and  that  it  is  always  discovered  after  the 


«  BoBtock's  Physiology,  vol.  2d,  p.  392. 


..^. 


CHYLIFICATION. 


Ill 


ingestion  of  oily  food.  At  other  times,  it  is  uniform  in 
its  color  and  consistence,  whatever  coloring  matter  may 
haV'-  been  contained  in  the  food.  «♦ 

1  wish  to  bo  understood  to  say,  that  all  kinds  of  ali- 
ment produce  the  same  nutrient  principles.     With  the 
view  of  attempting  an  investigation  of  this  subject,  as 
has  been  previously  mentioned,  I  instituted  some  im- 
perfect experiments  and  examinations.     For  the  result, 
see  Experiments,  Second   Series,  from  47th  to  66th. 
By  the  addition  of  bile  and  dilute  muriatic  acid,  and 
subsequently  pancreatic  juice,  to  chyme  formed  in  the 
artificial  way,  as  well  as  in  the  stomach,  it  separated 
4nto  three  distinct  parts,  a  reddish  brown  sediment  at 
the  bottom,  a  whey-  colored  fluid  in  the  centre,  and  a 
creamy  pellicle  at  the  top.     Each  repetition  of  the  ex- 
periment produced  a  similar  result ;  though  not  exactly 
alike  in  all.     Tl>e  central  portion, '  I  suspect  to  be  im- 
perfectly formed  chyle.     The  sediment,  from  its  appear- 
ance, and  the  coarseness  of  its  particles,  I   judge,  rs 
incapable  of  being  acted  on,  or  taken  up,  by  the  ab- 
sorbents ;  the  creamy  or  oily  pellicle  is  not  only  liable 
^  to  the  same  objection,  but  is  in  too  small  proportion  to 
i  the  iflgestoB.     The  fluid  part  is  fitted,  by  its  fluidity,  for 
the  ready  action  of  the  absorbents ;  and  is,  moreover, 
i  in  sufiicient  quantity  for  the  purposes  of  nutrition. — 
i  The  change  of  color  and  consistence  is,  probably,  ef- 
'  fected  in  the  lacteal  glands  and  vessels.     The  sediment 
and  pellicle,  I  apprehend,  are  both  excremential.     The 
J  **  irregular  filaments,"   attached  to  the  valvulae  conni- 
.  ventes,  mentioned  by  Magendie,  and  which  he  conclu- 
ded to  be  imperfectly  formed  chyle,  were,  undoubtedly 
portions  of  the  creamy  pellicle,  found  in  the  experiments 
.  referred  to. 


v-fjiirep  «J-^'!!»|,it^i.3iJ»:  t^\ 


..»># 


\ 


«, 


1- 


vSk. 


■■!-*»•.:  - 


113 


rnBLMINARY  OBSRRTATIONr. 


^''- 


But  what  is  the  nature  of  the  changes  effected  in  the 
duodenum?  Aliment,  after  hoing  introduced  into  the 
stomach,  is  dissolved  in  the  gastric  juice,  and  forms  a 
new  compound  with  this  fluid.  The  constituent  ele- 
ments of  food  are  various.  When  compounded  with 
the  gastric  juice,  they  may,  nevertheless,  bo  said  to  form 
a  simple  compound,  or  a  gastrite  of  aliment.  I  am  in- 
different about  terms ;  and  this  will  at  well  convey  my 
meaning  as  any  other.  When  this  gctstrite  is  introdu- 
ced into  the  duodenum,  and  mixed  with  the  hepatic  and 
pancreatic  fluids,  are  we  not  warranted,^ from  all  the 
facts  that  have  been  observed,  in  saying,  that  there  is  a 
general  play  of  chemical  affinities,  in  that  organ,  separ- 
ating the  nutrient  principles,  and  forming  various  new 
compounds  from  the  elements  of  each  ?  The  chymous 
mass  changes  its  color,  and  loses  its  acidity.  There  is 
a  sensible  extrication  of  gas,  as  observed  by  Mageridre, 
and  others.*  In  the  stomach,  oxygen  is  found  mixed 
with  a  small  proportion  of  hydrogen.  In  the  intestines, 
an  increased  proportion  of  hydrogen  exists,  with  car- 
bonic acid,  nitrogen,,  (fee. ;  but  no  oxygen.  Does  not  the 
acid  of  the  chyme  unite  with  the  alkalis  of  the  bile,  and 
form  new  compounds?  And  do  not  other  equally  im- 
portant changes  take  place?  This  subject,  I  confess,  is 
obscffre,  and  perhaps  will  not  admit  of  a  very  perfect 
investigation.  ^  's^ 

The  constant  agitation  which  is  maintained  in  the 
intestines,  preserves  the  chyle  in  a  state  of  perfect  ad- 
mixture with  the  other  fluids,  until  absorption  has  taken 
place.  By  standing  at  rest,  the  separation  mentioned 
above,  is  evident  and  perfect.  .  w 

*  The  escape  of  gas  waa  generally  obaerrable  in  mizipg  these  fluids 
with  chyme,  in  my  experiment! 


>*^ 


CIIYLIFICATION. 


v; 


113 


-*  It  has  been  supposed  that  the  mucus  of  the  intestines 
has  some  agency  in  the  formation  of  chylo.  But  1  am 
disposed  to  think,  witli  professor  Dunglison,  and  others, 
that  the  use  of  the  mucus  is  to  lubricate  the  internal 
coat  of  the  intestines,  and,  perhaps,  to  dilute  their  con- 
tents. 

It  has  been  suggested  that  digestion  can  be  perfected 
in  the  duodenum  and  lower  bowels,  when  the  food  has 
not  been  submitted  to  the  action  of  the  stomach  and  its 
fluids.  Ii\  two  experiments  by  Mogcndie,  one  failed, 
and  the  other  was  attended  with  partial  success.  Too 
much  reliance  ought  not  to  be  placed  on  experiments, 
that  require  such  severe  and  cruel  vivisections,  as  were 
resorted  to  in  these  cases.  It  is  possible,  as  suggested 
by  Dunglison,  that  the  presence  of  crude  aliment  in  the 
duodenum,  may  excite  the  discharge  of  gastric  juice  in 
the  stomach,  its  expulsion  into  the  duodenum,  and  its 
consequent  action  on  the  food,  before  it  is  affected  by 
the  bile  and  pancreatic  juice.  Or,  it  may  be  that  the 
upper  part  of  the  duodenum  is  furnished  with  vessels, 
which  secrete  a  fluid  similar  to  gastric  juice. 

Experiments  have  also  been  instituted  with  tho  «riew 
of  ascertaining,  whether  chyle>an  be  formed  without .' 
the  admixture  of  the  hepatic  and  pancreatic  fluids,  with 
various  results.     Brodie  ascertained,  by  tying  the  duc- 
tus communis  cholodochus  in  young  cats,  that  the  pro- 
cess of  chyliflcation  was  prevented,  and  that  no  chylo 
was  found  in  the  intestines.    Magendie,  Leuret  and  j 
Lassaigne,  on  tying  this  duct,  discovered  matter  of  '<  a  ^ 
rosy  yellow  color,"  which,  afibrded,  on  analysis,  thei 
same  constituents  of  chyle,  although  the  animals,  which  » 
were  the  subjects  of  the  operation,  hcui  been  kept  soma 
10» 


1 1 


vm- 


114 


PRELIMINARY  OBSERVATIONS. 


time  without  food.  There  is  certainly  an  apparent  dis- 
cordance in  these  reports.  But,  it  is  possible,  they  may 
be  explained,  and  reconciled.  %  It  is  well  known  that 
the  absorbents  are  active  during  a  protracted  fast,  (as 
in  these  last  experiments)  and  are  constantly  taking  up 
the  cellular  substance,  for  the  purpose  of  supplying  the 
blood  vessels  with  these  broken  up  solids  of  the  system. 
Emaciation  is  the  effect  of  absorption.  The  lacteals, 
like  other  absorbents,  have,  undoubtedly,  their  appro- 
priate stimulus;  but  if  that  be  withholden,  they  will 
feed  on  other  substances,  the  cellular  and  other  solid 
parts,  within  their  reach.  If  such  be  the  case,  it  will 
accoimt  for  the  rosy  colored  fluid,  found  in  the  lacteals, 
by  Magendie  and  others.  ,^ 


)}. 


;l. 


.■■M': 


EXPERIMENTS 


AND 


:.#■ 


OBSERVATIONS. 


'"'I.JA        (  j 


K«i^%.mj^'^*.^i^l|l»^^*■'•  i'"'^;-* 


'  J 


« 


■^''S'ltK' 


l>  •? 


■'.^' 


""if 


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4^ 


^.■n-:Hj  J 


-  r. 


EXPERIMENTS,  &C. 


iv^ 


FIRST  SERIES. 


Experiment  1. 

.  A'  s^ust  1,  1826.  At  12  o'clock,  M.,  I  introduced 
throug.i  the  perforation,  into  the  stomach,  the  following 
articles  of  diet,  suspended  by  a  oilk  string,  and  fastened 
at  proper  distances,  so  as  to  pass  in  without  pain — viz. 
a  piece  of  high  seasoned  a-la-mode  beef ;  a  piece  of 
raWy  salted^  fat  pork;  a  piece  of  raw^  salted^  lean 
beef ;  a  piece  of  boiled^  salted  beef ;  a  piece  of  stale 
bread;  and  a  bunch  of  ratr,  sliced  cabbage;  each 
piece  weighing  about  two  drachms ;  the  lad  continuing 
his  usual  employment  about  the  house. 

At  2  o'clock,  P.  M.,  withdrew  and  examined  them — 
found  the  cabbage  and  bread  about  half  digested :  the 
pieces  of  meat  unchanged.  Returned  them  into  the 
stomach. 

At  2  o'clock,  P.  M.,  withdrew  them  again — found  the 
cabbage,  bread,  pork  and  boiled  beef  all  cleanly  digested,* 

*  These  experimenta  are  inierted  here,  u  they  were  originally 
taken  down  in  my  Note>Book,  with  very  little  alteratioa  of  phraie. 
ology,  and  none  of  the  aense.  Subtiequent  experrmenta  have  aome- 
timea  convinced  me  of  errora  informer  onei.  When  thia  haa  been 
the  caae,  I  have  generally  made  the  correctiona  in  the  way  of  remarka,, 
or  obaervationa,  n  in  thta  experimeat. 


■/-^i;i^T  .-  ■",^j;-M','.  ■.".■;■  ■■■.•Lyi'?-irji;'''f'^''T"5ffll"-i 


118 


EXPERIMENTS  AND 


t)^' 


■% 


and  gone  from  the  string ;  the  other  pieces  of  meal 
but  very  little  affected..  Returned  them  into  the  stom- 
ach again. 

At  2  o'clock,  P.  M.,  eiamined  again — found  the  a-la- 
mode  beef  partly  digested :  the  rmo  beef  was  slightly 
macerated  on  the  surface,  but  its  general  texture  was 
firm  and  entire.  The  smell  and  taste  of  the  fluids  of  the 
stomach  was  slightly  rancid ;  and  the  boy  complained 
of  some  pain  and  uneasiness  at  the  breast.  Returned 
them  again. 

The  lad  complaining  of  considerable  distress  and  un- 
easiness at  the  stomach,  general  debility  and  lassitude, 
with  some  pain  in  his  head,  I  withdrew  the  string,  and 
found  the  remaining  portions  of  aliment  nearly  in  the 
same  condition  as  when  last  examined ;  the  fluid  more 
rancid  and  sharp.  The  boy  still  complaining,  I  did  not 
return  them  any  more. 

August  2.  The  distress  at  the  stomach  and  pain  ia 
the  head  coQtiiming,  accompanied  with  costiveness,  a 
depressed  pulse,  dry  skin,  coated  tongue,  and  numerous 
white  spots,  or  pustules,  resembling  coagulated  lympih, 
spread  over  the  inner  surface  of  the  stomach,  I  thought 
it  advisable  to  give  medicine ;  and  accordingly,  dropped 
into  the  stomach,  through  the  aperture,  half  a  dozea 
calomel  pillsj  four  or  five  grains  each  ;  which,  in  about 
three  hours,  had  a  thorough  cathartic  efiect,  and  remov- 
ed all  the  foregoing  symptoms,  and  the  diseased  ap- 
peatance  of  the  inner  coat  of  the  stomach.  The  efiect 
<  f  the  medicine  was  the  same  as  when  administered  in 
the  usual  way,  by  the  mouth  cind  oesophagus,  except 
the  nausea  commonly  occasioned  by  swallowing  pill&  , 


This  experiment  cannot  be  considered  a  fiiirtastof 


\iff\    -iW'.n.-»i 


■  -ir-^- ft  ■•-*-'-;-•»  ■■rwrvr 


"* 


""    '  ^  ^w*w\ 


bflSERVATIONS.    i 


119 


the  powers  of  the  gastric  juice.    The  cabbage,  one  of 
the  articles  which  was,  in  this  instance,  most  speedily 
dissolved,  was  cut  into  small,  fibrous  pieces,  very  thin, 
and  necessarily  exposed,   on  all  its  surfaces,  to  the 
action  of  the  gastric  juice.    The  stale  bread  was  porous, 
and,  of  course,   admitted  the  juice  into  all  its  inter- 
stices; and  probably  fell  from  the  string  as  soon  as 
softened,  and  before  it  was  completely  dissolved.   These 
circumstances  will  account  for  the  more  rapid  disappear- 
ance of  these  substances,  than  of  the  pieces  of  meat, 
which  were  in  entire  solid  pieces  when  put  in.    To 
account  for  the  disappearance  of  the  fat  pork,  it  is  only 
necessary  to  remark,  that  the  fat  of  meat  is  always  re- 
solved into  oil,  by  the  warmth  of  the  stomach,  before 
it  is  digested.    I  have  generally  observed  that  when 
he  has  fed  on  fat  meat  or  butter,  the  whole  superior 
portion  of  the  contents  of  the  stomach,  if  examined  a 
short  time  after  eating,  will  be  found  covered  with  an 
oily  pellicle.    This  fact  may  account  for  a  disappear- 
ance of  the  pork  from  the  string.    I  think,  upon  the 
whole,  and  subsequent  experiments  have  confirmed  th0» 
opinion,  that  fats  meats  are  less  easily  digested  than 
lean,  when  both  have  received  the  same  advantages  of" 
comminution.     Generally  speaking,  the  looser  the  tex- 
ture, and  the  more  tender  the  fibre  of  animal  food,  the  I 
easier  it  is  of  digestion.  ^^ 

This  experiment  is  important,  in  a  pathological  point 
of  view.    It  confirms  the  opinion,  that  undigested  por-  * 
tions  of  food  in  the  stomach  produce  all  the  phenomena 


it 


M 

'^■S^ 


*.  :^ 


f. 


0 


-'.  ♦! 


k 


120 


EXPERIMENTS  AND 


* 


of  fever ;  and  is  calculated  to  warn  us  of  the  dtinger  of  all 
excesses,  where  that  organ  is  concerned.  It  also  ad- 
monishes us  of  the  necessity  of  a  perfect  comminution 
of  the  articles  of  diet. 

Experiment  2. 

Aug.  7.  At  11  o'clock,  A.  M.,  after  having  kept  the 
lad  fasting,  for  seventeen  hours,  I  introduced  the  glass 
tube  of  a  thermometer  (Fahrenheit's)  through  the  per- 
foration, into  the  stomach,  nearly  the  whole  length  of 
the  stem,  to  ascertain  the  natural  warmth  of  the  stom- 
ach. In  fifteen  minutes,  or  less,  the  mercury  rose  to 
100®,  and  there  remained  stationary.  This  I  determin- 
ed by  marking  the  height  of  the  mercury  on  the  glass, 
with  ink,  as  it  stood  in  the  stomach,  and  then  withdraw- 
ing it,  and  placing  it  on  the  graduated  scale  again. 

I  now  introduced  a  gum-elastic  (caoutchouc)  tube,  and 
drew  oflf  one  ounce  of  pure  gastric  liquor,  unmixed  with 
any  other  matter,  except  a  small  proportion  of  mucus, 
into  a  three  ounce  vial.  I  then  took  a  solid  piece  of 
boiled^  recently  salted  beeff  weighing  three  drachms,  and 
put  it  into  the  liquor  in  the  vial;  corked  the  vial  tight, 
and  placed  it  in  a  saucepan,  filled  with  water,  raised 
to  the  temperature  of  100®,  and  kept  at  that  point,  on 
a  nicely  regulated  sand  bath.  In  forty  minutes  diges- 
tion had  distinctly  commenced  over  the  surface  of  the 
meat.  In  Jifty  minutes  the  fluid  had  become  quite 
opaque  and  cloudy ;  the  external  texture  began  to  sepa- 
rate and  become  loose.  In  sixty  minutes,  chyme  began 
to  form.  .  , 

■     At  X  o'clock,  P.  M.,  (digestiott  hi^ving  progressed  with 


r\. 


OBSERVATIONS. 


■  mfm 


yi 


the  same  regularity  as  in  the  last  half  hour,)  the  cellu- ' 
lar  texture  seemed  to  be  entirely  destroyed,  leaving  the 
muscular  fibres  loose  and  uncoimected,  floating  about 
in  fine  small  shreds,  very  tender  and  soft.  ^ 

•  At  3  o'clock,  the  muscular  fibres  had  diminished  one 
half,  since  last  examination,  at  1  o'clock. 

At  5  o'clock,  they  were  nearly  all  digested ;    a  few 
fibres  only  remaining.  . 

•  At  7  o'clock,  the  muscular  texture  was  completely  bro- 
ken down ;  and  only  a  few  of  the  small  fibres  floating  in 
the  fluid. 

At  9  o'clock,  every  part  of  the  meat  was  completely 
diGTCSted.  - 

■^    Th       .sfric  juice,  when  taken  from  the  stomach,  was 
as  clcii   and  transparent  as  water.     The  mixture  in  the 
vial  was  now  about  the  colour  of  whey.     After  stand-^i 
ing  at  rest  a  few  minutes,  a  fine  sediment,  of  the  color 
of  the  meat,  subsided  to  the  bottom  of  the  vial. 


t^ 


in' 


■4 


Experiment  3. 


n 


At  the  same  time  that  I  commenced  the  foregoing  ex»" 
pcriment,  I  suspended  a  piece  of  beef,  exactly  similar  to 
that  in  the  vial,  (Ex.  2d)  into  the  stomach,  through  the 
%perture. 

/    At  12  o'clock,  M.,  withdrew  it,  and  found  it  about  as 
tmuch  aflfected  by  digestion  as  that  in  the  vial ;  there 
was  little  or  no  diflcrcnce  in  their  appearance,    lleturn- 
yjd  it  again. 

'■     At  1  o'clock,  P.  M.,.  I  drew  out  the  string ;  but  the 
*meat  was  all  completely  digested,  and  gone. 

The  eflfect  of  the  gastric  juice  on  the  piece  of  meat, 
*  suspended  in  the  stomach,  was  exactly  similar  to  that 
11  ■^:-:-^-- 


122 


>  > 


EXPERIMENTS  AND 


'\- 


in  the  vial,  only  more  rapid  after  the  first  half  hour,  and 
sooner  completed.  Digestion  commenced  on,  and  was 
confined  to,  the  surface  entirely,  in  both  situations. 
Agitation  accelerated  the  solution  in  the  vial,  by  re- 
moving the  coat  that  was  digested  on  the  surface ;  en- 
veloping the  remainder  of  the  meat  in  the  gastric  fluid; 
and  giving  this  fluid  access  to  the  undigested  portions. 


Experiment  4> 


I-'JB'w 


■#■ 


»  Aug.  8.  At  9  o'clock,  A.  M.,  I  drew  oflf  an  ounce  and 
a  half  of  gastric  juice,  into  a  three  ounce  vial }  suspend- 
ed two  pieces  of  boiled  chicken,  from  the  breast  and  back, 
into  it,  and  pla<5ed  it  in  the  same  situation  and  temper- 
ature as  in  the  second  experiment ;  observing  the  same 
regularity  and  minuteness* 

Digestion  commenced  and  progressed  much  the  same, 
as  in  the  second  experiment,  but  rather  slower;  the  " 
fowl  appearing  to  be  more  difiicult  of  digestion  than  the 
^  Jlesh.  The  texture  of  the  chicken  being  closer  than 
that  of  the  heef  the  gastric  juice  appeared  not  to  insin- 
uate itself  into  the  interstices  of  the  muscular  fibre,  so 
readily  as  into  the  beef ;  but  operated  entirely  upon  the 
outer  surface,  dissolving  it  as  a  piece  of  gum  arabic  is 
dissolved  in  the  mouthy  until  the  last  particle  was  digest- 
ed. 

The  color  of  the  fluid,  after  digesting  the  chicken, 
was  of  a  greyish  white,  and  more  resembled  a  milky 
fluid  than  whey,  which  was  the  color  of  the  chyme 
from  the  beef. 

The  contents  of  both  vials,  kept  perfectly  tight,  re- 
mained tree  from  any  foetor,  acidity,  or  oflensive  smell 


'  *'      ■■■'   ff 


mm 


^m^ 


OBSERVATIONS. 


123 


or  taste,  from  the  time  of  the  experiments,  (7th  and  8th 
August,)  to  the  6th  of  September ;  at  which  time,  that 
containing  the  solution  of  boiled  beef,  became  very- 
offensive  and  putrid  ;  while  that  containing  the  chyme 
from  the  boiled  chicken,  was  perfectly  bland  and  sweet. 
Both  we  kept  in  exactly  similar  situations. 

It  is  perhaps  unnecessary  to  make  any  comments  on 
the  result  of  the  above  experiments.  Each  one  will 
make  up  his  opinion  from  the  facts.  These  demonstrate, 
at  least,  that  the  stomach  secretes  a  fluid  which  pos- 
sesses solvent  properties.  The  change  in  the  solid  sub- 
stances is  effected  too  rapidly  to  be  accounted  for  on  the 
principle  of  either  maceration  or  putrefaction.  I  ishall 
be  able  to  show,  in  some  of  the  following  experiments, 
that  aliment  undergoes  the  same  changes  in  the  stom- 
.  ach,  as  is  effected  in  the  mode  here  adopted. 


ti 


The  young  man  who  was  the  subject  of  these  exper- 
iments, left  me  about  this  time,  (September,  1825,)  and 
went  to  Canada,  the  place  of  his  former  residence.    The 
i  experiments  were  consequently  suspended. 


-•-6 


m 


m 


-«£hx .  jieaaBC;..R!^i£.. 


$ 


•.#l*i'?!^ 


EXPERIMENTS,  &C. 


SECOND  SERIES. 


Fort  Crawford,  Upper  Mississippi, 
June,  20th,  1828. 

Alexis  St.  Martin  having  returned  from  Canada,  after 
an  absence  of  nearly  four  years,  with  his  stomach  in 
the  skme,  or  very  similar  condition,  as  when  he  left  me 
in  September,  1825, 1  continued  to  prosecute  the  gastric 
experiments,  which  were  commenced  before  he  left  me. 

L 
•  With  a  view  (o  ascertain  the  variations  of  tempera- 
ture, if  any  there  were,  in  the  interior  ol  the  stomach, 
under  different  circumstances  and  conditions  of  the  sys- 
tem, and  vicissitudes  of  the  atmosphere,  I  instituted  the 
following  experiments. 


Experiment  1. 

Dec.  6,  1829.    At  9  o'clock,  A.  M.,  I  introduced  the 
glass  tube  of  a  thenptometer  (Fahrenheit's)  through  the 


126 


SXPSaiMENTS  AMD 


artificial  opening  into  the  stomach,  in  a  healthy  and 
empty  condition,  nearly  the  whole  length  of  the  stem. 
*  In  six  or  eight  minutes,  the  mercury  became  stationary, 
at  98  deg.  Weather  cloudy,  damp,  and  almost  raining 
' — ground  wet,  muddy  and  thawing.  Wind  S.  and  mild. 
Thermometer,  in  a  North  exposure,  63  deg.  Com- 
menced raining  at  11  o'clock^  A.  M.,  and  continued  all 
day,  with  oppressive  atmosphere. 

Experhnent  2. 

Dec.  7.    Introduced  thermometer  at  the  same  hour  as 
yesterday — circumstances  of  stomach  the  same.    Mer- 
cury at  98  deg.    Weather  cloudy — Atmosphere  damp — 
.  Wind  N.  W.  and  light— Th.  27  deg. 


Experiment  3.  , 

Dec.  8.     Introduced  thermometer  at  9  o'clock,  A.  M. 
— circumstances  of  stomach  same  as  yesterday.     Mer- 
cury stationary  at  99  deg.    Weather  clear — Atmosphere 
*  :*   dry— Wind  S.  W.  and  light— Th.  13  deg. 


Experiment  4. 

Dec.  9.  Introduced  thermometer  at  9  o'clock,  A.  M. 
— circumstances  similar.  Mercury  stationary  at  99  deg. 
Weather  clear — ^Atmosphere  dry — Wind  W.  and  light 
— Th.  10  deg. 

Experiment  B.  . 

Jan.  24, 1830.    Introduced  thermometer  at  3  o'clock, 


% 


■'^ 


^^WP 


-r't 


0B1ERVATI0N8. 


197 


P.  M.  Weather  clear  and  cold— Th.  8  deg.  below  zero 
— Wind  N.  W.  and  light — stomach  empty,  and  coats 
healthy.    Murcury  stationary  at  100  deg. 

Experiment  6. 

Jan.  25.  Introduced  thermometer  at  8  o'clock,  A.  M. 
Weather  clear— Wind  S.  W.  and  light— Th.  2  dog.— 
Stomach  empty.     Mercury  stationary  at  100  deg. 

At  10  o'clock,  A.  M.,  (one  hour  after  eating  a  break- 
fast of  pork  and  bread,)  introduced  thermometer  again. 
Mercury  stationary  at  100  deg.,  as  at  9  o'clock,  before 
eating. 


Experiment  7 

March  17.  At  10  o'clock,  A.  M.,  introduced  ther- 
mometer. Weather  rainy  and  foggy — Wind  S.  W.  and 
light — Th.  38  deg. — Stomach  empty,  having  eaten  noth- 
ing since  7  o'clock  last  evening.  Mercury  stationary  at 
99  deg. 


** 

vj 


Experiment  8. 

March  18.  At  8  o'clock,  A.  M.,  introduced  thermom- 
eter. Mercury  stationaiy  at  100  deg.  Weather  clear 
—Wind  N.  W.— Th.  6  deg. 

At  9  o'clock,  breakfasted  on  meat,  biscuit  and  butter, 
with  coffee.  Temperature  of  the  stomach,  immediately 
before  eating,  100  deg. ;  thirty  minutes  after  finishing 
breakfast  the  temperature  had  risen  to  102  deg.  Diges- 
tion rapidly  advancing. 


W-i'< 


.At  M, 


I. 


■:;  VI 


"> 


,.»^'- 


128 


SXPXRIMENTS  AND 


1 " 


it  appears,  from  tho  foregoing  exporimonts,  that  the 
variations  of  the  atmosphere  produce  cfTects  upon  tho 
temperature  of  the  stomach ;  a  dry  atmosphere  increas- 
ing, and  a  humid  one  diminishing  it.  What  would  bo  tho 
effect  of  copious  perspiration,  in  warm  weather,  on  the 
temperature  of  the  stomach  ?  Would  that  of  the  interior 
of  this  organ  be  lessened  by  evaporation  ?  I  regret  that 
sufficient  experiments  hftvo  not  been  made,  fully  to  sat- 
isfy these  inquiries.  From  one  or  two  experiments,  it 
would  seem,  that  the  heat  of  the  stomach  was  increased 
during  the  active  period  of  digestion.  This,  however, 
was  probably  owing  to  er.ercise,  immediately  after  eat- 
ing, though  not  particularly  observed  and  noted  at  tho 
time.  Subsequent  experiments  have  not  shown  this  re- 
sult. On  the  contrary,  the  temperature  has  been  found 
to  be  tho  same,  in  its  full  and  empty  state. 

The  ordinary  temperature  of  the  healthy  stomach, 
may  be  fairly  estimated  at  100  deg.,  Fahrenheit.  Some 
allowance  ought,  probably,  to  be  made,  in  these  experi- 
ments, for  imperfect  instruments.  It  appears,  from  sub- 
sequent examinations,  that  there  is  probably  some  differ- 
ence of  temperature  in  different  regions  of  the  stomach, 
it  being  higher  at  the  pyloric  than  at  the  splenic  end. 
See  subsequent  experiments  and  observations. 


^iJf: 


^s^^mL 


*ift.i.-  ■  f 


■^pp 


^^^ 


40II8EBVATI0NI. 


129 


To  ascertain  whether  the  gastric  juice  bo  accumulated 
in  the  stomach,  during  poric/uK  of  fasting,  or  even  from 
the  immediate  and  direct  influence  of  hunger,  I  made 
the  following  experiments. 

.•^ 

Experiment  9. 

'  Dec,  6,  1829.  At  8  o'clock,  A  M.,  after  twelve  hours 
abstinence  from  cither  food  or  drinks,  I  introduced,  at 
the  porforation,  a  gum-clastic  tul)o,  and  drew  ofTa  drachm 
or  two  only  of  the  gastric  juice.  There  was  no  accumu- 
lation in  the  stomach. 


Ex-perimcnt  10, 

Dec.  12.     At  3  o'clock,  P.  M.,  introduced  tube — could^ 
procure  two  or  three  drachms  only — this  was  secreted 
on  the  irritation  of  the  tube.    Stomach  contained  none ' 
in  a  free  state. 


^'-  ^^.w^ 


Experiment  11. 

Dec.  14.  At  10  o'clock,  P.  M.,  after  eighteen  hours 
fasting,  introduced  tube,  and  drew  off  one  and  a  half 
ounces  of  gastric  juice.  It  was  clear,  and  almost  trans- 
parent ;  tasted  a  little  saltish  and  acid,  when  applied  to 
the  tongue,  similar  to  thin  mucilage  of  gum  arable, 
slightly  acidulated  with  muriatic  acid.  There  was  no 
accumulation  in  the  stomach  when  the  tube  was  intro* 
duced. 


'>';'».■"?" 


•»1 


130 


EXPERIMENTS  AND 


Experiment  12. 

March  13,  1830.  At  10  o'clock,  A.  M.— stomach 
empty — introduced  tube ;  but  was  unable  to  obtain  any 
gastric  juice.  On  the  application  of  a  few  crumbs  of 
bread  to  the  inner  surface  of  the  stomach,  the  juice  began 
slowly  to  accumulate,  and  flow  through  the  tube.  The 
crumbs  of  bread  adhered  to  the  mucous  coat,  soon  be- 
came soft,  and  began  to  dissolve  and  digest.  On  view- 
ing the  villous  membrane  before  applying  the  bread 
crumbs,  the  mucous  coat  and  subjacent  follicles  only, 
could  be  observed ;  but  immediately  afterwards,  small, 
sharp  papilla;,  and  minute  lucid  points,  situated  in  the 
interstices  of,  and  less  than,  the  mucous  follicles,  became 
visible  ;  from  which  exuded  a  clear,  transparent  liquor. 
It  then  began  to  run  through  the  tube. 

Experiment  13. 

March  18.  At  6  o^clock,  P.  M.,  after  fasting  from  8 
o'clock,  A.  M.,  introduced  tube — obtained  one  and  a  half 
ounces  gastric  juice;  after  having  kept  up  the  irritation, 
by  moving  the  tube  from  point  to  point,  for  twelve  or 
fifteen  minutes.  No  accumulation  of  free  juice  in  the 
stomach. 

Experiment  14, 

Jan.  26.  1S31.  At  9  o'clock,  A.  M.— stomach  empty 
— extracted  one  ounce  gastric  juice,  slowly  through  the 
tube,  with  the  usual  admixture  of  mucus.  Introduced 
food,  and  it  began  directly  to  flow  more  freely  through 
the  tube. 


,# 


ifii^-.- 


^  /^ 


•^ 


'mrtm 


ir 


^Ti 


OBSERVATIONS. 


131 


Experiment  16. 

Jan.  27.  At  8  o'clock,  A.  M. — stomach  empty— intro- 
duced elastic  tube,  and  obtained  one  and  a  half  drachms 
of  gastric  juice,  by  very  slow  distillation.  Applied 
crumbs  of  bread  to  the  villous  coat,  and  the  juice  began 
immediately  to  flow  freely  through  the  tube. 

Experiment  16. 

March  6.  At  8  o'clock,  A.  M.,  extracted  two  ounces 
gastric  juice,  and  added  it  to  two  ounces  of  Madeira 
wine.  No  visible  change  was  produced — no  '^oagula; 
formed.  They  united,  like  pure  water  and  wine.  Heat 
produced  no  other  effect. 

Experiment  17. 

March  7.     At  6  o'clock,  P.  M. — stomach  empty — 
extracted  one  and  a  half  ounces  of  juice,  and  mixed  it  .  i  ^ 
with  the  i^ame  ruantity  of  Jamuica  spirits.    Effect 
same  as  with  wine. 

Experiment  18. 

March  8.  At  8  o'clock,  A.  M. — stomach  empty — 
extracted  one  and  a  half  ounces  of  gastric  juice. 


Experiment  19. 

March  12.  At  9  o'clock,  A.  M. — stomach  empty* — 
extracted  one  and  a  half  ounces  of  gastric  juice.  Put 
this  in  a  bottle. 


^'    ^,^:.- 


■*»- 

''¥■.■ 


■'•i'^ 


P«|^I|IIIJ.«IPVIII  il    ) 


132 


'».'  i 


J.I 


EXPERIMENTS   AND 


Experiment  20. 


March  13.     At  11  o'clock,  A.  M. — stomach  empty — 

extracted  two  ounces  of  juice.  '      v:        /■-         , ; 


V'if-'l   ' 


Experiment  21. 


f^:"\'T,i.!,  ■ 


March  14.    At  12  o'clock,  M. — stomach  empty— ex- 
tracted two  ounces  of  juice. 

Experiment  22. 

March  15.     At  4  o'clock  P.  M. — stomach  empty — ex- 
tracted one  and  a  half  oiuiccs  gastric  juide. 


Experiment  23.  '^ 

March  16.  At  5  o'clock^  P.  M.,  introduced  tube — could 
obtain  no  clear  gastric  juice.  A  little  acrid  fluid  and 
frothy  mucus,  only,  could  be  extracted.  Villous  mem- 
brane red  and  dry.  St.  Martin  complained  of  some  head 
ache,  pain  and  distress  about  the  scrobiculus  cordis,  las- 
situde and  loss  of  appetite.  Directed  him  to  take  half 
an  ounce  of  tincture  of  aloes  and  myrrh,  at  9  o'clock, 
P.  M.  This  moved  his  bowels  several  times  next 
morning.  Little  or  no  change  Avas  apparent  in  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  inner  coat  of  the  stomach  5  if  any,  it 
was  a  little  more  moist,  and  a  shade  paler,  after  the 
operation  of  the  tincture.  Gastric  juice  could  again  be 
obtained,  but  in  less  than  usual  quantity. 

It  would  seem,  from  the  preceding  experiments,  that 
the  stomach  contains  no  gastric  juice,  in  a  free  state, 


:',  ;^-- 


,*!*'•■ 


.€ 


.OBfEBVATIONfl. 


133 


tirhen  alimeMt  is  not  present.  Any  digestible  or  irrita- 
ting substance,  when  applied  to  the  internal  coat,  ex* 
cites  the  action  of  the  gastric  vessels.  Hence,  I  infer 
that  the  fluid,  in  these  experimenfs,  was  incited  to  dis- 
charge itself  by  the  irritation  of  the  tube  used  in  ex- 
tracting it. 

If,  as  is  contended  for  by  some,  a  part  of  the  fluid  be  . 
discharged  into  the  stomach  during  a  fast,  I  see  no  rea- 
son why  nature  should  withhold  the  other  part.    If  we 
may  be  allowed  to  argue,  independent  of  more  certain 
data,  one  great  objection  to  the  opinion  that  the  stom- 
i|ch  contains  gastric  juice,  in  a  free  state,  when  food  is 
withholden  from  it,  exists  in  the  danger  of  its  passing 
out  through  the  pyloric  orifice ;  and  thus  depriving  the 
succeeding  meal  of  the  benefit  of  its  solvent  action.    It 
is  probable  that  the  pyloric  orifice  opposes  no  resistance 
to  Its  egress ;  but  is  obedient  to  its  summons.    In  this 
way  we  may  account  for  its  admitting  chyme,  which  i^ 
an  admixture,  or  rather,  combination,  of  gastric  juice 
and  food,  to  obey  the  expulsive  motions  of  the  stomach, 
and  pass  out.    They  both  appear  to  excite  the  peculiar 
contraction  of  the  pyloric  end  of  the  stomach,  mention- 
ed in  a  former  part  of  this  work.    Besides,  there  would 
be  danger  of  the  gastric  juice  being  weakened,  by  the 
introduction  of  large  quantities  of  water,  or  other  fluids, 
in  the  intervals  of  eating,*  and  thus  lose  its  energy,  and 
concentrated  solvent  properties. 
The  last  ^xpefiment  has  considerable  pathological 

12 


hM 


'igU 


*  % 


134 


EXPERIIHENTS  AND 


importance.  In  febrile  diathesis,  very  little  or  no  gas- 
tric juice  is  secreted.  Hence,  the  importance  of  with- 
holding food  from  the  stomach  in  febrile  complaints.  It 
can  afford  no  nurishment ;  but  is  actually  a  source  of 
irritation  to  that  organ,  and,  consequently,  to  the  whole 
system.  No  solvent  can  be  secreted  under  these  cir- 
cumstances ;  and  food  is  as  insoluble  in  the  stomach, 
as  lead  would  be  under  ordinary  circumstances. 


f/- 


The  following,  and  most  of  the  subsequent  experi- 
ments of  this  series,  were  instituted  with  the  view  of 
ascertaining  the  relative  difference  between  wa/wraZ  and 
artificial  digestion  ;  to  demonstrate  the  performance  of 
digestion  out  of  the  stomach,  by  the  gastric  juice ;  and, 
also,  the  continuation  of  the  natural  process,  when 
taken  out  during  the  period  of  chymification. 


Experiment  24. 

Dec.  14,  1829.  At  1  o'clock,  P.  M.,  I  took  one  and  a 
half  ounces  of  gastric  juice,  fresh  from  the  stomach,  af- 
ter eighteen  hours  fasting,  into  an  open  mouthed  vial — 
put  into  it  twelve  drachms  recently  salted  beef  (boiled) 
and  placed  it  in  a  basin  of  water,  on  a  sand  bath,  and 
kept  it  at  about  10Q°  (Fahreulieit,)  with  frequent,  gen- 
tly agitation.  Digestion  commenced,  in  a  short  time, 
on  the  surface  of  the  meat,  and  progressed  in  that  man- 
m/ettinifdrmly  for  about  six  hours,  when  its  solvent  ac- 
tion seemed  to  cease*  The  meat  was  at  this  time,  near- 


OBSERVATIONS. 


m 


ly  half  dissolved ;  the  texture  of  the  central  portion  con-  • 
siderably  loosened  and  tender,  resembling  the  same 
kind  of  aliment  when  ejected,  partly  digested,  from  the 
stomach,  some  hours  after  being  swallowed,  as  frequent- 
ly seen  in  cases  of  indigestion. 

The  vial,  continuing  in  the  same  situation,  its  con- 
tents varied  considerable  in  their  sensible  qualities.  In 
twenty-four  hours,  the  digested  portion  separated  into  a 
reddish  brown  precipitate,  and  whey  colored  fluid. 

I  now  separated  the  undigested  from  the  chymous 
portion,  by  filtration,  through  thin  mushn.  When 
squeezed  dry,  it  weighed  five  drachms,  two  scruples, 
and  eight  grains,  which,  deducted  for  the  twelve  drachms 
of  meat  put  in  at  first,  leaves  six  drachms  and  twelve 
grains,  digested  in  twelve  fluid-drachms  of  gastric  juice.. 
^  This  experiment  was  conduci  id  with  as  much  pre- 
cision and  integrity'  of  observation  as  possible,  with  the 
temperature  of  the  digesting  bath  kept  as  near  blood 
heat  as  was  practicable  to  regulate  and  continue  artifi- 
cial warmth — the  Thermometer  varying,  during  the ; 
time,  from  90°  to  100°. 

In  this  experiment,  it  appears,  that  it  took  twelve 
drachms  of  gastric  juice  to  digest  six  drachms  and 
twelve  grains  of  aliment.  No  certain  rule  can,  how- 
ever, be  given.  Allowance  must  be  made  for  the  puri-  ^ 
ty  of  the  fluid,  or  its  admixture  with  mucus  and  other 
secretions ;  for  it  is  altogether  probable  that  there  are 
great  variations  in  it,  in  this  respect,  as  well  as  in  all 
the  other  secretions  of  the  system.  It  is  probable,  also, 
that  diflerent  kinds  of  diet  require  different  proportions 
of  gastric  juice  for  their  solution.    That  its  action  is. 


^ 


A 


'\ 


136 


E3CPERIMEKTS  AMD 


'  similar  to  that  of  other  chemical  agents  I  have  no  doubt. 
A  given  quantity  of  the  fluid  acts  on  a  definite  propor- 
tion of  aliment,  when  it  becomes  saturated,  and  is  iu- 
i\dequate  to  produce  any  further  eflfect.  There  is  always 
disturbance  of  the  stomach  when  more  food  has  been 
received  than  there  is  gastric  juice  to  act  upon  it. 

% 

Experiment  25. 

December  1^  At  2  o'clock,  P.  M. — Twenty  minutes 
;  after  having  eaten  an  ordinary  dinner  of  boiled,  salted 
beef,  bread,  potatoes  and  turnips,  and  drank  a  gill  only 
of  pure  water,  I  took  from  his  stomach,  through  the 
artificial  opening,  a  gill  of  the  contents,  into  an  open 
mouthed  viaK  Digestion  had  evidently  commenced, 
and  was  perceptibly  progressing,  at  the  time.  This 
vial  and  contents  were  immediately  placed  in  a  basin 
of  water,  on  the  sand  bath,  at  90°  or  100*^,  and  con^ 
tinned  there  for  five  hours. 

The  digestion  of  the  contents  continued  to  progress, 
until  all  was  completely  chymified. 
r»  At  7  o'clock— five  hours  after  eating  his  dinner — I 
took  out  a  gill  of  pure  chyme  *,  no  particles  of  undigest- 
ed food  appearing  in  the  mixture. 

Very  little  differenre  was  perceptible  between  this 
last  parcel  and  that  in  the  vial,  digesting  on  the  bath. 
The  stomach  had  digested  a  little  faster  and  more  per- 
fectly than  the  vial. 

In  this  experiment,  it  seems,  that  a  quantity  of  ali- 
ment, taken  out  of  the  stomach  twenty  minutes  after 


t'  •:■„.   y 


OBSERVATIONS. 


m 


having  been  eaten,  had  a  sufficient  admixture  of  gas- . 
trie  juice  to  ensure  its  perfect  digestion  when  placed  on 
the  bath.  An  ordinary  moderate  meal,  taken  into  a 
healthy  stomach,  is  sooner  disposed  of  than  most  physi- 
ologists arc  aware  of;  and  in  this  case,  it  is  probable 
that  a  sufficient  quantity  of  gastric  juice  had  been  se- 
creted in  twenty  minutes,  to  digest  the  whole  quantity 
of  aliment  in  the  stomach.  AVhen  a  larger  quantity  has 
been  received,  though  the  powers  of  the  stomach  may 
be  sufficient,  ultimately  to  dispose  of  it,  it  would  un- 
doubtedly be  found  that  a  portion  taken  from  the  stom- 
ach a  few  minutes  after  having  been  eaten,  would  not 
contain  a  sufficient  quantity  of  gastric  juice  to  digest  it 
perfectly.  It  is  possible  that  the  portion  presented  at 
the  perforation  may  be  in  a  more  advanced  stage  of 
digestion,  than  the  rest  of  the  mass,  and  consequently 
lighter,  and  float  on  the  surface  of  the  more  solid  por- 
tions of  the  food.  In  ordinary  cases,  such  would  be 
found  to  be  the  case ;  but  when  much  fat  meat  or  oily 
food  has  been  used,  the  oil  always  maintains  an  ascen- 
dency in  the  gastric  cavity. 

Experiment  26. 

Jan,  11,  1830.  At  3  o'clock,  P.  M.,  dined  on  bread 
and  ei^ht  ounces  of  recently  salted^  lean  heef^  four 
ounces  of  potatoes,  and  four  ounces  of  turnips,  boiled. 
In  fifteen  minutes,  took  out  a  portion  of  the  contents  of 
the  stomach.  The  m^at  made  its  appearance,  in  an 
incipiant  stage  of  digestion, 
12' 


9L. 


138 


EXPERIMENTS  AND 


At  3  o'clock,  46  minutes,  took  out  another  portion. 
The  meat  and  bread  only  appeared,  in  a  still  more 
advanced  stage  of  digestion. 

The  texture  of  the  meat  was,  at  this  time,  broken  in- 
to small  shreds,  soft  and  pulpy,  and  the  fluid  containing 
it  had  become  more  opaque,  and  quite  gruel-like,  or 
rather,  glutinous,  in  appearance. 

I  put  this  second  parcel  in  a  vial,  and  placed  it  in 
water,  on  the  sand  bath,  at  the  temperature  of  the 
stomach,  |(100^  Fahrenheit,)  as  indicated  by  the  ther- 
mometer immediately  preceding  its  extraction,  and  con- 
tinued it  there. 

At  5  o'clock,  took  out  another  quantity.  Digestion 
lilid  advanced  in  about  the  same  ratio  as  from  the  first 
to  the  second  time  of  extracting;  and  when  compared 
with  the  second  parcelj  contained  in  the  vial  on  the 
bath,  littlo  or  no  difference  could  be  perceived  in  them; 
both  were  nearly  in  the  same  stage  of  digestion..  That 
contained  in  the  vial  had  advanced  regularly  and  rapid* 
ly ;  nearly  all  the  particles  of  meat  had  disappeared^ 
become  chymified,  and  changed  into  a  reddish  brown 
sediment,  suspended  in  the  more  fluid  parts,  with  small 
particles,  resembling  loose,  white  coagulte,  floating  abom 
near  the  surface. 

On  taking  out  the  third  parcel,  small  pieces  of  vege- 
tables appeared,  in  a  partial  stage'  of  digestion.  This 
was  also  put  into  a  vial,  and  placed  on  a  bath,, with  the 
second  parcel,  and  the  same  uniform  temperature  (100°) 
kept  up,  with  frequent,  gentle  agitation. 

At  6  o'clock,  P.  M.,  digestion  had  progressed  equally 
in  both.  The  only  difference  to  be  seen,  was  the  par- 
ticles of  vegetables,  in  a  less  advanced  stage  than  the 
meat 


ODSEBVATIOirsri 


I'm 


The  contents  of  both  vials,  kept  on  the  bath,  and 
nearly  in  the<  same  temperature,  until  the  next  morning, 
were  completely  digested,  except  the  few  small  parti- 
cles of  vegetables,  which  remained  almost  entire. 

The  contents  of  the  vials,  at  this  time,  were  of  th# 
consistence  of  thin  jelly,  and  of  a  lightish  brown  color; 
tasting  peculiarly  insipid,  saltish  and  acid.  After  stand- 
ing at  rest  awhile,  the  brownish  sediment  subsided  to- 
wards the  bottom,  while  small  particles  of  whitish  coir 
ored,  loose  coagulee  floated  about  in  the  fluid  above. 
The  undigested  particles  of  vegetables  settled  to  the 
bottom. 

In  the  Preliminary  Observations,  I  have  endeavor- 
ed to  maintain  the  proposition,  that  chyme  is  homage' 
neous  in  its  properties. .  It  would  seem  from  this  and 
some  other  experiments,  that  it  contains  a  sediment. 
This,  however,  it  is  believed,  does  not  militate  against 
its  homogeneous  character.  Many  substances,  that 
are  generally  acknowledged  to  possess  this  charac- 
ter, deposit  a  sediment,  on  standing.  The  heavier 
parts  subside,  of  course.  It  is  not-  necessary  to  cite  ex- 
amples. It  is  possible,  also,  that  mixed  food  contains 
some  adventitious,  indigestible  substances,  which  are 
not  afiected  by  the  gastric  juice. 

This  experiment  (26th)  demonstrates  the  comparative 
digestibility  of  animal  and  vegetable  diet.  In  extract- 
icg  two  parcels,  one  in  fifteen  minutes  and  the  other 
in  three  quarters  of  an  hour,  the  meat  only  made  itg 
appearance,  partially  digested.  In  taking  out  a  third 
portion,  at  5  o'clock,  t^^ro  hours  after  having  eaten,  imaU 


tid 


RXPBRtMRIf  rt  ANt) 


pttttlclos  of  vrcgctable  made  Iheir  rtppcrtroiico*  This  tx 
perlnvt^nl  uppoftrw  toconrtnti  the  opinion,  prptty  grnoml- 
\y  iMttndfHniHl  !)y  mt?diortl  lUfln,  llmt  vogotrt1»l(!«  mo  Ipnr 
onslly  dlspowiMl  of  hy  the  grtMrlr.  otgrtnn,  tl»nn  nnininl  nr 
frtHnnoi^otJs  milmtnnces.  With  dyNpnplli^s  thi«  is  im- 
donhlodly  tmo,  ns  ox|w«rinnco«vory  ilt\y  t»«nr!»pN  ns ;  nmt 
i\8  thcit  Btonvfxdis  have  t!»ostiiMf»  orgnniKMinn as  othiMf«, 
ttto  gt)VPvnod  hy  the  Banic  geneiol  laws,  ami  aio  only 
moiliflpil  t>y  <lr1)ility  oi*  dispasp,  th»3  conphtsloii  is  nattt- 
ml,  tlnU  (hny  ?ihonld  apt  on  alinuMtt  in  tlm  satno  man- 
ner, in  pmportion  to  their  Bln^igth,  that  the  heallhy 
BtxMnneh  does* 

It  may  ho  inferred  tmm  this  experiment,  thnt  the 
more  pevicctly  cliymifted  portiyiw  of  food  rise  to  the  bi\- 
perior  part  of  the  stonmch,  as  stiggested  in  a  ptoviouB 
observation,  and  are  eonseqnently  exposed  at  the  per- 
foration, fi'om  whetice  pai'cels  ai-e  taken  for  cxperimtMit 
and  examination* 


Afmxh  17.  At  VZ  o'clock,  M. — Drank  half  a  t)int  of 
miik\  In  Tirteen  minntes,  took  a  [wrtion  out  of  the 
stomach,  in  a  line,  loosely  coagulated  condition,  per- 
fectly wiute,  atid  suspended  in  semi-transparent,  whey- 
i^lorcd  (Itiid.  I  placed  this  t^i  the  bath,  and  it  con- 
tiimed  to  digest  tbr  eight  hours,  when  the  coagulaj 
*  i-o  completely  taken  up»  A  very  small  proportion  of 
light  colored  sediment,  settled  loosely  to  the  bottom  of 
;?i  l^^eam  coloreil,  sweetish  fluid* 


OttlttllYAVtOirM. 


m 


■ft 


At  UioHnmo  timn  ttint'lio  tlmtik  ttio  milk,  t  put  nn« 
ilrachm  of  gtiHtrlc  Juloc,  wtirm  from  lhr»  Ntotimcli,  Into  two 
dmchtiiB  of  fhilk^  iiiitl  pluccid  it  on  tlin  Imtli,  nt  tlm  tuil- 
Mfttl  totnfHjrnturp,  (HMP  l^\ihrniilirll.)  In  ilvn  nilnnlrrt, 
puro,  wiiite  mmgnlai  foitimd,  wtiii'ti,  in  llflonn  niinitinH( 
exactly  nuninljled  lluit  tnknn  out  of  tlm  flidMimili.  1ji 
twnnty  nilnutnw,  tlm  saino  Hon,  loowo  cott^nlm  wnrr*  wih- 
pondwl  in  (i  wlniilnr  liqnld.  TImitn  two  ilmclimN  of  inlllt, 
mixed  with  onn  dinchni  of  pnio  guMirir  Jnlrn,  imt  nf 
the  i*(nfnnvht  gnvo  llm  nfinio  loHidt,  nnd  nxliibiind  tlio 
■ttmo  nppnnnuu'o,  in  nnurly  tho  siinio  llnm,  ii/i  ihnt 
which  wfts  fiWfiUnti'ttf,  nnd  tnhrti  fmm  t/ic  fttnmnrh, 
Scarcely  a  wlmdo  of  dinbronco  conld  he  perceived  Ju 
four  liotirB, 

.Two  drachms  of /;»///.',  conmihiicd  hy  rnrfoifft  add^ 
produced  ooagnim  very  RJinilar  to  the  other ;  Imt  tho 
whoyey  part  hore  nore«end»lflnce,  except  in  mere  tlii- 
idity  ;  that  formed  from  tlio  gastric  ilnid  lieiriK  of  an 
opaline,  sUghtly  yellowish  cast,  and  tho  otlier  tliin, 
transparent  and  watery. 

Tho  coagnlio  formed  hy  ttm  f^nstrio  Juice,  continued 
to  digest  regularly  in  their  Ilnid,  for  ohoul  eight  lion^-s, 
when  they  were  completely  taken  up,  and  converted 
into  chyme. 

The  coaguitt)  formed  hy  tho  vinegar,  renijiinod  in  tho 
game  condition  for  forty-eight  honrs,  with  no  other 
change  except  mere  subsidence  helow  tho  Avatery 
fluid. 

It  is  well  known,  and  this  experiment  was  not  ncccs- 
iary  to  prove  it,  that  milk  is  coagulated  before  it 
roceivGS  the  aohent  action  of  the  gastric  juice.  But  it 
hai  some  degre*  of  importance  in  demonitraiing  th« 


h 


149  V^PIIIMBNTS  AND 

fact,  that  a  dogrco  of  solidity  is  nocossnry  for  tlic  oper- 
ation of  this  agont.  And  it  is  a  strong  argument  agninnt 
tho  doctrino  of  digestion  by  tho  veins  of  the  stomtich. 
It  has  been  maintained  by  some,  that  tho  veins  take  up 
the  nutritious  parts  of  tho  food,  immediately  on  their 
introduction  into  tho  stomach.  If  so,  it  strikes  mo  that 
thoy  should  do  so,  as  it  relates  to  this  kind  of  aliment, 
while  they  aro  in  a  iluid  state,  and  more  susceptible  of 
absorption  by  their  mouths ;  and  not  wait  till  thoy  liavo 
bocomb  solidified.  Wine,  spirits,  water  and  other  fluids, 
which  conduce  nothing  towards  alimentation,  are  nei- 
ther coagulated,  nor  otherwise  affected  by  tho  gastric 
juice.  These  fluids  aro  not  digested ;  and  prol)al)ly  en- 
ter the  circulatory  system  without  much  change. 

It  will  be  seen,  by  succeeding  experiments,  that  other 
fluid,  nutritive  substances,  particularly  the  albumen  of 
eggs,  are  coagulated  before  they  reccivo  tho  solvent 
action  of  the  gastric  juice. 

Experiment  28. 

Jan.  25,  1831.  At  1  o'clock,  P.  M.,  he  ate  a  full  din- 
ner of  roast-beef,  potatoes,  beets  and  bread,  and  kept 
exercising  about  his  usual  employment,  as  house 
servant. 

At  3  o'clock,  25  m.,  I  took  out  a  portion  of  the  con- 
tents of  the  stomach.  Digestion  of  the  different  articles  of 
food  had  commenced,  and  considerably  advanced, — The 
bread,  reduced  to  a  pultaceous  condition,  appeared  float- 
ing about  in  a  reddish  brown  fluid,  of  a  glutinous  consis- 


OBSBRVATlONi. 


14S 


tonco.  A  few  small  particles  of  tho  moat  could  also  be 
soon  in  the  fluid.  None  of  tho  vegetables  were  discemablo 
at  this  time.  Tho  fluids  tasted  slightly  acid,  givin(i  the 
flavor  peculiar  to  dilute  muriatic  acid,  and  ver)'  slightly 
bitter.  A  few  grains  pf  carbonate  of  soda  thrown  into 
a  drachm  or  two  of  this  fluid,  produced  a  slight  efibr- 
vesccnco. 

At  4  o'clock,  20  min.— took  out  another  portion,  a 
shade  or  two  darker  than  tho  first.  This  dark  color  of 
tho  chyme,  I  attributed  to  his  having  taken  with  his 
dinner,  somo  of  the  outside,  scorched  pieces  of  the 
beef. 

No  distinct  parts  of  the  food  could  bo  seen  at  this 
time.  Upon  tho  surface  of  both  parcels  of  fluids, 
floated  a  layer,  of  an  oily  or  lardaceous  consistence, 
which  probably  was  tho  remains  of  the  fat  pork  which 
ho  had  eaten  for  his  breakfast.  The  first  parcel  con- 
tained nmch  more  of  this  oily  fluid  than  the  last ;  which 
loads  mo  to  think' that  a  considerable  portion  of  an  im- 
perfect chyme,  formed  from  the  pork  taken  at  about  10 
o'clock,  for  breakfast,  remained  in  his  stomach  when 
he  ate  his  dinner ;  and  then  mixed  with  his  aliment, 
in  an  imperfect  state  of  digestion. 

At  6  o'clock,  30  min.— tried  to  extract  another  portion 
— could  obtain  nothing,  except  a  little  gastric  juice.— 
The  chyme  formed  from  his  dinner  appeared  to  have 
all  passed  from  his  stomach. 


Experiment  29. 

March  6.  At  9  o'clock,  A.  JMl.— breakfasted  on  vetU- 
son  steak,  cranberry  jelly  and  bread,  and  drank  a  pint 
oi  coffee. 


l! 


)li«l    Wi^l 


f 


^r» 


^■"■■PiPiir 


A 


^144 


KZPKRtMKNTI  AMD 


^     Twniiy  iniiiiurs  ndor  outing,  I  took  a  {tortion  from 

thn  Ntoiiiacli,  in  iin  incipiout  atugo  of  digUHtion.    IMacod 

thin  on  tho  Imth. 
At  \)  oViooU,  45  niin.     lootc  out  nnothor  ()orlion,  in  an 

ndvMitood  Ntugo  ot'  di^^sti()n-  vuiy  few  Humll  purticlus 

o(  f«M>tl  Nvoro  tlisoonuiblo, 
'"    At  10  oVIock,  10  min.  -took  out  lUiot'.ior  iK>rtion,  com- 

pltHoly  ol\yuillu>d. 
■'     At   10  oVlooi(,   i<5  iniu. -  tlui  stonmch  wn«  ontiroly 

ompty  iuid  I'ltNiu     uooltyuinoraliuioitt  to  bo  tointd  in  it. 

Tho  l)ivai<l«Mt,  oalou  ul  \)  oVlm-lc,  was  ull  digcntod,  (ind 

had  |),)ns(hI  througli  tho  pylorus,  in  ono  hour  anU thirty 
jUvr  minutr,\\        tu  <■  , 

This  is  an  oxaniplo  of  tho  groat  vapidity  of  digostioti 
in  sonio  instivnoos.  This  riipidity  ih^ponds  upon  various 
ii^ciivinuvslunoos  prinoipally  upon  moderation  in  quantity, 
ami  the  digosiihh'  proportios  of  tho  food  used.  Prom 
various  trials,  1  uui  confident,  gonorally  speaking,  that 
Vonivson  is  tho  uiost  digostihlo  of  any  diol  of  tlio  fibri- 
notis  kind.  In  a  few  instanoos,  it  will  ho  perceived, 
that  other  articles  of  diet  weix>  disjHised  of  in  a  shorter 
periikl,  than  tho  v^niison  was  in  this  cxperlinont. 


t--4>-* 


Krprrhnetit  30, 


■*i 


;>• 


1.^' 


>rh  7,    Wif'h  two  drachms  of  <tfhrm^>n  of  a  fVesh 

with  two  drachtns  of  gastric,  juict^,  warm  from  tho 

jtdfficti,  and  placed  it  on  the  hath,  at  the  natural  tom- 

pc»rat\iro.    The  jiiico  and  tho  albumen  were  so  much 

alike  in  their  appearance,  when  first  mixed,  tliat  tiio 


ux. 


■■S '■•'•»'. 


^  oatMHrjffMira. 


tans 


^ehAngfe'vAf  notp^ntepiibhi;  Vut  iti  ttn  or  i^fttttt  min- 

^'fitoii,'  Bmalt,  whitft  flocottli  btgftu  to  appMrf  HoMiDg 

nboiit ;  and  tho  tnixturo  booome  of  an  opaqufland  whit- 

^Mi  Appearance.    Thii  continued  ilowly  and  uniibrmly 

*  to  incroAM,  for  three  houri|  at  which  time,  the  fluid  had 

l)ocomo  of  A  milky,  appearance ;  the  imall  floccuUt  or 

loose  congiilie,  had  meetly  diiappeared,  and  a  little  light 

colored  sodiinont  lubsided  to  (he  bottom. 

At  the  Horre  time  of  the  above  experiment,  he  iwal- 
loM^od  tho  Hfhittf  odwo  $ifg$t  unmixed  with  any  other 
foods  The  stomach  was  porfootly  empty  at  the  time. 
>&"  in  thirty  minntoA,  I  took  out  and  examined  a  portion. 
It  oxhibitod  a  similar  appearance  to  that  mixed  out  of 
tho  stomach,  in  the  vial  on  tho  bath,  only  moi'O  rapid 
in  its  progress.  ^ 

In  9tie  hour  anU  MiWy  miHuUs^  I  examined  the  cavi- 
ty of  tho  stomach,  and  fi)und  nothing  but  a  little  pure 
gastric  juico.  Tho  albumen  was  completely  digested, 
and  disposed  of« 


Eseparimcnt  31. 

March  CK  At  8  o'clock,  A.  M. — stomach  empty — 
temperature  98^— took  out  two  ounces  gastric  Juice. 
Divided  this  into  two  oqual  partp,  and  put  them  into 
separate  vials — to  each  of  which,  I  put  equal  quantities  of 
roasted  beef— placed  one  of  them  on  the  bath,  at  99^, 
and  the  other  in  the  open  air,  at  34  deg. 

I  then  put  the  same  quantity  of  the  meat  into  an  equal 
quantity  efol^ar  water,  and  placed  it  with  the  cold  gas- 
tric juice  and  meat  in  the  open  air,  at  the  same  teropera- 
iuie, 

13 


'Ai 


mwmmmmmnn 


IPWP 


146 


EXPGRIMBNl:>a  AND 


^^ 


At  9  o'clock,  ho  had  fmishod  branlcrnsting 'on  the 
mme  kind  of  mout,  with  the  addition  of  wArm,  light  6tV 
PMiV,  butter^  and  a  pint  of  eqlJ^ec.  ToniporntuTo  of  the 
stomach,  innnediately  6</orc  outing,  100  dog.  In  thirty 
mimlion  n/ier  eating,  tho  tempomturo  rose  to  102  dog.* 
Digestion  rapidly  advancing. 

At  10  o'clock — took  ont  n  portion,  partially  digested ; 
the  biscnit  the  most  so  of  any  part  of  tho  breakfast. 
t*!aeed  this  on  the  bath. 

Tho  moat,  containetl  in  tho  vial  of  gastric  juice  on  tho 
bath,  was,  at  this  time,  in  about  tho  same  condition  as 
that  taken  from  the  stomach ;  very  little  difference 
copM  be  perceived.  Tho  biscnit  which  ho  had  eaten 
"XV ..a  his  breakfast  Oce.asioned  tho  only  dilferenco  ;  that 
b^ng  reduced  to  a  sot\  pulp. 

The  meat  in  tho  cold  gastric  juice  was,  at  this  time, 
much  less  advanced,  than  either  that  in  the  warm  juice, 
or  in  the  jwrtion  taken  from  the  stouiach. 

That  contained  in  the  vial  of  water  was  merely  ma- 
cerated, and  had  no  more  appearance  of  digestion  than 
what  was  effected  by  its  being  mastieaied,  and  mixed 
with  tho  saliva,  as  Were  the  other  pieces  of  meat,  before 
they  wore  put  into  tho  gastric  juice. 

At  10  o'clock,  45  mills.  1  examined  tho  stomach,  but 
could  find  no  distinct  particles  of  food,  and  but  veiy  lit- 
tle chyme.  His  breakfast  appeared  to  have  been  com- 
pletely digested,  and  had  \ei\  tlie  stomach.  Tempera- 
ture lOOdipg. 

At  8  o'clock,  P.  M.,  the  several  parcels  of  meat  placed 
in  the  gastric  juicfej  on  the  bath,  being  aliout  half  diges- 
tedj  and  appearing  not  to  progress,  I  drew  off  twelve 
dMohtiis  of  IrastVie  juice  fmm  tho  empty  stomach,  arid 

>  I  IP!   II  N^y  >    »  I    ■   ..I  IBIPi    .     I    i«w«i»      ■        *    I   ■     Jl       I  I       111^       I        I   I     I   .  Ill   y.!        I  I    I    MiHin   III   I  I  HW  I    "I        ■     1  I)    IJ     ^        «  I   ■ 

•     :  ■  (  ■        ■!        .  ■  .■■"'• 

*  Probably  tho  effoot  orexeroite,  but  not  noticed  at  the  time. 


i\' 


4' 


0B»BRVAT10Ni. 


w 


addod  four  drachma  to  each,  including  the  parccil  taken 
from  the  stomach,  at  10  o'clock,  A.  M.,  that  being  iu 
ak)out  the  same  state  of  chymification  with  the  others  ou 
the  bath. 

^  J  continued  the  two  on  the  bath,  at  lOOdog.  and  the 
others,  (cold  gastric  and  a(|uoous  iluids)  on  the  shoU^  at 
34  deg.  Digestion  evidently  racommenced  in  the  pturcols 
on,  t1;Q  hatli,  and  again  ra^ulnrly  progressed,  after  the 
addition  of  the  second  |K)rtion8  of  the  gastric  juice  ;  aiKl 
more  rapidly  in  the  vial  containing  the  meat  digu8> 
iug  in  the  gastric  Juico,  taken  out  of  the  stomach  first, 
than  in  the  one  containing  the  chymous  portion,  taken 
out  at  10  o'clock,  A.  M.,  one  honr  after  having  oaten. 
This  parcel,  liowevor,  contained  a  solid  piece  of  meat, 
which  appeared  to  have  been  swallowed  without  boiny 
masticated  ;  and  consequently  did  not  readily  yield  to 
the  solvent  action  of  the  gastric  juice.  The  juice  was, 
also,  in  too  small  proportion  completely  to  digest  it. 

The  vials  containing  the  cold  a<|ueou8  and  gastrin 
iwrtions,  placed  on  the  shelf,  were,  at  4  o'clock,  P.  M., 
but  very  little  changed,  and  much  alike. 

These  four  parcels,  afior  standing  for  twency-four 
hours,  and  all  sulfered  to  got  cool^  exhibited  the  follow^ 
ing  appearances. 

The  portion  taken  from  tho  stomach  at  10  o'clock,  A. 
M.,  one  hour  after  having  eaten,  was  the  most  perfectly 
digested,  and  completely  converted  into  a  thick  pultace- 
ous  mass,  of  a  reddish  brown  color,  with  the  exception 
ofthepiecoof  unmasticated  meat,  which  remained  en- 
tire and  undigested.  This  emitted  a  sharp,  rancid  smell, 
and  was  slightly  bitter.  Th&  vial  containing  the  meat 
digesting  in  the  gastriejuioe  first  jtakun  out  of  the  stpm- 
ach,  exhibited  appearances  very  similar  to  tho  last, 


■  ♦  '      la 


fit  : 

148 


EXPERIMENTS  AND 


jaife*  *>.-t*f* 


though  the  contents  were  less  perfectly  digested.  It 
was  not  of  so  thick  consistence;  but  gave  the  same 
sharp  smell  and  bitter  taste,  with  the  addition  of  an  en^ 
pyreumatic  and  slightly  foetid  flavor. .  Tfhe  empyrcu- 
ma,  I  attributed  to  a  portion  of  the  nM>at  L)eing  a  little 
dry  and  scorched  when  first  putjnj  and  the  fqDtor,  to 
the  temperature  of  the  bath ,  having  been  accidental- 
ly raised  considerably  above  lOO®,  during  the  exi^cri- 
ment. 

The  cold  gastric  and  aqueous  portions  very  nearly 
i-esemblod  each  other ;  both  maceraUd^  but  not  digest^ 
ed;  dilTernig  essentially  from  the  other  two,  in  not  CX' 
hibiting  any  appearance  of  chyme.  The  cold  gastric 
juice  had  very  little,,  if  any,  more  etibct  on  the  ment, 
than  the  water;  and  retained  its  peculiar  taste.  Its 
color  was  darkish  brown,  while  the  latter  was  of  a  red- 
dish grey.  At  9  o^clock,  A.  M.,  of  the  10th,  I  placed 
both  of  them  on  the  bath,  and  continued  them  foj;  twc||-, 
ty-four  hpurs,  at  the  natural  toniporature.  An  essential 
difference  in  the  gastric  liquor  was  produce^!,  after  be- 
^ng  placed  on  the  bath.  Digestion  evidehtly  advanced ; 
the  color  became  lighter  and  lighter;  the  m^at  dimin- 
ished; and  a  thin,  light,  ps^st^liko  liqv or  formed,  as  in 
the  other  two  portions,  at  first  tplaced  on  tlie  bath.  The 
aqueous  portion  exhibited  n^o  o^her  appeariance  than 
that  pf  simple  ii(\acer^tion.  \i\  ]yarm,  wate^^  ^At  th^  eijid 
of  the  last  twwity-rfour  hours,  on  tho  bath,  appearances 
of  incipient  putrefactive  ferinentation  be'gai^  to  be  mani- 
fested, as  the  evolution  of  sinall  bubbles'of  fcetid  gas, 
and' a  change  of  color  fh)m  a  reddish  to  a  greenish 

shader*  "-i-H    •''*  ^hmu  'Mii  \n  .yyfjum.j^'Ji  ujui  iijuj.i\\^       -»  ■ 

AdilEefeitce  in  tho  degress  of  chymiilca^On  between 
the  several  parcels,  was  now  very  evidenti. . 


-  i^'M 


%* 


■'•^if*      V^r-V. 


I    IJf  U  I  ,  ^  Hipiiiflll 


pv^pnpppi 


OBSERVATION!. 


an 


The  gastric  portion,  or  that  taken  from  tho  stomach. 

1  hour  alter  hreakfasr,  was  the  most  digested. 

iMie  artificial^' or  that  portion  ot'the' gastric  Juice  anJ^ 
meat,  'first  *  placed '  on  the  warm'  bath,  Wos  nejct,  and 
nearly  as  mucli  digested  j  though  a  difference  was  ob- 
servable. 

hrhe  third,  or  portion  of  gastijic  Juice  and  meat,  firs^* 
placocl'ia  acool  situation,  after  having  been  on  th^  Varnt* 
bathi  for  six  or  eight  hours,  was  th6  next,  but  consider- 
ably less  digested  thai:  the  second. ' 

/The.  foiirih,  oy  aqueous  portion,  exhibited  nb  appear- 
ance of  chynitecatioh. 


•  u;-  ,*.- 


ItvoviUl  seem,  from  this  e3^poriment,  that  a  certain 
degree  of  heat  is  necessary  to  the  action  of  the  gastric 
juice.    One  parcel  of  the  meat,  after  being  exposed  to 
the  cold  gastric  juice  for  twfenty-four  hours,  exhibited 
very  little  change;  but  being  placed  on  th6  bath,  at 
the. end  of  this  time,  digestion  commenced,  and  advan- 
.  ced,  regularly,,  as  iiii  thp  other  .parqels^    It  also  appears,  ^ 
that  after  tbe  process  of  digjdstion  bas  ceased»!  fo^  want 
of  a  sufficient  quantity  of  gastric  juice,  it  will  recom- 
itmicQ  oh  the  addition  of  a  freshsupply^  ((U  wastieces- 
saty'to  dddi  &ttotherqUitnt%'6v^tt 
ouV  of  iW^stomtich,'to'etisure  ity  pfect  digestion.  /This, 
I  thiiik,  is'  m  evidence,  thdt  khe  diiicl  is  discharged  in- 
tatliejstpniach  g;ra^up)|y^ftpd,^pifp^^ifsiyeiy,  acc^^ 
toith^ii:?(luirQJ^eptJih9!f.th^  f4ip!^i^t,f,,.|fjUie,pQrtipi| left 
in  the  stomach  had  received,  at  the  time  the  parcel  iviui^ 
tim^tSWieut/thtfiifttoltt  <iuantitf  ii^mtdiitiiiod  te  il^ite, 


S-i^- 


3; 


KXP«Il»f«JNT«  AND 


i(^pi^y>;ji,y,Q  bpQ|i.  imperfectly  digested,,  and  have  ro- 
niftiiipd  ^i.tl)o>8to<aacb>  preciaely  in,  the  situation  of  that 
lyhicU  we^s  taken  out,  and  submitted  to  artificial  diges- 
tion;* which  is  proved  not  to  hsuve*  received  its  full  sup- 
ply for  perfect  digestion.  But  subsequent  examination 
denjonstrated  that  it  w>as .  perfectly  digested,  and  had 
nearly  all  passed  out  of  tho  stomach,  in  two  hours. 
Hcucc,  the  conclusion  is  irresistible,  that  it  received  an 
additional  quantity  affpr  the  portion  was  taken  from  the 
stomach,  one  hour  after  eating.  . 


-ir 


Experiment  32. 

March  12.    At  8  o'clock,  A.  M.  extracted  one  ounce 
of  gastric  juice. 

At  9  o'clock,  he  breakfasted  on  fat  pork^  bread  and 
jmtatdes'.    One  Hour  iifterwards,  examined  coiiieufs  of, 
stomadh^-found  a  hettli'Bgehebus  mixture,'  resembling 
thick' porridge.  .  ' 

^  At  1  o'clock,  P.  M.-^four  hours  after  having  eateur— 
took  out  a  portion,  in  a  complete  ctiymous  state,  without 
any  entire  particlei§  of  fodd^'to'^  be  seeij.'  It,  was  ^f  a 
piilk^^  or  rkth^r'thin',  i|ruel-likd  consistefice,  *  aiid  cqu- 
sider^ly  tinned  t^ithyeUoAiirMj'a'c^^  which 

I  had  but  once  befot^'bb6ei^edittmy  experiments  iipw^ 
him.  And  this  I  supposed  to  have  been  the  effect  of 
violent  anger,  which  occurred  about  the  time  of  taking 
out  this  parcel.       >^^  ^*^'  "^ 

;■'  :"■  ;J'..  , 

This  experiment  shows  the  effect  of  violent  ]  passion 
on '  tlris  digfestive  ajJpara^Ss.  '  Tfie,  presence  \>(  bile,  in 


OBSERVlTtONS. 


m 


this  instance,  was  believed  to  be  the  effect  of  anger.  In 
a  healthy  state  of  the  stomach,  atid  an  equitable  framo 
of  mind,  this  substance  has  seldom  been  found  in  the 
stomach.  When  so  found,  except  under  peculiar  cir- 
cumstances of  diet,  it  may  generally  be  regarded  as  an 
indication  of  either  mental  or  corporeal  disease;  and 
may  be  considered  a  foreign  and  offending  substance  in 
that  organ.  I  believe  its  effect  is  to  change  the  pro- 
perties of  chyme,  (as  it  will  be  seen  that  it  does,  in  sub- 
sequent experiments,)  alter  its  homogeneous  quality, 
and  retard,  or  otherwise  disturb  its  due  egress  into  its 
destined  receptacle,  the  duodenum. 

*  #  ■ 

Experiment  33. 

MarclilZ,  At  1  o'clock,  P.  M.— dined  on  roasted 
heef J  bread  and  potatoes.  In  half  an  hour,  examined 
contents  of  stomach — found  what  he  had  eaten  reduced 
to  a  mass,  resembling  thick  porridge.  % 

•At  2  o'clock*  examined  again— nearly  all  chymified 
— a  few  distinct  particles  pi  foqd,,  still  to  be  seen. 

At  4  o'clock,  30  mins.jchyi^ification  complete. 

At  6  o'clock,  jixamined.  s(Qj|>a  (iji— found  nothing  but 
a  liUle' gastric  juice,  tinged  with  bile. 

;Vi  ^\   ".  '■  ■-.   ■>  ;  ■  p 

Experiment  34.  , 

ounces i)f  rorc/ro(w^^6|2£/,  suspended  by  a  string*,  in- 
to^  the  stomacn ;  and  tx  the  same  time,  put  one  drachm 


v% 


.-f  l-:< 


■^\%- 


ll§ 


]j|9L  experiments  and 

of  the  same  kind  of  meat  into  twelve  drachms  of  eastric 
juice,  contamed  id  a  vial,  and  put  it  into  ^is  hosom. 
The  piece  in  his  stomach,  examined  every  hour,  till  12 
o'clock,  M.  exhibited  an  uniform,  but  very,  slow  pifo^ 
cess  of  digestion,  confined  entirely  io  the  surface  of  the 
meat.  ,  In  four  hours,  about  half  of  it,  only,  'i^as  dissblv- 
ed  and  gone.  That  in  the  bosom,  at  th^e  skme  time, 
digested  still  slower,  owing,  probably,  to  the  circum-* 
stances,  that  |he  fluid  in  the  vial  had  feeen  taken  but' 
when  the  stoniacli  was  in  a  morbid  conclition,  atid'had 
been  permitted  to  get  cold,  even  to  the  freezing  point. 
This  last  circumstance,  hr-^'^ever,  was  probably,  of  less 
importance  than  the  other.  The  meat  in  the  stdmach 
was  too  puch  confined  by  the  string;  was  not  permit- 
ted to  move  about  freely  in  the  gastric  fluids  by  the  hat- 
ural  motiohs  of  the  stomach ;  and  consequently  did  hot 
digest  so  fast  as- it  otherwise  would  have  ^orie.'  ^  An- 
Other  circumstance  or  two,  may  also,  have  contributed  to 
interrupt  the  progress  of  digestion,  such  as  anger  and 
impatience,  which  were  manifested  by  the  subject  dur- 
ing this  experiment.   ,  . 

This  experiment  shows  the  necessity  of  a  perfect  com- 
mii±iti6n  of  the  articles  of  diet.    The  gastric  juice  acted 
very  slowly  on  a  laYge,  solid  piece  of  meat.    Digestion 
or  solution  was*  confined  entiTelyjo  the  outer  §iirface<| 
Thisj^  to  additipnu  tq  thei  other  causes,  <meuti<  led  aboye^  r 
produced  the  dday^in  di^egti<?n.  >    i^t^^f>^  it«jff^m»fiiii 


P^: 


tx^  '■»' 


OBSERVATIONS. 


m 


miautes^oun.d  the  milk  coagulated,  and  the  bread  re- 
duced to  a  soft  pulp,  floating  in  a  large  proportion  of 
fluid. 

At  10  o'clock,  30  mins. — took  out,  and  examined  a 
portion — found  it  a  thick  pultaceous  mass  of  bread, 
coagulflB  and  fluid,  of  k  milky  color,  slightly  bitter  taste, 
and  acid  smell.  Placed  it  on  the  bath,  where  it  fcon- 
tinned  to  become  more  and  more  milky  for  an  hour, 
when  every  particle  seemed  to  be  reduced  to  a  rich  fluid 
mass,  resembling*  milk  porridge. 

The  portion  taken  out  thirty  minutes  after  having 
been  eaten,  and  kept  on  the  bath,  retained,  the  appear- 
ance of  the  gastric  fluid,  with  distinct  flocculi  of  bread 
and  coagulflB,  floating  about,  and  suspended  in  the  fluid, 
and  a  little  coarse  precipitate  at  the  bottom,  after  stand-' 
ing  at  rest  a  while. 

At  2i  o'clock — examined  stomach— ^found  it  nearly' 
empty.  The  bread  and  milk  appeared  to  have  been' 
disposed  of,  and  were  gone  from  the  stomach. 


.  In  this  experiment,  it  took  two  hours  for  the  digestion 
of  a  meal  of  bread  and  mijk  J  something  shorter  than 
the  usual  time  for  the  disposal  of  an  ordinary  meal.  Foii 
those  who  have  healthy  vnidunsophiseated  stomachs, 
milk  appears  to  bfe  ohe  of  the  best  articles  of  diet  we 
possess.  •  It  is  less  stimulating  thatt  flesh,  diid  more  nui 
tritious  than  vegetables.  For  -persons  who  are  disposed; 
to  pyrexial  complaints,  ^ud  who  arp  not  obliged  to  per- 
form h|rd  and  exhausting  labor,  it  is  the  most  ap- 
propfiafe  difet:  But'the  ^itoriacti  il  A  c^atuW  of  hdBit. 
it  dak  'b^me  ac&iMinid'  to'lnf  feiM  W^dietf  dm 


m 


EXPERIMENTS  AND 


sudden  changes  are  liable  to  derange  its  healthy  actions. 
To  those  accustomed  to  what  is  called  high  living,  such 
as  strong  meats,  strong  drinks,  and  high-seasoned  food, 
of  all  kinds,  the  transition  to  a  milk  diet,  which  con- 
tains a  considerably  lowered  stimulation,  would  proba- 
bly be  an  imprudent  change.  When  necessary,  tho 
change  should  be  so  gradual,  that  the  stomach  should, 
by  degrees,  become  accommodated  to  it. 


JK 


Experiment  36. 

At  2  o'clock,  30  mins. — dined  on  fresh  beef  and  vege- 
table soup,  and  four  ounces  of  bread. 

At  3  o'plock,  20  mins.  examined  contents  of  stomach 
— found  a  pulpous  mass,  of  the  consistence  of  thick  gruel, 
and  of  a  semi-gelatinous  appearance.  The  soup  ap- 
peared to  have  had  its  more  fluid  parts  absorbed ;  for  it 
was,  at  this  time,  much  more  consistent  than  when  eat- 
en. It  was  even  thicker  than  the  contents  of  the  stom- 
ach usually  are,  after  eating  more  solid  food.  Placed 
this  on  the  bath. 

At  5  o'clock,  took  out  another  portion,  of  a  whitish  col- 
or, and  more  paste-like  consistence,  mixed  with  a  little 
thin,  transparent  yellowish  fluid,  of  an  acid  taste.  The 
thick  part  had  the  flavor  of  bile,  but  not  the  color. 


Here  the  uniform  laws  with  respect  to  liquid  diet,  ap- 
peared to  govern  the  action  of  the  gastric  juice.  The 
soup  could  not  be  digested  until  it  was  formed  into  a 
harder  mass,  by  the  absorption  of  the  watery  part.— 
There  was' a  less  quantity  of  fluid  than  is  usual  after 


■  '»^  !ji^'* 


OSSERTATfONS. 


lis 


eating  more  solid  food.  This  is  andther  striking  demon- 
stration of  the  laws  that  govern  the  action  of  the  stoi- 
machic  solvent.  If  water  were  permitted  to  remain  in  the 
storfiach,  ii'wbbid  render  the  soup  too  liquid  to  bo  acted 
on  by  the  gastric  juice. 

Ea^perimeni  37. 

March  15.  At  8  o'clock,  30  mins.  A.  M. — break- 
fasted on  fresh  sausage^  light  pancakes^  and  a  pint  of 
coffee.  \ 

At  9  o'clock,  30  mins. — examined,  and  found  the  stom- 
ach full  of  fluids,  mixed  with  the  aliment;  and  a  large 
portion  of  clear  oil  floated  on  top,  and  presented  itself 
at  the  perforation  of  the  stomach. 

At  10  o'clock,  30  min.  I  took  out  a  portion — found  the 
cakes  and  particles  of  meat  about  half  digested,  with 
some  oil,  pure,  bland  and  linipid,  risi)ig  upon  the  top, 
untouched  by  digestion.     Placed  it  on  the  bath. 

At  12  o'clock.  Mi,  examined  stomach — found  no  ves- 
tige of  his  breakfast^ — not  a  particle  of  oil  was  to  be*  seen,  • 
nothing  but  pure  gastric  juice   could  be  extracted,  of' 
which,  I  took  out  twelve  drachms. 

That  portion  of  his  breakfast,  taken  out  at  10  o'clock 
and  thirty  minutes,  was  at  this  time,  almost  completely 
chymified,  a  fefw  small  particles  of  oil  6nly  remaining." 
The  chymous  mass  of  a  milky  color,  and  thick,  gruel- 
lik©,  consisteiice.  .   >      .  ^ wn j  i ♦ .  s  >  h- 

'Experiment  38. 
on  /re«A  meat  aru^v<sg^table  hash,  brea4  and  a  pii\«i 


A... 


7    !. 


tl«6 


mCFSftlKSinra  AND 


<^' At  l<y  6'clocik;  30  iiiin8i-*^z«toihied^fouBdtbutjr«i7 

?lbMK  partiolM'of 'his  bnakfast  iii'the?itomach<rMH>in»  oil, 

and  a  few  IIoqcuU  of^  Inrowncolor)  4(110  outvwiih«t^u^ 

-thin' fluids'    '>'•''')  «{■.'/.«»<<•»<  ii- loun,.''     ^foiMMh  j/v 
/•    At  U  o'clock->oexatnined  again — found  ndthingtbtUa 
«little  gastric  jtiice.    Breakfast  was  goae,  And^the  ftom- 
..a(ih.clean.H'  ■*''•-  ■  ;-•■     '•■  -  'nimlt^n^hl. 

These  experiments,  (37th  and  38thy)  are  continued 
proofs  of 'the  solvent  ncdbn  of  the  gastric  juide^  '' 

Experiment  Z^* 

At  2.9'clock,  P.   Ml — same  day — dined  on  recently 
.salted,  lean  beeff  pork)  potatoes^  carrots^  turnips  and 
bread. 
At  6  o^clock— exainihed— foimd  the  stoinach  clear  of 
'  food,  but  containing  fclquatttity  of  Wliite,'  frothy mucus-^ 
ii^villous  coat  inclined  to  dryness,:  and  deeper  pink  color. 
St.  Martin  complained  o^^some  headache,  pain  and  di^ 
tresi^  at  the  pit  of  |  the  stomachr-4ry  skin  and  thirst.— 
Directed  him  to  take  four  drachms  of  tincture  of  aloes 
and  myrrh  at  bed  time.   This  operated  two  or  three  times 
next  morning,  and  gave  relief.    The  gastric  juice,  how- 
ever, was  not  obtaiUedsiu  itau^u^  quantity  and  quality, 
for  twenty-four  or  thirty-six  hours  afterwards. 


'■^^^     £{tpmmen^  40, 
Mm^  la    Af9rmSck^'X:'m;M  breakla^  k 


im>"j     I 


^m 


ODSBRVATIONf. 


157 


tion— found  it  in  a  half  digested  condition,  tripe,  pig's 
feet  and  bread  nil  reduced  to  a  pulp,  floating  in  a  large 
prjportim  of  fluids.     Placed  it  on  the  bath. 

At  10  o'clock — examined  stomach  again — tried  to  ex- 
tract another  portion — could  find  little  or  no  chyme — a 
very  little  gastric  juice,  wilh  a  few  small,  fibrous  parti- 
cies  of  tripe,  and  some  coflfee  grounds.  His  breakfast 
appeared  to  have  been  digested,  and  had  passed  from 
the  stomach,  in  one'hour. 

The  portion  first  taken  out,  and  placed  on  the  bath, 
was  also,  at  the  end  of  one  hour,  reduced  to  nearly  a 
complete  chymous  condition  ;  a  very  few  of  the  small 
particles  of  tripe  and  coffee  grounds  only  left)  as  in  the 
stomach. 


■A-4 


This  is  an  example  of  astonishing  rapidity  of  gastric 
solution ;  and  that,  too,  of  articles  generally  regarded 
as  rather  hard  of  digestion.  That  there  could  be  no 
mistake,  I  infer  from  the  fact,  that  a  portion  taken  out 
of  the  stomach,  thirty  minutes  after  having  been  re- 
ceived, and  submitted  to  the  artificial  mode,  exhibited 
the  same  result. 


k 


#. 


Experiment  41. 

At  1  o'clock,  P.  M. — same  day — ^he  ate  eight  ounces 
ot  talf^s  foot  jelli/,  and  nothing  else. 

In  twenty  minutes,  examined  stomach,  and  took  out 
a  portion  of   its  contents,   consisting  of  gastric  juice 
combined  with  the  jelly,  nearly  all  of  it  in  a  fluid  form ; 
^^.  few  particles  only  of  entire  jelly,  suspended  in  the 
U 


'*<%.*: 


108 


EXPERIMBNTi  AND 


F^"« 


ri*!* 


fluids,  with  a  few  small,  yellowish  white  coagula;,  float- 
ing near  the  surface,  could  be  perceived. 

At  2  o'clock — examined  again — extracted  a  little  fluid, 
but  found  no  appearance  of  jelly. 

J-  The  operation  of  g&stric  juice  on  gelatine,  is  very 
diflicult  to  hp  detected.  Unlike  albumen,  it  is  unsusccj)- 
tiblo  of  coagulation  ;  and  it  is  probable  that  the  gastric 
juice  acts  upon  it,  in  its  soft-solid  state.  This  was  dis- 
posed of  in  a  short  period.  It  was,  however,  but  a 
small  quantity,  and  was  much  sooner  digested  than  a 
full  meal  would  have  boon. 

From  various  trials,  I  am  disposed  to  think  that  gela- 
tine, if  not  in  too  concrete  a  state,  is  a  very  digestible 
article  of  diet. 

During  the  exaniinalion.at  this  time,  St.  Martin  s^wal- 
lowed  part  of  a  glass  of  water,  and  being  situated  in  a 
strong  light,  favorable  to  an  internal  view,  through  the  ' 
aperture,  I  distinctly  saw  'he  water  pass  into  the  cavity 
of  the  stomach,  ilirough  the  cardiac  orifice — a  circum- 
stance, perhaps,  never  before  witnessed,  in  a  living  sub- 
ject. On  taking  repeated  draughts  of  water,  while  in 
this  position,  it  would  gush  out  at  the  aperture,  the 
instant  it  passed  through  the  cardia.  Food,  swallowed 
in  this  position,  could  be  distinctly  seen  to  enter  the 
stomach. 

4 

Experiment  42. 

April  7.    At  8  o'clock,  A.  M. — breakfasted  on  three 

hard  boiled  eggSj  pancakes  and  cqfee. 
i 


>tt 


OBSKEVATIOKt. 


169 


At  8  o'clock,  30  mins.— examined  stomach— found 
a  hetorogcnoous  mixture  of  the  several  articles  eaten, 
slightly  digested. 

At  8  o'clock,  45  mins. — examined  again — found  con- 
tents reduced  in  quantity,  and  changed  in  quality — 
about  half  digested. 

At  10  o'clock,  15  mins.,  no  part  of  the  breakfast  re- 
mained in  the  stonioch. 


This,  and  tlic  four  following  experiments,  throw  no 
additional  light  on  the  subject  of  digestion,  except  so  far 
as  relates  to  the  period  of  chymification.  This,  it  will 
be  perceived,  depends  something  upon  the  quantity 
eaten.     The  quality,  however,  is  not  to  bo  overlooked.  , 


'm 


M^ 


Experiment  43. 


At  11  o'clock,  15  mins.,  A.  M. — same  day — he  ate 
two  roasted  c^ffs  and  three  ripe  apples. 

In  thirty  minutes,  examined  stomach — found  a  heter- 
ogeneous mixture,  in  an  incipient  stage  of  digestion. 

At  12  o'clock,  15  mins.,  M. — examined  again — found 
the  stomach  clear;  no  vestige  of  apples  or  eggs. 

Experiment  44. 

At  2  o'clock,  P.  M. — same  day — dined  on  roasted  pig 
and  vegetables. 

At  3  o'clock — examined,  and  found  it  about  half 
chymified. 

At  4  o'clock,  very  little  remained  in  the  stomach. 


-A 


mmm^mt^ 


RiPPPPPiiiPl 


160 


EXPERIMfiNTB  AND 


At  4  o'clock,  30  minutes,  nothing  remained  but  a  very 
little  gastric  juice. 


.  t; 


iV: 


April  8.  At  2  o'clock,  P.  M.,  he  dined  on  wiid  g'oosti 
At  8  o'clock — stomach  full  of  fluids,  with  a  large  por^ 
tion  of  oil,  floating  on  the  surface ;  the  goose  flesh  in 
small  shreds,  and  soA  ;  digesting  rapidly. 

At  4  o'clock — contents  of  stomach  two  thirds  gone — 
that  remaining,  chymifled. 

At  4  o^clock,  30  mins.,  the  stomach  was  empty  and 
clean. 


■■Si 


,!»■•■ 


#' 


6v, 


Ejpperiment  46. 


April  9.  At  3  o'clock,  P.  M.,  he  dined  on  boited, 
dried  codjish^  potatoes^  parsnips^  bread^  and  drawn 
butter, 

"^^  At  3  o'clock,  30  mins. — examined,  and  took  out  a 
portion,  al)out  half  digested  ;  the  p..tatoes  the  least  so 
of  any  part  of  the  dinner.  The  fish  was  broken  down 
into  small  filaments^  the  bread  and  parsnips  were  not 
to  be  distinguished. 

At  4  o'clock — examined  another  portion.  Digestion 
had  regularly  advanced.  Very  few  particles  of  fish  re- 
mained entire.  Some  of  the  potatoes  wero  distinctly  to 
be  seen. 

At  4  o^lock,  30  mins. — took  out,  and  examined  m 
other  portion — all  completely  chymified. 
At  5  o'clock — stomach  empty. 


-s. 


■■<    »■ 


.'■:_   * 


OBSERVATION!. 


*1.1LJI 


The  preceding  Experiments,  I  think,  plainly  dom  > 
strato  the  soiveni  proporties  of  the  gastric  juice.  When 
aliment  is  submitted  to  it,  011/  of  the  atonMch^  its  opeiv 
at  ion  is  rather  slower  than  when  the  process  of  diges- 
tion is  assisted  by  the  nahtrnl  vformth  and  motimis  of 
that  organ.  One  reason,  probably  is,  tho  difliculty  of 
jnaintfiining  a  bath  at  tho  exact,  necessary  teniperaturo ; 
and  another  one  may  present  itsdf,  in  tho  impossibility 
of  porfoctly  imitating  tho  motions  of  the  stomach.  With 
all  thcso  disadvantages,  however,  chymo  formed  in  this 
way,  presents  the  san  uniform,  sensible  appearance, 
as  that,  which  is  formed  in  tho  stomach,  by  natu.*al 
process. 

That  tho  cold  gastric  juice  should  not  act  at  all,  or 
but  very  imporfocily,  on  aliment,  is  no  proof,  in  my-v 
opinion,  that  it  does  not  possess  solvent  powers,  even  on 
the  admission  that  it  was  a  debatable  (picstion.  There 
are  but  a  few  chemical  combinations  that  do  not  require 
caloric  to  effect  their  operations,  and  none,  perhaps,  that 
are  not  facilitated  by  it.  Some,  and  indeed,  many  of 
them  require  an  intense  heat.  I  am  under  the  impres- 
sion, though  I  have  never  fairly  tested  tho  truth  of  it, 
that  gastric  juice  would,  in  a  sullicient  length  of  time, 
act  on  aliment,  in  a  cold  state.  But  I  am  not  anxious 
Vo  contend  for  any  extraordinary  or  unnecessary  powers 
of  this  fluid.  Nor  is  it  neceisisary  to  prove  that  it  will  act 
on  oold  substances,  or  ia  cold  situ^tipj^s.  It  is  perfectly 
manifest,  that  its  operation  is  that  of  a  chemical  agent ; 


M 


fi^T^ 


EXPERIMENTS  AND 


that  it  dissolves  aliment  out  of  the  stomach,  when  the 
wanpith  and  motions  of  that  organ  are  imitated  ;  and 
that  it  changet  the  various  and  heterogeneous  articles^ 
suhmitted  to  its  action,  to  an  uniform  homogeneous  se-. 
mi-fluid,  Varying,  however,  slightly  in  color  and  consis•^ 
tence,  according  to  the  aliment  used. 

With  a  view  to  ascertain,  if  practicable,  what  effects 
were  produced  by  the  Bile  and  Pancreatic  Juice^ 
when  added  to  Chyme,  I  instituted  the  following  Ex- 
periment|3. 

;-  Not  being  able  to  proture  humaSi  bile,  in  a  pure  state, 
I  obtained  some  beef^s  gall^  and  for  pancreatic  juice, 
substituted  diluted  muriatic  acid,  (one  scruple  acid  to 

.^  'i  six  ounces  water.)  I  was  induced  to  use  this  acid,  from 
a  resemblance  observed  between  its  taste  and  that  of 
the  pancreatic  juicCj  and  not  being  able  to  obtain  any  of 
that  fluid  at  the  thne. 

These  experiments  are  certainly  very  imperfect,  but 
such  as  they  are,  I  submit  them  to  the  public.  They 
may  tend  to  pave  the  way  to  more  perfect  experiments, 
on  these  fluids. 


-•If'-- 


V     * 


Exj^efj,ment  47. 

\  divided  the  chyme,  produced  in  Experiment  24,  S!&^ 
C0n4  X  Aftf,  (Dec  I4th,  182^,)  intp  two  equal  parts, 
aboilt  five  draqhiiis  each.  To  one  of  which,  I  added 
on6  drachm  of  the  Ox  gall,    Fine  coaguloe  were  imme^ 


■:4l^ 


<^i 


li«">l'<jp 


TJijr 


fw^ 


W^ 


OBSERVATIONS/ 


163 


diately  produced,  of  a  slightly  yellowish  green  color. 
To  this,  I  then  added  one  drachm  of  dilute  muriatic 
acid ;  which  immediately  produced  a  white  halsamic 
mixture.  This,  after  standing  at  rest  a  few  minutes, 
separated  into  three  distinct  parts ;  a  clay  colored  sedi- 
ment at  the  bottom,  a  whey  colored  fluid  above,  and  a 
thin,  oily,  whitish  pellicle  on  the  top. 


Experiment  48. 


i-lfr 


To  an  ounce  of  the  chyme,  formed  in  Experiment 
26,  (E'ec.  16th,)  I  added  one  drachm  of  the  Ox  gall ; 
which  immediately  converted  it  into  a  milky  fluid,  very 
finely  coagulated.  To  this,  I  added  one  drachm  of  the 
diluted  muriatic  acid,  which  at  first,  increased  the  coa- 
gul^e ;  but  immediately  after,  threw  down  a  brown  pre- 
cipitate, This,  on  the  addition  of  more  bile  and  acid, 
varied  in  color,  according  to  the  different  proportions  put 
in,  from  a  light  clay  color,  to  a  dark  brown,  tinged  with 
green,  without  any  change  in  the  color  or  conslstencs 
of  the  fluid  above. 

On  standing  at  rest,  it  separated  into  three  distinct 
parts,  a  brown  sediment  at  the  bottom,  a  yellowish  or 
whey  colored  fluid  iii  the  middle,  and  a  thin,  milky  whits 
pellicle  on  the  top. 


/I 


0i% 


•^ 


Experiment  49. 

Having  procured  some  fresh  gall,  from  an  Ox  recent- 
ly slaughtered,  I  added  twenty  drops  of  i^  to  four; 
drachms  of  the  chyme  formed  in  Experiment  26,  (Jan. 
llth,  1830.)    A  turbid,  yellowish  white  fluid,  or  rather, 


-f-r 


'^R 

m^-:-^ 


i-  -►. 


h: 


>*. 


't' 


p/ 


JUU  EXPERIMENTS  AND 

'^very  fine,  cream-colored  coagulse,  immeditely  formed  ; 

■  which,  after  standing  a  few  minutes,  separated  into 

bright,  yellow  colored  coagulae,  subsiding  towards  the 

bottom,  and  a  turbid,  milk  colored  liquid  above. 

By  adding  twenty  drops  more  of  the  bile  to  this,  the 

ti^coagulffi  were  increased,  more  collected  together,  and 

•^hanged  in  color,  from  a  yellow  to  a  greenish  hue.  ; '     ' 

The  addition  of  twenty  drops*more  of  biie,  (making, 

in  the  whole,  one  drachm, ^concentrated  a  deep  grass 

"^green,  jelly-like  deposition  at  the  bottom  of  the  vial. 
1  The  fluid  above,  became  more  milky  in  appearance; 
%nd  the  coagula;  and  sediment  bv  came  darker  on  the 
addition  of  bile.  '■' 

*.■:  I  now  added  twenty  drops  of  the  dilute  muriatic  acid 
to  other  four  drachms  of  the  same  kirv  of  chyme,  with- 
out bile.^  This  produced  no  change  in  the  color  or  con-*^^ 
sistence,  but  increased  the  saline,  acid  taste,  peculiar  to 
the  gastric  and  pancreatic  juices,  when  uncombined 

^^with.  chyme. 

f  By  adding  bile  to  this,  the  same  effects  and  appearan- 
ces were  present  as  in  the  other  similar  experiments; 
niriz. :  a  yellowish  br'^wn  sediment  at  the  bottom,  a  whey 
colored  fluid  in  the  middle,  and  a  white  pellicle  on  the 

/♦top. 

To  observe  the  different  effects  produced  between  a 
combination  of  bile  and  muriatic  acid  in  clear  water, 
and  that  of  the  chymous  mass,  I  mixed  equal  quanti- 

.  ties  of  the  gall  and  dilute  acid,  one  drachm  each,  with 

Jwith  two  ounces  of  water.  This  at  first  produced  an 
effect,  and  exhibited  an  appearance,  similar  to  that  of 

Siheir  combination  with  chyme ;  but  gradually  changed 
to  a  bluish^  green  colored,  thin  fluid,  with  a  deep  green,^ 
Jelly-like  deposition  at  the  bottom,  without  anyi  of  the 


K'-'f- 


■■•,   i 


0BSERVATI0N8. 


165 


milky  appearance  of  the  chymous  mixtureS|  or  white 
pellicle  on  the  top. 


M 

^ 


a 


le 


^t: 


m 


Experiment  60. 

To  four  drachms  of  gastric  juice,  fresh  from  the  stom- 
ach, I  added  forty  drops  of  Qx  gall,  which  produced  a 
turbid,  yellowish  green  fluid,  yielding  no  sediment. 

Forty  drops  dilute  muriatic  acid,  added  to  other  four 
drachms  of  the  gastric  juice,  eflected  no  change  in  its 
appearance. 

Equal  parts  of  the  bile  and  muriatic  acid,  mixed  to- 
gether, produced  a  fluid  of  exactly  the  same  color  as  the 
first ;  but  was  less  consistent. 

On  mixing  the  two  first  together,  and  adding  two 
drachms  of  chyme  from  the  stomach,  very  fine  coagulee 
formed  in  a  milky  fluid,  throwing  down  a  brownish 
sediment,  from  a  whey  colored  liquor,  with  the  same 
milky  pellicle  on  the  surface,  -as  in  the  former  experi- 
ments. 

To  one  ounce  of  chyme,  formed  in  a  vial,  on  the  bath, 
I 'added  two  drachms  of  bile.  A  turbid,  yellowish 
white,  mixture  formed,  without  sediment,  or  immediate 
separation  of  any  kind. 

To  another  ounce  of  the  same  chyme,  I  added  two 
drachms  of  the  dilute  acid.  No  change  in  its  appear- 
ance was  perceptible.  .,ivM^i> 

I  then  mixed  them  together,  and  the  appearance  of 
both  was  changed.  Whitish  coagulse  formed,  and  let 
fall  a  brown  sediment,  leaving  an  opaque,  whey  colored 
fluid  above,  with  a  pellicle  or  white  flocculi  on  the  sur- 
face, .  irui,  ;^.vim^f^ ■  .^ii^^i.-«    uju  ;x  ^pWiH,:--:^;.,  :j;;4i-« 


m 


4 


K? 


♦  :? 


iww-srt^rng^ 


i",V*'"^f 


'ff... 


t*       ■•>: 


t^? 


'T9=^- 


166 


EXPfiftlMENTS  AND 


Experiment  51. 


Bile  added  to  the  third  portion  of  chyme,  taken  . 
from  the  stomach  one  hour  and  ten  minutes  after  a 
breakfast  of  venison  steak,  &c.,  Experiment  29,  (March 
Bth^  1^31,)  changed  it  from  a  brownish,  homogeneous 
paste,  to  a  milky  fluid,  with  small,  white  flocculi,  • 
floating  about,  or  adhering  to  the  sides  of  the  vial :  and 
a  light  brown  sediment  settled  to  the  bottom.  -h 

The  usual  proportion  of  dilute  muriatic  acid,  added 
to  this,  produced  no  very  essential  change  in  its  appear* 
ance,  causing  only  a  little  more  deposition  of  sediment, 
and  slighly  increasing  the  milky  color. 


A 


<^ 


Experiment  52. 


^  Bile  added  to  the  chyme  formed  from  the  eggs,  di- 
gested out  of  the  stomach.  Experiment  30,  (March  7th, 
1831,)  produced  a  rich,  milky  fluid,  with  a  small  quan- 
tity of  fine,  light-colored  sediment,  falling  to  the  bot-^ 


tom. 


f  The  dilute  acid,  added  to  this,  produced  fine  coagula?, 
and  formed  a  milk  white  whey,  or  fluid,  from  which, 
more  of  the  light-colored  sediment  was  precipitated. 


f;-- 


Experiment  53. 


y;  More  minutely  to  observe  the  respective  changes  by 
the  additon  of  bile  and  muriatic  acid,  in  the  several 
parcels  of  chyme  formed  in  Experiment  31,  (March  9t^g 
1831,)  and  to  note  their  difference,  1  put  equal  quan-« 
titles  of  each  into  glasses,  and  added  a  portion  of  hog's 
gall.  . 


■*'■'.' i' 


'fps.. 


? 


4 


:<«?f  ''»».* 


'f"'iip 


HI  1,1  m<  im 


W  I   JIJ  I «p 


OBSERVATIONS. 


167 


ed  ; 
ar- 


jr 


In  the  first,  (that  tak|n  from  the  stomach  at  10  o'clock, 
one  hour  after  having  eaten,)  iGlnc,  bright  orange  colored 
coaguloe  were  immediatelj;  formed,  equally  diffused 
through  a  fluid  of  the  same  color,exhibiting  no  perceptible 
sediment  on  standing  at  rest ;  but  held  the  coaguls, 
uniformly  suspended  throughout  the  fluid.  The  dilute 
acid,  added  to  this,  occasioned  a  copious  sediment  to  fall 
to  the  bottom,  and  with  it,  all  the  color  of  the  mixture, 
leaving  a  transparent,  semi-gelatincns-like  fluid  above, 
in  the  proportion  of  about  three-fifths  of  the  whole ; 
upon  the  surface  of  which,  floated  a  thin,  white  pel- 
licle. I 

The  second  portion,  (that  produced  on  the  bath)  un- 
der the  same  trcataient,  exhibited  nearly  the  same  ap- 
pearance, with  the  exception  of  the  color,  which  was  a 
shade  or  two  lighter.  The  sediment  wap  not  quite  so 
compact ;  the  fluid  less  gelatinous ;  and  there  was  less 
of  the  white  pellicle  on  the  surface. 

The  third  portion,  treated  like  the  other  two,  diflfered 
about  as  much  from  the  second,  as  this  did  from  the 
first.  They  all  exhibited  the  same  general  appear- 
ance. 

The  fourth,  or  aqueous  portion,  under  the  same  treat- 
ment, exhibited  a  wide  difference.  The  same  propor- 
tion of  bile  added  to  this,  produced  a  similar  colored 
fluid,  at  first,  with  a  very  little  coarse  coagulte — not  so 
uniformly  diflused  through  the  liquid ;  but  inclining 
more  to  precipitation.  On  adding, the  acid,  it  let  fall  a 
very  small  quantity  of  yellowish  green  sediment,  leavr 
ing  a  thin,  semi-transparent  fluid,  in  more  than  quad- 
ruple the  proportion  of  the  other  three. 


1^ 


■'% 


SjM" 


pnip^ypp^ppiil^iiuiii  ^«wiiiiiiipi| 


168 


EXPERIMISNT8  AND 


(  Experiment  ^i. 

I 
Bile  and  dilute  muriatic  acid,  added  to  a  portion  of 

the  bread  and  milk  chymej  formed  in  experiment  36, 
(March  14th,)  produced  their  usual  coagulation  and 
precipitation,  but  of  a  lighter  yellow:  the  sediment 
forming  about  one  fourth  of  the  mass.  The  small,  white 
particles,  forming  the  pellicle  on  the  top,  were  in  greater 
proportion  than  in  some  of  the  other  experiments,  es- 
pecially those  on  lean  meatSi  The  fluid  part  was  in 
greater  proportion  to  the  sediment,  and  of  a  whey  color 
and  consistence. 

To  another  equal  quaritity  of  this  same  kind  of 
chyme,  I  added  bile,  as  in  the  other,  and  instead  of 
muriatic  acid,  I  used  pancreatic  juice,  fresh  from  a 
recently  slaughtered  beef.  An  appearance  exactly  similar 
to  that  produced  by  the  acidj  was  exhibited,  except  that 
the  precipitate  was  more  slowly  thrown  down,  and  in 
larger  proportion ;  and  the  whit§  pellicle  on  the  sur- 
face was  less.  The  fluid  and  sediment  were  a  shade 
lighter,  and  in  more  equal  proportions. 


W' 


M- 


Experiment  55. 

,i  Pancreatic  juice,  combined-with  the  chyme  of  roast 
beef,  formed  both  in  and  out  of  the  stomach,  increased 
its  thin,  paste-like  consistence,  and  gave  it  more  of  a 
cream  color.  Bile,  added  to  this,  produced  fine  coag- 
ulee,  suspended  from  the  top  to  the  bottom,  without 
depositing  any  distinct  sediment.  Diluted  muriatic  acid 
darkened  the  whitish  color,  a  shade  or  two,  threw  down 
a  more  copious  sediment,  and  increased  the  white  pel- 
licle on  the  top. 


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EXPERIMENTS,  &C, 


THIRD  SERIES. 


Washington,  D.  C.  1832. 

> 

1  Experiment  1. 

_  ■  '* 

December  4.  At  2  o'clock,  30  mins.  P.  M. — Weather 
cloudy,  damp  and  snowing— Th.  SS""— Wind  N*  W.  and 
brisk — the  temperature  under  the  tongue  was  99°  ;  in 
the  stomachy  101^.  Dined,  at  3  o'clock,  30  mins.,  on 
heef  soup,  meat  and  bread.  4  o'clock,  16  minsi— took 
out  a  portion — particles  of  beef  slightly  ijaacefated,  and 
partially  digested*  5  o'clock,  15  mins.— took  out  an- 
other portion — digestion  more  advanced — meat  reduced 
to  a  pulp ;  particles  of  bread  and  oil  floating  on  the 
top.  Temperature  df^  st(^mach,  lOOf.  6  o'clock,  45  mins. 
— digestion  not  completed— contents  considerably  di- 
minished. 7  o'clock,/45miii8.— stomach  empty— chyme 
all  passed  out. 

Experiment  2. 

Dec.  5.  At  7  o'clock,  A.  M.  temperature  of  the  stomach, 
iOO' ;  of  thd  atmosphere,  30°. 


«^  r 


171 


At  1  o'clock,  P.  M. — temperature  of  stomach,  100^ — 
atmosphere,  40® — he  ate  eieven  raw  oysters^  and  three 
dry  crackers ;  and  I  suspended  one  raw  oyster  into  the 
stomach,  through  the  aperture,  by  a  string.  1  o'clock, 
30  mins. — examined — stomach  full  of  fluids — digestion 
not  much  advanced.  [|^herOy9tc)r  oa  the  struig  appeared 
entire,  though  perhaps  Slightly  affected  on  the  surface. 
2  o\lock — examined,  and  took  out  oyster — about  one 
third  digested,  but  retained  its  shape.  2  o'clock,' 30  tfi'ms. 
— oyster  gone  from  the  string,  except  a  small  piece  of 
the  heart.  Tcmpcratiird  of  the  stomach  101 J*^.  Fluids 
less  considerable.    4  o'clock,  15  mins, — stomach  empty. 


Experiment  3. 

At  3  o'clock,  45.mips-,  P.  M.,  same  day,  he  dined  cu 
roast  turkey^  potatoes  a,nd  bread.  4  o'clock,  30  mins. 
— examined,  and  tooji^j  out  a  portioik  Turkey  nearly 
all  dissolved — vegetables  half  reduced.  5. o'clock,  15 
minutes— took  out  another  portion,  almost  completely 
chymifiod.  6  o'clock,  45  mins. — examined  again — 
stomacli  nearly  empty,.    6  o'clock— some  chyme  yet  rc» 


majning. 


0  o'clock,  15  mins. — stomach  empty. 


Experiment  4. 

Dec.  6.  At  8  o'clock,  30  minisl,  Ai  M.,  he  breakfasted 
on  bread  and  butter^  and  one  pint  oi coffee.-  9 o'clock, 
45  mins.— examined — stomach  full  of  fluids.  10  o'clock, 
30  mins.— examined,  and  took  out  a  portion,  resembling 
thimgruel,  in  color*  and  consistence,  with  the  oil  of  the 
butter  floating  on  the  topj  a  few.^msHll  particles  of  the 


my^. 


172 


'  EXFKai|lJ£KTIf  AND 


bre^d,  and  so^l9,muc^f)^f^lli^  ,fp  tjhe;.bottom-^-%l)out 
two  thirds  digeste(^.  I^^hfi^  a  sharp,  acid  taste,  Tem-^ 
pcratiire  of  the  stomocl^,,,10p*='— tatmosp'lioro,  38°.;  H 
o'clock,  30  mins,,  stornach  empty,  f^  ' 


'().-;  I 


^m^^mfih 


'ii 


At  4  o'clock,  30  itiiiis.','  P.  M.,  same  day — He  dined  Oij 
sausage  and  bread;  full  meal.  5  o'clock,  30  mins. — 
stomach  full  of  fluids;  digestion  but  very  little  advan- 
ced. 6  o'clock,  30  mm's.— digestion  considerably  ad- 
vanced: few  distinct  parades,  of  sausage  anjl  b^ead  to 
bo  seen  entire.     7  o'clock,  30  mmp.,  stomach. qnjpty. 


If)  t{im1m^'^ 
jEx^qtmenf  6. 

Dec,  7.  At  9  oi'ctock,  A.  M., — examined  stomach, 
and  took  out,  with  considerable  difficulty,  an  omice  only, 
of  gastric  juice,  and  that  not  very  pure.  Some  yellow 
bile  came  mixed  with  the  latter  portions.  Temperature 
of  the  stomach,  99 ^--atmosphere, 28.^  He  breakfas  ed. 
at  9  o'clock,  on  corn  and  wlieat  hread,  butter  and  coffee. 

At  10  o'cloqk,  ,45  mius.-^examined,^  ajid  took  aCju'  ^ 
portion — food  paxtLy jiigest^d  ;■  fe\^  small'  particles  tojbe 
seen .  Storaofjh,  f?i|l  Qf|  ^uids,  with  a  thin  pel^i^le. o^jf ^il 
on  the  top.     Teipper^,ivir^,oC4l}p,stqmach,  100°^fi;.t  Ui, 

At  12;^clock,  J^,fr-gtor»aqh  iuU,  of  fluids— digecjtion 
not  con^lete-7-particl^^  pjf  jbread  floating  about  ixi  a  pul- 
pous  stab— oil  flqating.x]ta  t}i.e  surface.,     '        .,-      „ 

At  13  o!clocJlfc^,^P  iW^^r  -l^)"~T«X%W^®<H:^0^t6P^^ 
of  stomach  half  4i^>^4^QdTTHl|stinct  pattic^es  of :  qH  lOn 
the  surface,      v  ,  ■,  n. 


Ui 


^T 


.^> 


'^'"tMmfMmih^ 


«Jf» 


16  be  8e<J«iHtu«titHf  bf  ililtd'dHhinllMhl.''     "  ' 

'  At  ^i>k^ote^***P>M;-~Jd(iJftiiict*"^^fc^^     o^ Wia*  ■fill 

floating — ^fluidless.  .  .v    - 

At  i  o'clock,  15  rnins. — stomach  empty. 

Some  indicatlbns  of  gastric  d^htngement  this  mom< 
ing :  small  aphthous  pa^hes  on  the  mucous  membrane  : 
juice  acrid  an<l  sharp,  with  bile  mixed- with  it. 


Experiment  7. 

At  3  o'clock,  30  mins.,  P.  Mi,  same  day,  he  dined  on 
toasted  mutton^  bread  and  potatoes,  4  o'clock,  45  mins. 
— examined — stomach  full — digestion  advancing.-  6 
o'clock,  45  mins. — contents  of  stomach  three  quarters 
reduced  in  quantit3^  and  almost  completely  chy mi fied. 
6  o'clock,  30  mins.—stomach  nearly  empty;  a  little 
pulp  of  the  bread  only  to  be  seen,  floating  in  a  little 
^uid,    7  o'clock — stomach  empty.  ; 


Experiments. 

Dec.  8v  At  6  o'clock}'  30  mins!,*  A.  Iff. — temperature 
6{  fetomach,  99°.    9  o'clock-^finished  breakfasting '6n 

^firiedhaumgej'drytotistf  ahd^  pint  of  co^.  10  o'clock* 
30  mins.— stoniach  fultof  fluids^villous  coat  red  And 

^^taWe,  incltein^ to  dryhes»*^A-th1n,»  whitish  bdSLt  on 
^^1)  tplitgud;  ^nd  a  simildir  appearati#^.the  prbtmded 
portion  of  tHe  stomach.'  11'  o'c)oek^^^i^ns.^^bh)»th 

'^iUBPs^llflteffll  on  thelop^  atnd  rSn&    If^empefature 

**^ttbifta<Sft/ ^^  deg,-*4tm6^ 
49inp  and  cloudy.  ' 

16* 


y 


^i 


rti* 


Experiment  9. 


^6ijtd  dhd  ^hiutt^MliiA&nt,  i  Mken  «from.4h9\ptopia(^^,  qn 
ttie  5th^inst.>  (fiskperhnent  4,^  at  halft  pasD  IQ  q'cjippkjr^i 
Mif  wat'plaeed'bnTth»'l:^tbrfon  four  hdurs^^  >ui,  the^usm^l 
tditii^dratiire.'  betwceni 93  deg;  f an^  100< ideg.i . DigestiQi} 
cdmihbncea^'eitid  ad^rairced  regularly^  partially;  redui^- 
ihgthei*ioil»t6  n  milky  flilidi>4"    . 'J\w  m<  •     f.^tf 

/>6c.  9.  At  11  o'clock,  A.  M. — added  one  ounce  pf.  gas- 
tric juice-,,  and  continued  it  on  the  bath  for  eight  hours, 
when  the  oil  becarre  more  but  not  completely  digested ; 
particles  ^^  1  imili^  oH'  t?^ii|^  r*til1  perceptibl  e. 

li^This  affords  an  ex?impIa.of.;the  re-commencfeinem  of 
cligestioD*^  aftfjr  Xm  opei^atipa.had  ceased, .  by  the  addi- 
tioaof  plimnk  supply  ^of  gastric  juice.  ^ ,        ^  h'^jr^TH 


^n 


rv: 


Expefiftient  ^tO. 


i 


At  2  o'clock,  45  mins.,  R? tM.j  same  day,.  (Z?cc*  8,)J 


IrbJ&^'c^OTer,* weighing,  when  .raw,,ipur 
dt&chnii^^iny  i^&^  stomach,  >  «nd  he  .ate  twelve  oC>  t^o 
same  kiiid;  ^iBHih^^reigKlngiabont  the  same.-  i  .,™u  i  ^t^ 
At  4  o'clock,  30  mins.--€xamined-*Hiy5^pr{Ee|»ai|U||g 
on  the  string,  not  half  digested— fluid  in  the  stomach 
r&ncid.    Complained  of  headache,  las^itude^  dull  pains 


« 

4':' 


iki'tigiK^eftpsid^^  ahdf  across  the  brecnit-ntppg^e  furred, 
•^pritl^if^ttiii:,',  )|^<9y?i8h  <;oat,j,  and  ixicliiied  to  ,dry;nes»— 
eyes,  heavy,  and  countenance  8alk>w.  The  villQus  inemi- 
brane  of  the  proticuded  |)ortions  of  the  stomach,  very 
much  r4*semi)le<i('t!^y**  appeAtaii^e  of  the  tongue,*  ^i'ith 
small  aphthous  patches^  in  several  places,  quite  irrita- 
ble and  tender. 

I  suspended  observations,  and  dropped  into  the  aper- 
ture dt  night,  six  grains  b^e  pill^  and  four  aloetic  pUls, 
jfcbmmon  size,)  and  sprinkled  on  the  exposed  surface  of 
tte  stdmach,  five  or  six  grains  of  calomel.  Medicine 
Operated  early  the  next  morning  'y  relieved  the  symp* 
toms  of  indisposition  ^  changed  the  appearance  of  the 
stdrrialch  and  tongue ;  and  removed  the  aphthae.  On  the 
9th,  he  felt  quite  well ;  and  the  coats  of  the  stomach 
looked  healthy  again^ 


Experiment  11. 

'  )'■■ 

'1o  fi%i^?*  .fM?^^^'?^°^^»  A«  M*— temperature  100  deg. 
-r-^illoi^s  niembrane  perfectly  healthy,  of  a  pale  pink 
color,  and  uniform — mucous  coat  smooth  and  uven. 
Extracted  two  ounces  of  ^ktric  |uice.  It  distilled  more 
freely  than  common.  More  could  have  been  obtained. 
I  had  never  before  seen  the  pure  juice  flow  so  freely.  He 
felt  in  perfect  health  r  had  taken  neither  food  or  drinks 
femtie  9'd'clock,  last  evening. 

'^'At  9  tfclock— breakfasted  on  broiled  br$ast  ofmuttorif 
bf^ddf  butter i  in  usual  quantity,  and  a  pint  of  coffeCf  and 
kep:  exercising.  Digested  in  three  houra  and  a  half;, 
itomaeh  empty  and  clean.. 


H',-  ^.- 


^—^i  ♦*"••■  I- 


..«^^.©c,w  ^4*/       "<-i../|i.#M.''.^        li^'ltiFf 


^'^^.. 


s!»"4i^ 


ff^'^mm-'v' 


m 


BXrVRmBinW'AND 


At  2  o'clock)  P.  M.  same  day-stomach  empty— cOats 
clean^h^  dined  onthtrde  sbft  baim'iigisii)cid:  mm 
and  drank  heUf  a  pint  of  wo/ei^." 3  t)'clock^^rge^tioh 
advancing.  ^  4  o'clock— contents  nearly  gone  fi^om^he 
ftoniach^-yolk  of  eggs  still  visible^  with  a  few  particles 
of  oil.  6  o'clock — very  little  chyme  in  the  stomach. 
5  o'clock,  15  mins.— some  still  remaining.' Gomplairis' of 
a  slight  headache — ^pulse  full  and  crowded-contents 
of  stomach  acrid--c6untena\ice  rather  sallow;* eyes 
languid ;  tongue  a  little  coated  with  thin,  yiglloWish  W. 
His  bowels  have  not  been  moved  since  yesterday  iiioni- 
ing,  at  10  o'clock ;  then  inclined  to  costiveness.;        ^'^ 

N.  B.  After  taking  breakfast,  he  exercised  modeiate- 
ly.  Abou|vl*2  o'clock,  M.,  he  walked*  about  two'inil^s 
very  quick.  After  his  return  to  his  lodgings,'  he  threw 
off  his  coat,  am  went  into  the  open  air  again.  Soon, 
after  which,  he  began  to-fe^  the  pain  in  his  head,  d&c. 


Experitnent  l^j 

Dec.  14.  At  7  o'clock,  A.  M,— stomach  deeper  color 
than  ordinary,  and  inclined  to  diryness — some  small, 
aphthous  patches,  and  spots  of  darker  color — mucous 
<^oat  not  uniform  and  even ;  some  praces  thicker,  a  little 
elevated,  and  rolling  up,  like  thin  membrane,  leaving  a 
spot  beneath,  red  and  irritable. .  Very,  little  juice  could  be 
extracted.  I  obtained  a  small  quantity  of  fluid,  mixed 
wi^  yellow  bile^  It  did  not  yield  the  peculiar  acid 
taste  (^thegi  strio  jmce. .  Temperature  of  the  stomach, , 
100  deg.    St.  Martin  did  not  feel  hi^  usual  appetite. 


'*V-^: 


'^^■,}^' 


T-'"^'' 


'i-ffmaEB.VATiov»< « 


}K 


At  9  o'clock,  he  breakfasted  on.  the  same  kind  of  diet 
as  yesterday — liad  less  appetite,  and  was  laDonng  un- 
der sonjQ  gastric  derangement.  He  'continued  quiet, 
n>ost  o£ the  time  in  a-  recumbent,  position.  10.  o'clockf— 
,  »tomacl>  full— globules  of  oil  floating  about— appearance 
of  yUlous  membrane,  about  the  tame ;  no  perceptible 
phange.  11  o'clock— stomach  still  full — appearances 
similar  to  those  in  last  examination.  12  o'clock,  M. — 
;  contents  half  diminishedf—praticles  of  bread,'  and  coat  of 
oil  on  the  surface.  X  o'clock,  P.  M.---rSome  fluid  'still  in 
tjbe  stomach,  and  a  larger  proportion  of  oil  than  at  last 
examination.  Taste  of  the  contents,  more  sharp  and 
rancid ;  fast  leaving  the  stomach.  At  this  time,  I  ob- 
served several  small,  sliarp  pointed,  white  pustules  or 
pimples,  here  and  there  disper^d  oyer, the  exposed  por- 
tion of  the  inner  coat.  1  o'cloclc,  30  mins.— stomach 
.clear  and  clean.  ^ 


'f¥i 


fj»  Jjw^rt  *jti  f!f 


Ea;pcriment  14. 


At  2  o'clock,  P.  M.,  same  day,  he  dined  on  three  soft 
boiled  egg-s,  bread  and  biUter,  and  half  a  pint  of  water, 
(same  as  yesterday,  2  o'clock.)  Digested  in  three 
hours. 

Experiment  13'. 

f  ■  -'  .  ■ . 

Dec.  15.  At  8  o'clock,  A.  M.,  I  examined  stomachr— 
temperature  100  deg.  Appearance  of  coats,  more  nat- 
ural and  healthy  than  yesterday  morning  ;  less  of  those 
small,  white,  pointed  pimples,  and  aphthous  spots.  Very 
Uttle  gastric  juice  could  be  obtained ;  not  more  than 


':'-••  *     ''' 


-.-^  WV  ■;>  r^    .;t^    ^'.^. 


.',.  "(;. 

:.,'«"'*... 


m 


*!l!S8' 


•:^f 


^!»*f^W  'i''i<^'  iJUiiiinivvi^ 


178 


EXPERIMENTS  A^i> 


one  ounce,  and  that  mixed  with  an  unusual  quantit]!"  of 
mucus,  not  so  clear  ds  common.  Complained,  as  he  fre- 
quently ^ces,  duf iiig  this  operation,  of  a  sense  of  sink- 
ing, and  vertigo,  after  extracting  this  quantity.  This 
feeling,  however^  subsided.in  a  few  minutes  after  rising. 
At  8  o'clock,  30  mins.  he  breakfasted  on' beef  stcaky 
bread  and  coffee.  At  the  same  time,  he  thoroughly  mas-^ 
ticated  four  drachnxs  of  the  steak,  which  I  put  into  the 
gastrid  juice,  just  before  taken  from  the  stomach.  To 
another  similar  quantity  of  gastric  juice,  I  put  the  same 
quantity  of  the  steak,  unmasticated,  and  in  one  entire 
piece.  I  placed  them  both  "on  the  bath  at  100  deg  ;  and 
at  the  same  time,  I  put  the  same  quantity  steak  into  one 
ounde  of  simple  water,  and  treated  it  with  the  others* 
on  the  bath.      ' 

At  11  o'clock,  I  examined  the  stomach,  and  found  his 
breakfast '  nearly  digested,  and  more  than  half  gone- 
fi'omthe  stomacn.    I  took  out  an  ounce  of  what  remain- 
ed,-which  was  almost  completely  chymified,  a  few  par- 
ticles of  the  bread,  in  a  soft,  pultaceous.  condition,  only 
reriiaining.    Compared  this  with  the  three  parcels  on 
f  the 'bath.    It  very  nearly  resembled  the  masticated 
meat  in  the  gastric  juice,  but  more  digested,  and  thiner, 
and  contained  particles  of  oil  (melted  butter)  and  bread, 
which  were  not  in  the  masticated  food  in  the  vial. 
Tho'unmasiicated  meat  differed  considerably.    It  wa^^^ 
not  so  thick  and  gelatinous-like  ;  was  of  a  darker  color*;: 
and  the  piece  of  meat  retained  its  shape;  and  was  noi- 
much  diminished  in  size,  the  surface  only  a  little  wast-* 
cd,  softened,  and  covered  with  a  cineritious  coat.     The 
contents  of*  the  vial  of  masticated  meat  and  water,  suf- 
fered very  little  or  no  change  since  put  in ;  no  more 
than  had  been  effected  by  simple  mastication.    Contin*' 
u«d  them  all  on  the  bath. 


,-*' 


V  ■    lS-°>  :    i^' 


u 


OBSERVATIONS,  j, .. 


in 


1?he  contents  of  the  yicil3)  continued  on  the  bath  for 
twenty-four  hours,  exhibited  the  following^  changes. 
The  portion  taken  from  the  stomach  at  11  o'clock^  re- 
mained nearly  the  same  as,  when  extracted,  perhaps 
more  completely  chymified.  That  "which  was  mastic 
cated,  and  put  into  the  gastric  juice,,  was  reduced  .to  a 
thick,  pultaceous,  semi-fluid  mass,  but  retaining  some 
distinct  fibres  of  the  meat,  which,  after  standing  awhile, 
subsided  to  the  bottom  of  a  yellowish,  whey-colored 
fluid.  These  remaining  particles  of  aliment,  I  con- 
ceived to  have  been  left  for  want  of  a  sufficient  quantity 
of  gastric  juice  ;  the  quantity  at  fifst  being  too  small  to  dis- 
solve the.  whole  of  the  meat  put  in.  That  portion  in 
the  vial  of  water  had  undergone  no  other  change  than 
that  of  incipient  putrefaction,  which  was  very  evident. 
The  unraasticated  piece  of  meat  had  undergone  an  evi- 
dent process  of  digestion.  It  was  about  half  diminished, 
and  the  texture  of  the  remaining  part  loose  and  soft. 
The  containing  fluid  had  become  of  a. greyish-brown 
color,  opaque,  with  a  fine,  brown  sediment,  settling  to 
the  bottom,  similar  to  that  of  the  masticated  meat  in  the 
gastric  juice.  The  gastric  juice,  containing  the  un-» 
masticated  meat,  when  taken  from  the  stomach,  some 
sixty  or  seventy  hours  before,  was  not  so  pure  as  com- 
mon; was  mixed  with  yellow  bile;  and  was  in  too 
small  proportion  to  the  meat.  The  color  and  flavor  of 
the  other  two  portions  were  very  similar,  except  that 
the  one  with  the  masticated  meat  was  more  sharp  and 
acrid.  ' 


^.w^v 


This  experiment  shows  the  necessity  of  mastication : 
and  also  demonstrates,  th^^  simple  macfe^ation,  at  the 
natural  temperature,  will  not  effect  digestion.  ,^ 


.#*i«.U  JM**  *i*>f:iiy*|;.:*Si|S!**«^  ,i^ 


■^"'-   •-i#- 


'\*»Si£j. 


• 


^Si^*^^'^ 


w^^ 


.'  *•     '■* '"'  '  wa 


"^•rw,iiii  n  iijf||^)Wi"SWf,l|||i«P|!Jli.M 


^ 


4W 


B^wtHiysirjii  ijTD 


>Uv 


M^jmmmt  U. 


.». 


it 


jP,  M.  same  day-^igcitett  tu  thre,f  hours,  forty-fire 


.nilhutds. 


>. 


Experiment  if.  '■'' 

Dec.  1%  At  9  o'clock,  A.  M.,  he  breakfest^d  on  coldj 
pork  steakf  bread  arid  one  liirit'  coffee.  Digestion  com* 
pleted  in  thre^^ho^urs.  ,  ^w;9t  hoijrs  after  haying[.eat^i}j  a 
pellicle  of  oil  \v-as  found  floating  on  ^the  top  of  the  gaJs- 
Mc^coiitents.  ,       \'''   "  '    ',  ,',^''    .  .^   '■.■.""' 

On*  et^inirimg  ihe  stomach j,  an  lj9iirtiftei*^tl^^^ytine 
hid  passed  put,  several  red  sppts  and  patches,  abyadc^d 
of  me  mucous  coat,  tender  and  irritable,  appeared  spread* 
oyer  the  inner  surface^  .T/he  tongue,  tpc^,  had  upon  it  a 
tHin,.vwiiitish  fliri    Yet  his  a|)pet|te  "w^s  re^ther  cra^ 

At  2  o'clock,, 30  mins.  V.M^  be.  ate  a  full  pinner, of 


Experiment  18. 

iyOm^Vfi.  ,AtiS  sQt^cloak,  30  mkiB.  A.  M.,  I  put  two^^ 
drs^i^ms  fresh  friedi  sausage  inrfifine  muslin  bag,  and  ' 
susfi«ftde*  it  ipitaihe^stottiach.  ^  He'imni6dial6!y*^^^iiftet" 
br^fa#ed-«tttth^Wi]|<Siv'kind^<yr%ail5a:^^^ 

tenfeof  bags Ibotil  half  diminisI^K'  *^^'6^m^^1^1^ 


n 


m 


''■■'^FW^PipPBPIlliPPWfP^PP^^lP 


0DSERVATI0N8. 


181 


stomach  empty  and  clean — contents  of  bag  all  gone, 
except  fifteen  grains,  consisting  of  small  pieces  of  car- 
tilaginous and  membranous  fibres,  and  the  spice  of  the 
sausage ;  which  last  weighed  six  grains ;  leaving  only 
nine  grains  of  the  aliment  put  in.  In  consequence  of 
being  called  out,  I  delayed  the  last  examination  longer 
than  was  necessary. 


I   ^ 


Exp^mncni  10. 

Dec.  18.  At  8  o'clock,  30  mins.,  A.  M»,  I  su'.pend- 
cd  two  drachms  masticated,  fried  sausage,  confined  in 
a  muslin  bag,  into  the  stomach,  and  he  breakfasted  on 
the  same  kind  of  food,  with  bread  and  coffee.  1 1  o'clock, 
30  mins.,  stomach  half  empty— -contents  of  bag  about 
half  gone.  1  o'clock,  P.  M.,  stomach  nearly  empty — 
very  little  left  in  the  bag.  1  o'clock,  30  mins.,  stomach 
clear,  except  the  bag,  which  contained  a  little  of  the 
sausage :  took  this  out,  and  it  weighed  one  drachm, 
spice  and  all,  of  which  there  was  less  than  yesterday. 
The  bag,  when  drawn  out,  came  from  near  the  pylorus, 
and  was  covered  with  a  coat  of  mucus  and  yellow  bile. 
The  contents  of  the  stomach  have  been  unusually  acrid 
since  yesterday  morning,  and  he  complains  of  unusual 
smarting  and  irritation  at  the  edges  of  the  aperture ;  coun- 
tenance sallow  ;  tongue  covered  with  a  thin,  yellowish 
coat ;  and  several  deep  red  patches  on  the  inner  coat  of 
the  stomach  i  does  not  feel  his  usual  appetite.  0  o'clock 
—dropped  into  the  aperture,  twelve  grains  bhts  pill, 
and  five  cathartic  jnlls — operated  early  the  next  morn- 
ing ;  removed  the  symptoms  ;  and  restored  his  healthy 
sensations  and  functions. 

16 


S' 


■'ii..^';Ali(     )i('>£. 


•mKMi 


IIRFIM'.'IIIII 


r;* 


1^ 


182 


>^ 


EXPERIMENTS  AND 


'Experiment  20. 


II      I 


J9ec.  19.  At  8  o'clock,  45  mins.,  A.  M.,  I  suspended 
three  drachms  broiled  bass,  in  a  muslin  bag,  into  the 
stomach,  and  he  breakfasted  on  the  same  kind  of  fish, 
with  bread,  a  small  piece  of  sausage,  and  a  pint  of  cqf- 
fee.  2  o'clock,  P.  M. — complains  of  smarting  at  the 
aperture — I  took  out  the  bag — remaining  contents  weigh- 
ed two  drachms,  having  lost  one  drachm  only  in  five 
hours  and  a  quarter.  Coats  of  the  stomach  did  not  ap- 
pear healthy — deeper  red  than  natural,  with  patches  of 
still  deeper  color,  spread  over  the  protruded  portion. 
Mucous  covering  abraded  in  places,  and  rolled  up ;  re- 
sembling shreds  of  epidermis,  torn  from  a  blistered  sur- 
face. '^V"      .  '1 


:'r$v 


I* 


/:«■  i.r. 


i-j'i'  ^^■- 


■/<:rm  <(^ 


Th^se  three  last  experiments,  are  examples  of  the 
solvent  or  chemical  action  of  the  gastric  juice.  It  pene- 
trated the  muslin  bags,  dissolved  the  food,  and  allowed 
the  chyme  to  Strain  out.  They  also  indicate  that  irri- 
tating substances,  (as,  for  Instance,  the  muslin  bags,  in 
these  experiments,)  produce  a  diseased  state  of  the 


stomach. 

-,.^,  ..:,...-.  ■     ■■'■■  :y^.i(^y^..:  ^^ 


■>,-. 


'  Experiment  21.    ■- ^m- ^\ii\'.imky 


'  Dec.  20.  At  8  o'clock,  30  mins.,  A.  M.-— Coats  of 
stomach  appecur  healthy ;  considerable  fluid  plainly  to 
be  seen.  It  ran  out  of  the  aperture  on  turning  him 
down ;  was  transparent,  and  contained  flocculi  of  mu- 
cus. Breakfasted  on  broiled  bass,  toasted  bread  and 
coffee.    Digested  in  five  and  a  half  hoursi 


«J%  Vt^-,  ta  . 


OBSERVATIONS. 


183 


Experiment  22. 


At  2  o'clock,  P.  M.,  he  dined  on  boiled  chicken^  and 
vfhtat  bread.    Digested  in  four  and  half  hours.  '^ 


'1*1 


f  ■♦>  h^ 


Experiment  23. 


■7 


Dec,  21.  At  8  o'clock,  30  mins.,  A.  M.,  stomach  not 
perfectly  healthy  ;  several  small,  deep  red  patches,  on 
the  exposed  surfaQC.  Extracted  four  drachms  gastric 
juice,  tinged  with  yellow  bile.  Masticated  one  and  a 
half  scruples  of  the  thigh  of  a  boiled  chicken^  and  half 
a  scruple  of  bread :  put  them  into  thiis  gastric  juice,  and 
placed  the  vial  in  the  axilla.  Into  the  same  quantity 
of  pure  water,  warmed  to  70  deg.,  I  put  the  same  quan- 
tity and  kind  of  aliment,  and  placed  them  in  the 
same  situation.  He  breakfasted  at  the  same  time,  on 
the  same  kind  of  diet.  1  o'clock,  P.  M.,  stomach  empty. 
At  2  o'clock,  he  dined  on  same  kind  of  food.  6  o'clock, 
30  mins.,  stomach  empty. 
*'f  'The  masticated  portion  put  into  the  vial  of  gastric 
juice,  placed  on  the  bath,  and  frequently  agitated,  di- 
gested regularly  and  uniformly  until  about  2  o'clock,  P. 
M.,  when  the  particles  were  all  dissolved,  except  a  few 
ifibres.  That  in  the  vial  of  water,  kept  in  the  same  situ- 
ation, had  not  changed  its  appearance  from  the  time  it 

was  put  in.       ...-.  ,'.•:      .    v    ■..:,?..    -Vv    .'    =.:.-.......■.;:.,   ...  •■...:.>•;:.  :. 

•  On  separating  the  remaining  particles  of  food,  in  the 

gastric  juice,  at  evening,  filtering  on  thin  muslin,  and 

'   drying  with  paper,  it  weighed  fifteen  grains,  and  left 

':  four  drachms  and  a  fraction,  of  an  opaque,  milky  color- 

'  ed  fluid.  m'^^^'^m 

:  That  in  the  water,  taken  out  at  the  same  time,  weigh- 


'^:i 


•>'f^'W  •'  'If. 


184 


EXPERIMENTS  AND 


-f 


ed  forty  grains,  and  left  four  drachms  of  a  turbid  fluid, 
like  water,  with  flour  stirred  in  it,  and  had  a  mawkish, 
insipid  tasto  and  smell.  The  first  had  the  acid  smell 
ar^d  taste,  peculiar  to  the  gastric  contents. 


Experiment  24. 


-^'.■;*>' 


Dec.  22.  At  8  o'clock,  A.  M.  examined  stomach — 
temperature  100  deg.  Extracted  about  four  drachms 
gastric  juice,  pure,  but  not  free. 

At  8  o'clock,  30  mins.,  he  breakfasted  on  bread,  cheese 
and  coffee.  9  o'clock,  stomach  full  of  fluids  ;  tempera- 
ture 100  deg.  11  o'clock,  stomach  full,  with  the  cheese 
in  a  fluid  form,  floating  on  the  surface  ;  bread  reduced 
to  a  pulp  ;  temperature  100  deg.  12  o'clock,  M.,  food 
still  in  the, stomach;  but  considerably  diminished.  1 
o'clock,  30  mins.,  P.  M.,  some  of  the  cheese  yet  remain- 
ing ;  stomach  nearly  empty.    2  o'clock,  stomach  empty. 

The  coats  of  the  stomach  havi)  not  appeared  in  their 
usual  healthy  condition,  for  several  days  past ;  the  color 
darker  ;  mucous  coat  unequal ;  some  patches  of  a  pur- 
plish color,  with  aphthous  edges  ;  surface  inclined  to  be 
dry  ;  very  little  secretion  of  gastric  juice  ;  digestion 
Slower,  and  less  perfect  than  usual ;  bowels  inactive) 
nothing  having  passed  them  for  sixty  hours. 

It  would  seem  from  this  experiment,  that  cheese  was 
diflicult  of  digestion.  In  addition  to  its  closeness  of  tex- 
ture, it  generally  contains  a  large  proportion  of  oil » .^.    ,  i 

Experiment  2^^  [,^]    '  .,._^^\:M,,;{i^^.^,^, 


•'i.fm''-».r 


%/r- 


Dec.  23.    At  6  o*clock,  A.  M.,    temperature  of  stem 
aeh,  100  deg ;  pulse  66  a  minute.    9  o'clock    temper 


;^Slk 


'7 


^lil 


i-t^ 


1?- 


OBIBRVATIOMI. 


w 


ature  of  stomach,  100  deg. ;  pulse  75.  Villous  mem- 
brane inclined  to  dryness,  and  of  a  darker  than  natural 
color;  papillfB  small  and  sharp;  mucous  coyering 
scarely  perceptible ;  bowels  costive ;  tongue  coated  with 
a  yellowish  fur,  and  its  edges  pale.  I  poured  in,  at  the 
aperture,  one  ounce  Ol,  Riciniy  and  sprinkled  over  the 
surface  of  the  protruded  coats,  five  or  six  grains  of  cal- 
omel.  IIo  ate  a  light  breakfast  of  com  bread  and  crack- 
era,  and  drank  a  pint  of  coffee,  immediately  after. 

At  2  o'clock,  P.  M.,  stomach  empty ;  coats  look 
healthier.  Medicine  not  having  moved  the  bowels,  I 
put  in,  at  the  aperture,  twelve  additional  grains  of  cal- 
omel, per  se. 

^  At  5  o'clock,  the  stomach  was  in  commotion  ;  indica- 
tions of  the  cathartic  operation  of  the  calomel:  slight 
nausea  ;  stomach  full  of  a  white,  frothy  fluid,  running 
out  at  the  aperture,  like  fermenting  beer  from  a  bottle ; 
slight  pain  and  motion  in  the  bowels;  and  increased  se- 
cretion of  saliva.  No  motion  from  the  bowels.  Tem- 
perature of  stomach,  101-  deg.  Pulse  80  beats  in  a  min- 
ute, 

^i  At  8  o'clock,  calomel  had  operated  twice,  copiously, 
commencing  at  7.  Temperature  of  stomach,  100  deg. 
Pulse  62,  soft  and  mild. 

1 
»    ■*■ 

Experiment  26b 

i  Dec.  25.  At  8  o'clock,  A.  M. — weather  partially  clou-  • 
dy — atmosphere  dry,  and  smoky — wind  E.  and  light —  • 
Th.  31  deg.  Temperature  of  the  stomach,  100  deg.  * 
and  a  fraction.  Pulse  55,  in  a  recumbent  position ;  66,  i 
sitting  erect.    A  few  small,  red  spots,  on  the  mucous 

^  16* 


« 


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Af  .; 


iMi 


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iiifliiii 


mmm 


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^ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


1.0 


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2.2 
2.0 


1.25   |U 

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Hiotographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


-■■■M-'-rZr''  '-'• 


■■■■( 


'f'f'm 


15f»T1 


MUfP"'  »J"H' 


la^  ,"8 


'w-'fm 


EXPERIMENTS  AND 


surface.  The  gastric  secretions  appear  as  healthy  Oj^ 
usual.    ,  * 

'  ^  At  9  o'clock,  he  breakfasted  on  boiled,  salted,  fat. pork, 
corn  bread  and  coffee.  10  o'clock,  the  stomach  at  the 
•jsame  temperature  as  at  8  o'clock.  Pulse  65  in  a  recum- 
bent, and  75  in  an  erect  position.  Gastric  cavity  full  of 
a  heterogeneous  mixture.  )fk  ;^i?.^itb-'\, 

•swAt  11  o'clock,  30  mins. — just  returned  from  walking 
moderately,  about  an  hour,  a  distance  of  two  and  a  half 
miles ;  not  to  produce  free  perspiration,  but  gentle  dia- 
phoresis. Weather  clear,  calm  and  dry.  Th.  50  deg. 
TempcFature  of  the  stomach  101  ieg.  Pulse  72,  in  a 
recumbent  position ;  82,  sitting  erect,  and  regular.  Con- 
tents of  stomach  half  reduced^,  and  nearly  homogeneous. 

At  12:  o'clock,  30  mins.  M. — temperature  of  stomach, 
100^  deg.  Pulse  62,  recumbent  ^  72,  erect.  Contents 
nearly  gone.  :^i$.r.mv:%'wu 

At  1  o'clock,  30  mins.,  P.  M.,  wtomach  empfy. 

At  9  o'clock,  weather  cloudy,  atmosphere  dry,  no 
wind,  Th.  42  deg.,  the  temperature  of  tlie  stomach  was 
99^  deg.  He  drank  half  a  pint  of  water  fifteen  or  twenty 
minutes  before  examination.  Pulse  62,  recumbent ; 
72,  erect.  .^^ 

This  is  an  example  of  the  increase  of  the  temperature 
of  the  stomach  onexercise.  See,  also,  subsequent  ex- 
periments.. ,       , 


Experiment  27* 


.'■t#:tl)«y- 


Dec.  26..  At  6  o'clock,  A.  M. — weather  cloudy  ;  at- 
Bipspheire  damp  I  wind  N,  E.  and  light;  Th.  38  d«g.;. 
temperature  of  the  stomach,  99 J  deg.    Pul&e  55,  recum- 


i 


■yr-i  J"* 


'vs 


;Tf 


''if^- 


m;:^ 


^l^^^gllW^    III    Hill   IW 


"^i"  "  »■ 


^ 


<  "  ■'■'1^" 


.j.i"j.vn»^m.j-Ma 


OBSBRVATIONS^. 


187 


bent ;  65,  erect.  Respirations  in  a  recumbent  position, 
15,  and  in  a  sitting  position,  18  a  minute. 

At  8  o'clock,  he  returned  from  a  walk  of  two  miles, 
but  not  to  produce  perspiration.  Weather  damp  and 
raining  lightly.  Th.  36  deg.  Temperature  of  ths 
stomach,  101  deg.  Pulse  65,  recumbent ;  85,  erect. 
Feelings  of  impatience  here  evidently  accelerated  his 
pulse,  in  the  erect,  position.  He  was  vexed  at  being 
detained  a  few  minutes  from  his  breakfast.  '   *5*'  v  l  ', 

At  5  o'clock,  P.  M. — weather  rainy ;  wind  N.  E.;  Th. 
41 — 1  examined  the  stomach.  Temperature,  99 J  deg. 
Pulse  60,  recumbent ;  70,  erect.  At  8  o'clock,  temper- 
ature of  the  stomach,  101*^.  Pulse,  50,  recumbent;  60, 
erect.    Respirations,  15  a  minute.       *    ^Mi^^iiv^vt  ^v  i^^*^ 

His  diet  through  the  day  had  been  confined  principally 
to  farinaceous  substances,  wheat  bread  and  crackers,  in 
moderate  quantities.  • 


%•    .^\'-->^ei'. 


« 


■i-i^ 


^  fi  «■  tt 


ExperimerU  28. 


A'j4- 


I  .•' 


'*■?" 


'.'.-<  ^-i 


¥ 


Dec.  27.  At  6  o'clock,  A.  M.  Weather  unpleasant ; 
atmosphere  damp ;  wind  east ;  Tn.  38  deg.  Tempera- 
ture of  stomach,  99  J  deg.  Surface  clean  and  healthy. 
No  dark  red,  or  apthous  patches,  nor  white,  elevated 
points.  Mucous  coat  uniform  and  even,  of  the  natural 
color.  No  excoriation  or  smarting  at  the  edges  of  ths 
aperture.  I  extracted  oneounceof  gastric  juice,  slightly 
tinged  with  yellow  bile.  This,.  I  conceive  to  have  been 
entirely  accidental;  and  occasioned  by  the  regurgitation 
of  the  bile  through  the  pylorus,,  as  he  turned  upon  hii 
back,  from  right  to  left,  to  favor  the  exit  of  the  gastric 
juice.    The  same  thing  has  happened  several  tijoce^ 


^ 


■'M 


f'  ,-4 


•*(•;, 


■t 


<:  *»« 


•  '  »# 


TF^ 


far 


*^"|in 


"¥!■■•«»» 


188 


EXPERIMENTS  AND 


/' 


At  9  o'clock,  he  breakfisted  on  three  ounces  broiled 
breast  of  ^mutton,  four  oUiices  of  wheat  and  corn  bread,  * 
very  thoroughly  masticated,  and  a  pint  of  coffee.    At^ 
the  same  time,  I  put  two  drachms  of  same  kind  of  food, 
•  equally  well  masticated,  into  the  ounce  of  gastric  juice, 
taken  from  the  stomach  at  6  o'clock,  and  the  same  quan-  * 
tity  of  same  kind  of  food,  masticated  in  the  same  man- ' 
ner,  into  an  ounce  of  simple  water;  placed  them,  both  * 
together,  first  in  the  axilla,  and  afterwards  on  the  bath, 
between  96  dcg.  iind  100  deg.     mm:  mm-::.%-  *^»  t^^-:^*/! ; 

At  12  o'clock,  M.,  stomach  nearly  empty.     Was  just' 
able  to  get  out  one  ounce  for  comparison,  almobi  com- 
pletely dissolved ;  a  few  small  particles  of  bread  only  ' 
visible.    Temperature  100  deg.^^  v^^  -'^  .^^^.^^mt^'V  ^^^■■ 

At  12  o'clock,  30  mins.,  no  distinct  particles  of  food  to 
be  seen.    All  chymified,  and  passed  from  the  stomach. 
Nothing  but  a  little  frothy  mucus  remaining  in  the  stom-  - 
ach.     Coats  clean ;  color,  pale  pink.     Temperature  100 

At  2  o'clock,  p.  M.,  he  dined  on  the  same  quantity 
and  kind  of  food  that  he  had  taken  for  his  breakfast, 
{broiled  mutton  and  b^ad.)     Drank  nothing  since  morn- 
ing.    Temperature  of  stomach  100  deg.     Th.  62  deg.. 
Wind  S.    Weather  fair,  since  12  o'clock.    2  o'clock,  30 
mins.,  stomach  as  full  of  fluids  as  when  he  drank  a 
pint  immediately  after  eating.    No  perceptible  differ-t^ 
ence   in  appearance.     6  o'clock,   stomach   empty  and^' 
clean.    9  o'clock,  temperature  of  the  stomach  100  deg.^ 
Weather  same  as  at  2  o'clock. 

The  changes  effected  in  the  contents  of  the  two  vials,*^ 
mentioned  above,  and  kept  in  the  axilla  till  9  o'clock,^^ 
P.  M.,  were  as  follows.  ^5 

In  that-containing  the  gastric  juice,  the  food  was  about 


4 


iMt 


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W^ 


m 


•M. 


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w^ 


iwk     WJ' 


fmiff^f^mmimtiiiigK!'     '    •i""^™'' 


»' 


OBSERVATIONS. 


189 


half  dissolved,  and  loosely  suspended  towards  the  bot- 
tom of  a  reddish-grey  colored  fluid. 

That  in  the  water  exhibited  no  other  appearance  of 
digestion  than  what  was  effected  by  mastication,  when 
first  put  in.  The  masticated  food  had  subsided  to  the 
bottom  of  a  transparent,  watery  fluid,  as  clear  as  when 
first  put  in. 

At  8  o'clock,  A.  M.  of  the  28th,  I  added  the  two 
drachms  of  gastric  juice,  taken  from  the  stomach,  at 
that  time,  to  the  vial  containing  the  gastric  juice ;  and 
the  same  quantity  of  water  to  the  watery  mixture  ;  and 
placed  them  in  the  axilla  again. 

At  6  o'clock,  P.  M.,  examined  vials — digestion  liad 
re-commenced,  and  advanced  in  the  gastric  juice,  in 
proportion  to  the  quantity  added.  The  sediment  had 
become  more  dissolved,  and  the  fluid  part  increased. 
This  sediment  taken  out,  filtered  through  muslin,  and 
pressed  as  dry  as  when  put  in,  weighed  forty-five  grains 
only,  having  completely  dissolved  one  drachm  and 
fifteen  grains  ;  and  produced  a  gruel-like  milky  color- 
ed fluid.  ,r-  i  ,' 

That  in  the  water,  remained  unchanged ;  and  when 
taken  out,  and  pressed  dry,  through  a  piece  of  muslin, 
like  the  other,  weighed  one  drachm  and  thirty-five 
grains.  This  reduction,  I  suppose,  was  the  effects  of 
mastication,  and  maceration  in  the  water  for  thirty-six 
hours.;,  .    V  ,,.  w%   _--:■-.  -A       .       ' 

These  two  parcels,  kept  tight  corked,  in  a  tempera- 
ture between  50  deg.  and  70  deg.  remained  free  from 
any  fo&tor  for  forty-five  days.  The  gastric  portion,  at 
the  end  of  this  time,  emitted  a  caseous  flavor;  and 
the  aqueous  portion  smelt  musty  and  sour.  "i 


fl^ .  w. 


■■1  pm 


190 


ZXPERIMENTS  AND 


This  is  a  comparison  between  solution  by  the  gastric 
juice,  and  maceration  in  water.  These  results  are  in- 
teresting, not  only  as  establishing  physiological  princi- 
ples on  certain  data ;  but  they  have  an  important  prac- 
tical application.  They  have,  consequently,  been  fre- 
quently repeated. 

The  fact,  that  the  stomach  contains  a  quantity  of  fluid, 
soon  after  the  ingestion  of  dry  food,  which  was  alluded 
to  in  the  prclimary  essay,  is  here  perfectly  demonstra- 
ted. 


tl    vv 


I     I 


'^i: 


Experiment  29. 

Dec.  28.  At  8  o'clock,  A.  M.  Weather  clear.  At- 
mosphere dry.  WindN.  Th.  34  deg.  Temperature 
of  stomach,  100  dcg.  Coats  clean  and  healthy.  Gas- 
tric juice  scarce  ;  extracted  two  drachms  only,  and  that 
with  considerably  difficulty. 

At  9  o'clock,  A.  M.,  he  breakfasted  on  same  kind  of 
food  as  yesterday,  in  usual  maimer,  slightly  masticated, 
and  swallowed  fast,  without  regard  to  quantity.  1 
o'clock,  P.  M.,  a  small  portion  still  in  the  stomach — 
nearly  dissolved.     1  o'clock,  30  mins.  stomach  empty. 


.vv  'uHx.'' 


Experiment 


30. 


i\> 


At  9  o'clock,  A.  M. 


Dec.  29.  At  9  o'clock,  A.  M.  Weather  clear  and 
dry.  Wind  N.  W.  and  light.  Th.  34  deg.  Temper- 
ature of  stomach,  100  deg.  Coats  clean  and  healthy. 
He  breakfasted  on  fatpork^  dry  toast  and  coffee — ^full 
meal.     1  o'clock,  P.  M.,  stomach  half  full  of  a  lardace- 


nWP' 


•#■, 


iS^'.. 


mi 


WHtUR'. 


^-. 


▼'  »  '   '  f  !■ '  ip* 


■  iV'i«pi| 


OBSERVATIONS. 


191 


ous  fluid— no  particle  of  any  thing  else  but  gastric  fluids 
to  be  seen.  Temperature  100  deg.  2  o'clock,  30  mins., 
stomach  not  empty.  3  o'clock,  stomach  empty  and 
clean. 

The  protracted  period  of  complete  chymification  in 
this  meal,  I  conceive  to  have  been  principally  owing  to 
the  unusual  quantity  of  food  taken,  being  dispropor- 
tioned  to  the  gastric  secretions,  and  more  than  was  re- 
quired to  replenish  the  natural  waste  of  the  system. 
The  quality  of  the  food  had,  undoubtedly,  some  eflect. 


Experi7nent  31. 

Dec.  30.  At  8  o'clock,  A.  M.  Weather  clear  and 
dry.  Wind  N.  W.  and  light.  Th.  26  deg.  Stomach 
clean  and  healthy.  Temperature  100  deg.  Gastric 
juice  pure,  and  distills  more  freely  than  common.  Ex- 
tracted one  ounce,  without  any  difficulty.  ' 

At  9  o'clock,  he  breakfasted  on  two  and  a  half  ounces 
of  boiled,  recently  salted,  fat  pork^  three  ounces  of 
wheat  bread,  masticated  in  usual  manner,  and  one  j)int 
of  coffee. 

At  the  same  time,  I  took  two  parcels,  equal  quanti- 
ties, of  the  same  kind  of  food,  (pork  and  bread)  half  a 
drachm  of  each  kind,  both  masticated  in  same  manner : 
put  one  of  them  into  the  ounce  of  gastric  juice  taken 
from  the  stomach  before  eating ;  and  the  other,  into  the 
same  quantity  of  simple  water,  of  the  temperature  of 
the  gastric  juice ;  and  placed  them  in  the  axilla.      ^'  ''' 

At  11  o'clock,  I  took  out  of  the  stomach,  one  and  a 
half  ounces  of  its  contents ;  put  it  into  a  vial,  and  placed 


'1% 


ti    '«fe.  A-,. 


,     .:.4.- 


:<j,:^^, 


f^^ 


'  «&._, 


fl^l^ 


"•v-nr 


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^W^^ 


■•■^'^^^^^^P^pwpil 


%s 


192 


EXPERIMENTS  AND 


lif.. 


S»( 


'^ 


f^. 


it  in  the  axilla,  with  the  other  two.  The  difference  be^ 
twcen  this  taken  out  of  the  stomach,  and  that  in  the 
gastric  juice,  was  quite  perceptible.  The  particles  of 
aliment  contained  in  the  last,  appeared  more  nearly  dis- 
solved, very  few  Tomaining  distinct.  That  taken  from 
the  stomach  contained  a  larger  proportion  of  the  entire 
food  and  floating  oil.  The  color  of  the  middle  por- 
tions, as  well  as  the  smell  and  taste,  were  very  similar. 
That  from  the  stomach  was  rather  more  rancid  and 
sharp  than  that  in  the  gastric  juice  in  the  vial.  Both 
possessed  the  peculiar  gastricj  acid  flavor. 

At  1  o'clock,  30  mills,  the  stomach  was  empty  and 
clean,  and  probably  was  so  at  1  o'clock  ;  but  owing  to 
accident,  I  did  not  examine  at  that  time.  He  became 
intoxicated  in  the  afternoon,  and  interrupted  the  exper- 
iments. 

On  the  2d  of  January,  1833, 1  added  half  an  ounce' 
of  fresh  gastric  juice  to  the  parcel  of  chyme  taken  from 
the  stomach  at  11  o'clock,  in  the  above  experiment, 
which,  at  this  time,  contained  a  large  proportion  of  un- 
digested lardaceous  matter,  floating  on  the  surface*  Put 
the  vial  in  the  axilla. 

On  the  3d)  I  added  three  drachms  more  of  fresh 
gastric  juice,  to  the  above. 

On  the  6th)  I  added  three  drachms  gastric  juice  to 
the  above,  and  placed  it  on  the  bath. 

On  the  addition  of  each  of  these  portions  of  gastric 
juice,  chymification  recommenced,  and  the  lardaceous 
portion  of  the  aliment  continued  to  be  reduced  for  several 
hours,  till  the  solvent  power  became  expended,  when 
its  action  would  cease. 


m 


^   OlBSERVATIONS. 


* 


M> 


*  '    Ewperifnent  32. 

^'' _ 

^   jDec.  31.     At  7  o'clock,  A.M.    Weather  cloudy.    At- 
mosphere damp  and  chilly.    Wind  S.    Th.  30<^.    Tem- 
perature of  the  stomach,  lOOi— color  darker  red  than 
natural,  and  arid.     Mucous  coat  abraded  in  spots,  and 
rolled  in  small  shreds;  more  irritable  than  usual. 
.    At  8  o'clock)  30  mins.j  breakfasted  on  same  quantity 
and  kind 'of  food  as  yesterday,  (pork)  bread,  &c.)     At 
il  o'clock,  took  out  one  and  a  half  ounces  contents  from 
the  stomach)  in  appearance  half  digested.     12  o'clock 
M.,  took  out  anotlier  portion,  more  completely  dissolved. 
Stomach  nearly  empty.     1  o'clock,  stomach  empty. 
»    At  1  o'clock,  30  mins.,  he  dined  on  salted^  boiled  beef^ 
potatoes^  parsnips  and  bread,  full  meal,  without  regard 
to  quantity  or  mastication.    4  o'clock,  30  minsi,  stomach 
perfectly  empty. 

- '  The  one  and  a  half  ounces,  taken  from  the  stomach 
I  at  11  o'clock,  A.  M.  very  nearly  resembled  the  contents 
of  the  vial  of  gastric  juice  and  masticated  food  of  the 
30th,  (yesterday,)  in  almost  every  particular.  That 
*;  taken  out  at  12  o'clock,  M.  had  more  of  the  lardaceous, 
f  and  less  of  the  distinct  fibrous  particles  of  aliment. 

,  ^The  diseased  appearance  of  the  stomach  at  this  ex- 
amination, was  probably  the  efiect  of  intoxication  the 
^^day  before.  -  . 


":Ri 


1 


•** 


Experiment  33. 

*^  iak.  V,  1833.    At  8  o'clock,  A.  M.    Weatfier  dark 
and  rainy.     Wind  S.     Th.  50.    Temperature  of  stom- 
ach, 100  deg.— healthy  and  cle-n.    Extracted  half  an 
ounce  of  gastric  juice. 
17 


*^) 


un  .wt* 


it^mmmmmm 


m 


104 


EXPERIMENT0  AND 


■if. 


"^At  9  o'clock,  I  took  two  scruples  salted,  lean  beef, 
(boiled,)  chopped  very  fine,  with  a  knife :  put  one  scru* 
pie  into  the  half  ounce  of  gastric  juice,  and  the  other 
scruple  into  half  an  ounce  of  simple  water ;  and  placed 
them  together  in  the  axilla.  Vt  the  same  time,  he 
breakfasted  on  two  ounces  of  boiled,  salted,  lean  beef, 
bread,  n.nd  n  ])int  of  coffee.  •"^  .'i»twr- 
''  At  12  o'clock,  M.  I  took  from  the  stomach  one  ounce 
of  its  contents,  not  fully  digested  ;  bread  principally 
remaining,  reduced  to  a  pulp.  Compared  with  the 
gastric  juice  and  food  in  the  vial,  the  jnirticles  of  nioitt 
seemed  rather  more  dissolved.  Stomach  about  half 
empty.  ^         ■ 

At  1  o'clock,  P.  M.,  stomach  empty  and  clean.      '.■^•^ 

At  8  o'clock,  30  mins.j  A.  M.  on  the  3d,  I  added  ofl6 
drachm  fresh  gastric  juice,  and  chopped  be  jf,  and  one 
drachm  of  water,  to  the  watery  mixture,  and  placed 
them  together  in  the  axilla. 

On  the  4th,  the  feecf  in  the  gastric  jiucc  not  being 
completely  dissolved,  I  added  two  drachms  fresh  gas- 
tric juice  to  it ;  and  two  draclnus  of  water  to  the  aque- 
ous mixture.  Gontihued  them  on  the  bath,  or  in  tlie 
axilla.  The  watery  portion  began  now  to  smell  quite 
foetid. 

At  8  o'clock,  on  the  5th,  the  meat  in  the  gastric  juice 
was  completely  dissolved,  and  a  fine,  reddish  grey  sed- 
iment had  fallen  to  the  bottom  of  an  opaque,  gruel-like 
fluid,  with  a  pellicle  of  greyish  white  particles  on  the 
top.  The  aqueous  portion  had  become  more  foetid. 
The  particbis  of  meat  were  the  same  as  when  first  put 
•in,  only  a  little  macerated,  and  paler — the  fluid  transpa- 
rent, but  becoming  darker,  and  a  little  greenish ;  no 
appearance  of  solution,   a:,  ^^  ^4^,  ^.j  .a-j^i.*:*  i:  iA 


^ 


af   *'«-•; 


OBSERVATIONS.  * 


m 


Hi 


^\  On  the  10th,  the  contents  of  the  aqueous  jwrtion  were 
quite  fojtid.  The  gastric  portion  was  perfectly  sweet 
and  bland. 

nm-Mm^  ^*ii,mf>'  '^'^  Experiment  34.     '  i»»ifw^wr*»   iiwt* 

At  1  o'clock,  30  mins.  P.  M.  same  day,  ho  dined  on 
lean,  salted  beef  and  bread.  Digested  in  three  and  a 
half  hours,  ^^>■^f■'<  ♦  r)jrt*^>i^j,,  v,"'  .t '.^Ju-^^ri^.u?  >.. 
*r  'f    '{'-I'.'  jii^,  >■    ■'■♦-V'M  ^ri' ■«!' J. '-ji'if. Ill' r,  ,^|fnJM/iiiif4 

^^'■■»M  ffU'v.-^',  v>i,»  •.  Experiment  35.    {^Hi^  ,iLt£6s-iiH»Mtii> 


i    ' 


Equal  parts  of  alcohol  and  gastric  juice,  mixed  to- 
gether and  agitated,  produced  a  turbid,  milky  white 
fluid ;  which,  after  standing  at  rest,  raised  a  thin,  white 
coat  of  fine,  loose  coagulai  on  the  surface.  When  the 
juice  and  alcohol  were  first  put  together,  and  before 
agitating,  the  gastric  juice  settled  to  the  bottom,  and  the 
alcohol  remained  on  the  top,  indicating  that  its  specific 
Gravity  was  less  than  the  fluid. 

'-A  ii^,  -fc  ^^r>^^  :iiiv  Experiment  36.      '  ^  m,  -m^ 

Jan.  2.  At  8  o'clock,  A.  M. — stomach  empty — ex.- 
tracted  half  an  ounce  of  gastric  juice.  8  o'clock,  30 
mins.,  he  breakfasted  on  dry  bread  and  a  pint  of  coffee. 

11  o'clock,  stomach  nearly  full  of  a  pulpous,  semi-fluid 
mass,  resembling  thick  gruel.     12  o'clock,  nearly  empty, 

12  o'clock,  30  mins.,  empty  and  clean. 


*  1 


»*..>* 


'tttA*^ 


Experiment  37. 


iiim  ^:'"j^ifi 


* 


f- 


7 


At  2  o'clock,  P.  M.,  he  dined  on  boiled  potatoes^  a 


m 

p:.       ,.;   r- 

u. 

1 

p  ::-■■■ 

.  '■'      -i^ft^' -' 

.'■??- 

k 


.'*..:. 


■  -I* 


^^'mmmmm 


m 


wxrhhrMWNtK  Awn 


nKnu.    i\  oN'\o«*K»  (<t«Mut\«*l\  <MupU\  . 


-\il»  ■■y< 


^•^  *' 


i%V|»rf'»mf'tfif  !^. 


Mwt.v/  oftyvr/.  AmVfYi^  ^)»)frt<f)f\v.  t\n«l  Afvrtr/.   \\  Ou»  s!\n\o^  of 
\V<0^h\  rtf^ooi)  <nn\\\h*!<  o(  ti^o  tio\o,  \  Mtsp»»n\loil  ioio  tiw^ 

'M)  \\)\\Mi.,  (\\\  \i^^\\\'^  \\\^\\\  \\W  MOO^\rl\»  OWOjX  S\w  \\\\\%\\\\ 

K\  ^i  oV)tvK.  \  \\^A  \m  \)w  h'A^  of  Vo;^l  {\\\i\  \\\vs^\\\^ 
it  ^*  v^ry  «s  \  xM>\Ul  \viiho\u  t\Nh  inii  tho  wrnhiniog  »vu'- 
t^h^t^wt^^'frnt^j^t  t1\\\N\^h  tho  olo<)^,  i\  woi^htv^  too  ^\rtiri«^ 
V«!is\^^\g  tiN^t  tiM\  )fi:vrtms  \Ny  t^iijvj^tioo.  in  i"o\tv  {\\\\\  [\  \u\\( 
1^M\>i».    Tht^  \^S"^\,  \vh<^^\  tlvst  j^'ii  u\  0^0  bng:,  n\\«l  stis- 

%\>W ;  bm  \vM\  t«Wn  o\u  rt\\«\  \v\M')j:hoi!s  was  of  i^ 
|vM<?!h  ixhI.  t>v  light  rtt^sh  tv»\ts\\  {\\u\  of  {V  jiUUinou!«  nj^. 


.  --;*."', 


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tt 


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OtlNfenVAtlMNI 


V   4 


k 


inr.tffit    'Vi'Ha.trl 


N.tittfiimvnt  tlti. 


If 


«|  l(«f«t 


im»U»t«nr^,  httil  lii'Huh  linir  M  pint  Mrfrcf^rr.     lMm»MHl 
ill  tWM  lioniN. ,, 


ii> 


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f  ■'■^' 


.js; 


ill 


NrfuttrntHt  40. 


^■.#j' 


if"' 

JftH.  i'-  Afl^  »iS»l0i'h,  A.  M.  '  HlMlluii'li  ll»v»llljy,  fil* 
<'iii'l«««1  f\\SH|»i\t'liin«i  ^Mslrlf  |ultM»    I'niin'  jniic,  lull  vi«ry 


t  i^ 


,f  {.. 


'■■>fi'    -'triih 


t"-' 


.V,  t. 


f<!.vitviimi^ttt  41 


At  0  oS'loi*lt,  liionKfnwlVil  uii  hvnilrd  vrnf,  htt^nit  nwll 
^Ifr^i  II  oSlni'h,  nlohiiii'li  lull;  oil  llnMlili^  ou  tll(^ 
«inrn»M»,  mimM  mmiI  »*;liin|»,  oxciMlnllnf^  llio  vi\^oh  (»rilin 
MptMhnn  Mild  sKIm.  I'4  n'rlnvh,  M.,  rhymo  jKtwHlii^  ndl. 
»*^iiMUMrh  i\v(»  (liiriln  I'lnply.     I  n*('l«M'lt,  P.  M,,  plmnfuli 

At  '^  o'l'locK,  P.  M.,  RuniH  liny,  lu»  iIiiumI  on  hrratit  uf 
hvf)ih'd  rviil  niul  htnuf^  mul  tImnU  11  Ii"*»I»I«M'  oI"  watett. 
5  o'oloi'K, '.10  nvinw.,  Rhuuiicli  n«»aily  rniply.  0  o'cluek, 
oxuminiMl  siomiu'li  -ohynn^  ol'  u  mllUy  wliiln  rolor.  0 
oVliv  k,  lU)  ni!n«.,  cliyiUM  sllll  ^nmuilllll^.  7  oVlock, 
Rtoiudoh  luU  oiupty.  MViuk  out  liiiil'  im  uuiico  nl'  ccm- 
toulB.  It  was  lunilky  whito  llnid,  willi  a  pmtillrtr  RHitill, 
mul  slightly  notd  ruul  lilttor  trtsle.  T  o'clock,  10  iniris., 
BtouKioh  tnnpiy* 


\r 


r- 


-^.' 


/J 


i 


•^m^mmmif 


*"«i"^;^^nnn«^aiiMipmmiin 


''7rr 


-,-%■ 


m 


-.'t^ 


EXPfiRtMENTS  AND 


Experiment  42. 


^1  iM^m  Kiel  a 

:fM^.  &  At  8  o'clock,  A.  M.  Stomach  hcalttiy  ttfffi 
{Olenn.  Extracted  lialf  aii  ounco  of  gastric  juice.  Pijit 
it  into  a  vial,  and  immersed  in  it  fifteen  grains  of  firm 
tendon  of  young  beef,  in  a  solid  piece.  Kept  it  either 
in  the  axilla,  or  on  the  bath,  for  twenty-four  hours,  when 
all  was  completely  dissolved.  ^i^ 

At  8  o'clock,  45  mins.,  he  breakfasted  on  broiled  vedl, 
bread  and  cqff'cej  and  kept  exercising.  12  o'clock,  M., 
stomach  about  half  empty.  Took  out  half  an  ounce, 
completely  dissolved — no  distinct  particles  of  food  to  be 
seen.    12  o'clock,  30  mins.,  M.,  all  gone^ 


V 


■«» 


,  This  affords  an  example  of  the  digestion  of  tendon. 
Hard,  solid  substances  require  a  greater  quantity  of  gas- 
tric juice  than  more  tender  fibre,  and  take  a  longer  time 
for  their  complete  solution. 


•«W  »*■•  *.'4»'i»»*(S« 


■'^'-    ■:-> 


'':h: 


.   j  •    E.Tj)crimciit  43.     >  :  i     * 

I    At  1  o'clock,  p.'  M^  same  day,  dined  on  broiled  veat 
>«nd  bread,  and  half  a  pint  of  watcr^    Digestion  com- 
pleted in  four  and  a  half  hours.  ^^  t^,i»  f^i  vi 

f  Jan.  6.  At  8  o'clock,  A.  M. — Examined  stomach. 
■Coats  generally  healthy — few  sma'l,  erythematous 
7  patches,  on  mucous  surface.  Secretions  pure.  Ex- 
^^racted  one  and  a  half  ounces  clear  gastric  juice,  con- 
^tftining  less  than  the  usual  quantity  of  miicous  flocculi. 


^'y -^'S;rj*^;;r'i> "-"""•,  \  :'  ' :  -' 


t 


ti     OBSERVATIONS. 


109 


It  ran  more  froely  than  common  through  the  tube. 
Moro  ODuld  have  been  obtained ;  but  a  sensation  of 
fHAitrrass,  and  sinking  at  the  pit  of  the  stomach,  being 
Alt  and  complained  of,  I  desisted.  This  sensat.'on  has 
almost  uniformly  occurred,  whenever  the  gastric  juice 
has  flowed  more  freely  than  usual,  and  has  been  suffer- 
ed to  run  out  to  the  quantity  of  one  and  a  half,  or  two 
ounces ;  foUoved  by  dimness  of  vision,  and  vertigo,  on 
rising.  These  feelings,  however,  subside  in  a  few  min- 
utes, and  he  feels  as  usual,  and  eats  his  meals  with  a 
good  appetite.     m» *>;.'•>''     n*  «♦>*  ..t i^^<«,  ^. 

At  9  o'clock,  he  breakfasted  on  broiled  veal  and  bread 
again,  as  yesterday,  and  kept  exercising.  1  o'clock,  P. 
M.,  stomach  nearly  empty— several  small  spots  of  dark, 
grumous  blood,  exuding  from  the  papillsB  of  the  inner 
coats,  made  their  appearance.  2  o'clock,  some  appear- 
ance of  the  breakfast  still  in  the  stomach.  2  o'clock,^ 
15  mins.,  (Stomach  empty.      ,  ;, . .     ,  ,  .   ,  ,  '     ,  '7     . 


W 


■':¥ 


Experiment  46. 


1: 


>■$'■ 


At  2  o'clock,  30  mins.,  P.  M.,  same  day,  he  dined  on 
one  pint  of  barley  gruely  sweetened  with  molasses.  4 
o'clock,  30  mins.,  stomach  empty — none  of  the  barley 
gruel  to  be  seen.       -  *'i^>>«f  i^itiHf  *j  'fei^  %w^  i^  ii^ 

Several  small,  sharp-pointed,  white  postules  made 
their  appearance  on  the  inner  surface  of  the  stomach,  at 
this  time ;  and  the  surface,  generally  was  of  a  paler 
color,  and  more  flaccid,  than  usual.  ^  f  i^-l  f 

Experiment  46. 
Jnti  7«  At  8  o'block,  A.  M.,  weath^  iploudy,  damp  and 


"1.S 
%. 


t 


"*  S'ft;'^'  ^-tp^*- 


^, •*■;*.«■-: 


t 


I  ( 


200  EXPERIMENTS   AND 

disagreeable ;  Th.  48  deg.;  Wind  N.  E.;  Temperature 
of  stomach,  100  deg.  Less  of  the  small  pustules  and 
red  patches  than  yesterday.  Color  of  the  coats  n^tulil 
again ;  but  little  secretion  of  gastric  juice  this  morning; 
Could  obtain  only  a  drachm  or  two.  ^«<^»<*  vi;  iJfli^ 

At  9  o'clock,  A.  M. — Temperature  of  stomach,  lOO*'.' 
He  ureakfasted  on  soft  boiled  eggs^  soft  toast  and  coffee!^ 
12  o'clock,  M.  stomach  empty.  •  ?>     :'^>^  ^fm^*' ii^v^f^ 


At  12  o'clock,  30  mins.  M.,  same  day,  he  dined  o^ 
three  ha?^d  boiled eg^s  and  bread.  3  o'clock,  30  mins., 
stomach  half  empty.  Remaining  contents  acrid.  Edges 
^  of  the  aperture  excoriated.  Some  pimples,  and  erythe- 
matous patches  on  the  surface  of  the  inner  coats.  4 
o'clock,  30  mins.  stomach  and  contents  in  nearly  the 
same  condition  as  at  last  examination — very  acrid  and 
sharp — coats  red. ^    6  o'clock,  stomach  empty.  **^ 


V^ 


These  three  or  four  last  experiments  demonstrate,  that 
a  diseased  state  of  the  stomach  retards  digestion,  vv  iv«.,f 


Experiment  48.    ''''''■,^-'ii,:,,^^^k^ 

Jan.  8.  At  8  o'clock,  30  mins.  A.  M. — examined 
stomach.  Coats  healthy.  None  of  those  white  pus^* 
tules,  and  erythematous  patches,  observed  yesterday  and 
the  day  before,  to  be  seen  this  morning.  Color  of  the 
lining  membrane  rather  paler  than  common.  Surface 
moist.  Extracted  half  an  oimce  of  gastric  juice,  with-;' 
out  difficulty.    A  slight  and  momentary  vertigo  was  felt 


*|£  !^iim 


liil^i'-'^'l-^iil    i.i 


%■ 


ra!f^ 


m 


OBSERVATIONS,  ,  201 

in  rising  upl  No  faintness  or  sense  of  sinking  at  the 
Bcarobiculous  cordis,  at  this  extraction.  I  divided  these 
four  drachms  of  gastric  juice  into  two,  equal  parts,  and 
put  them  into  separate  vials.  In  a  third  vial,  I  put  two 
drachms  of  simple  water.  To  each  of  these  three  vials, 
I  added  eleven  grains  of  the  muscle  of  a  sheep's  hearty 
in  an  entire  piece.  Kept  one  of  the  vials  of  gastric 
juice  and  meat  in  the  axilla,  and  placed  the  other,  with 
the  aqueous  vial,  in  a  cool  place,  at  about  46^,  agitating 
them  alike  frequently. 

At  7  o'clock,  P.  M.  the  piece  in  the  warm  gastric  juice 
was  half  digested ;  the  fluid  of  ar  .paque,  reddish  brown 
color.  That  in  the  cold  gasitric  juice  was  a  very  little 
affected,  the  surface  being  covered  with  a  thin,  glutinous 
coat,  and  the  fluid  a  little  turbid.  That  in  the  water 
was  not  in  the  least  effected.  The  water  was  perfectly  ' 
transparent,  as  when  first  put  in. 

At  9  o'clock,  A.  M.  of  the  9th,  these  several  pieces 
of  muscle  exhibited  the  following  results.  That  in  the 
warm  gastric  juice,  when  taken  out  and  pressed  dry, 
as  when  put  in,  weighed  seven  and  a  half  grains. 
That  in  the  cold  gastric  juice,  treated  in  the  same  man- 
ner, weighed  twelve  and  a  half  grains,  having  gained^ 
by  the  absorption  of  gastric  juice,  one  and  a  half  grains. 
An  that  in  the  simple  water,  weighed  eleven  grains, 
the  same  as  when  put  in,  having  neither  lost  i?or 
gamed.  ^ 

,  The  three  and  a  half  grains,  that  remained  in  the 
first  vial,  were  in  one  entire  piece,  of  the  same  shape 
as  when  first  put  ih ;  but  very  soft  and  tender,  hardly 
able  to  sustain  sufficient  pressure  to  be  raised  by  the, 
finger  and  thumb,^   It  was  a  mere  pulp.  ^ 

Tf^he  meat  in  the  second  vial  was  increased  a  little  in 


feV 


«.  -;■ 


-.^■■-    ,-» 


^mi^mm'immm'mmif^''^'mimim'^i''^^^^^f^ 


lihtf.ttLi 


202  EXPERIMENTS  AND 

size ;  appeared  swollen,  soft,  slimy  and  tender ;  but  had 
sufficient  firmness  of  texture  to  resist  considerable  pres- 
sure, when  taken  up.  It  was  not  dissolved. 
t  That  in  the  water  ratained  its  firmness,  and  was  un- 
altered in  appearance,  except  a  paleness  of  surface, 
occasioned  by  maceration.  ^ 

At  8  o'clock,  next  morning,  (the  10th,)  the  following 
appearances  were  evident. 

The  first  piece,  in  the  warm  gastric  juice,  weighed 
one  and  a  half  grains^  having  lost  in  the  last  twenty- 
three  hours,  two  grains  only.  It  retained  the  samo 
shaple,  and  was  about  the  same  consistence  as  yester- 
day. A  reddish  brown  sediment  subsided  the  bottom  of 
a  rich,  whey-colored  fluid.  ^      .'       ; 

The  second  piece,  in  the  cold  gastric  juice,  weighed 
nine  grains  and  a  fraction,  having  lost  about  three  and 
ahalf  grains.         ,,    ,.  ,  .f^!     '"- 

That  in  the  water  was  unaltered,  and  w'cighed'  tfie 
saine  as  when  put  in — eleven  grniiis. 

It  may  be  proper  to  remarl  that  the  two  pieces  in 
the  cold  gastric  juice  and  water,  ^^ere  moved  from  their 
first  position  in  a  temperature  of  .t.out  46°,  and  placed 
for  the  last  twenty-three  hours  on>  the  mantle-piece,  over 
the  fire,  in  my  room,  in  a  temperature  of  about  60°. 

The  loss  of  the  two  and  a  half  grains  of  meat,  in 
the  cold  gastric  juice,  was  evidently  the  effect  of  diges- 
tion, occasioned,  no  doubt,  by  the  increase  of  fourteen 
or  fiften  degrees  of  temperature. 

On  the  10th,  I  added  to  the  vial,  containg  the  warm 
gastric  juice  and  muscle,  one  fourth  of  a  drachm  of  fresh 
gastric  juice,  warm  from  the  stomach.  Continued  it  in 
the  axilia,  and  in  five  hours  it  was  dissolved  to  a  mite, 
scarcely  perceptible.    ;   ■■- i  .      ;  i<  v   -  ,^    <    "   v^-^--. 


.rt»»aii-«rtH^i^lS>ri'.'.^.-^<i>.   i..«J.,Vn: 


t<  ''• 


OBSERVATIONS. 


;»» 


203 


'The  piece  in  the  cold  gastric  juice,  kept  on  the  man- 
tle-piece, in.  a  temperature  between  50®  and  60*=>,  till 
9  o'clock,  A.  M.,  of  the  11th,  weighed  seven  grains, 
retaining  the  same  shape  as  yesterday,  and  a  similar 
texture.  The  fluid  had  become  more  opaque  and  milky, 
and  the  sediment  had  increased  at  the  bottom. 
.The  piece  in  the  water  at  this  time,  remained  unal- 
tered, and  weighed  precisely  the  same  as  at  first — eleven 


grains. 


tl-vt:  n&V.  ik>  .1'^ 


■\*  :'eL  .  ri    lir^'^l* 


At  9  o'clock,  A.   M.,  I    placed    both  these  in  the 


axilla. 


■  oi.!).;.  .i»>,v-'-''y|i-:'...;^rtAi"''-ii»v-.«<»'i<» 


•Aft^iiU 


^At  9  o'clock,  P.  M.  the  piece  remaining  in  the 
second  vial  of  gastri:i  juice,  placed  in  the  axilla  this 
morning,  was  nearly  all  dissolved,  one  grain  only  re- 
maining— a  soft  pulp.         ,  jij4i 

tj-The  piece  in  the  water  remained  unaltered,  and 
weighed  the  same  as  at  first ;  but  began  to  emit  a  strong 
foBtid  odor,  and  in  a  few  days  became  very  putrid.  This 
was,  however,  almost  entirely  corrected,  by  the  addi- 
tion of  three  drachms  of  fresh  gastric  juice  on  the  21st. 
The  meat  still  continued  its  original  shape  and  size,  and 
no  doubt,  its  weight,  though  too  putrid  to  handle,  or 
take  out,  before  the  addition  of  the  gastric  juice.  Pla- 
ced it  on, the  bath,  and  it  began  to  digest,  and  soon  be- 
came chymified — lost  its  foetid  smell,  and  acquired  a 
sharp  acid,  or  rather,  acrid  taste. 


m 


H' 


^^^iiif:mmsmm' 


The  result  of  this  experiment  is  interesting,  in  de- 
monstrating the  solvent  properties  of  the  gastric  juice. 
Maceration  alone  will  not  dissolve  foodj,  noi  separate 
its  nutritious  partjs.  |t  appears,  also,  from  this  experi- 
ment, that   gastric  juice  corrects  the  putrid  tendency 


,,*;*■)♦■ 


16.  V  ^■. 


304 


EXPfelltlflEMl'8  AlfD 


(         v 


.tl^ 


of  alimdtitfi ;  and  that  food  is  more  readily  dissoWM 
after  that  tendency  has  occurred. 

»,^y    .  Experiment  49,  k4 

0;^Lk  tit>l    ■*.> 

^  Jan,  11.  At  8  o'clock,  A.  M. — Weather  cldar  and 
dry.  WindS.W.  Th.  15°.  Temperature  of  the  stom- 
ach, 100°.  Coats  healthy.  Extracted  one  ounce  of 
gastric  juice,  clear  and  transparent — few  flocculi  of  mu- 
cus— taste  distinctly  acid.  Complains  of  the  usual 
sense  of  distress  at  the  pit  of  the  stomach,  and  vertigo* 

At  9  o'clock,  30  mins.   he   breakfasted  on  pork  and 
bread.    Digested  in  four  hours  and  a  half.  .J 


trhrrtfu.    ►      ,\^ r^i Experiment  60. 


■  1  '  ■     ^jM^l 

At  9  o'clock,  30  mins.  A.  M.  same  day,  I  took  three 
vialSj  and  put  into  each  two  drachms?  pure  gastric  juice, 
fresh  from  the  healthy  stomach.  To  one,  I  added  one 
drachm  of  albumen— vfhiiQ  of  egg — to  the  second,  half 
a  drachm  of  the  yo/A:— and  to  the  third,  another  drachm 
of  albumen.  Put  the  two  first,  in  axilla,  and  the  other  on 
the  mantle-piece. 

At  9  o'clock,  Pi  Ml  the,  all^umen  in  the  warm  gastric 
juice,  in  the  axilla,  had  become  quite  opaque,  with  loose, 
light  colored  sediment  at  the^ bottom.  The  albumen  in 
the  cold  gastric  juice;  remained  unaltered.  That  con- 
taining the.  yolk,,  exhibited;  the  appearance  of  a  mere 
Tnl»ture  of  ,  fine  yellow  cpagulsB,  resembling  sulphur 
and  millf,  piixed  together.  ,^k^.k»..ii  ,  u   u 

^,.Oft  tjt)e.l2th,  atSp'clock,  P.  M*,  both  vials  having 
be^a  continued  on  the  bath,  or  in  the  axilla,  through 


.t- 


i#i 


(1^  OBSERVATIONS. 


206 


the  day^  the  difference  observed  last  evening,  between 
the  cold  and  warm  vials  of  albumen,  was  very  little  in- 
creased. 

The  yolk  was  considerably  altered  from  a  loose  coa- 
gulo;,  generally  diffused  through  the  gastric  juice,  to  a 
fine  compact  body  of  coagulee,  rising  upon  the  top  of  a 
perfectly  clcar^  transparent  fluid,  free  from  a  particle  of 
sedimentv 


"  f^' 


I 


\ ,( 


/^::: 


Expetiment  51. 

At  8  o'clock,  30  mins.,  A.  Mi — Stomach  healthy. 
Extracted  one  ounce  of  gastric  juice,  a  little  tinged  with 
yellow,  whether  from  bi!e  or  tobacco,  it  was  diflicult 
to  determine.  He  had  taken  some  tobacco  into  his 
mouth,  an  hour  and  a  half  previous  to  the  examination, 
and  the  fluid  was  not  perceptibly  bitter.  There  was  a 
larger  portion  of  frothy  saliva,  and  flocculi  of  mucus, 
than  common.  .  ,,..;s  .  ►,  ,  .  .  ^^ » .L 

At  10  o'clock,  15  mins.,  b*^  breakfasted  on  hoiled^  sal- 
ted codfish^  bread  and  cojfee.  Digested  in  two  hours 
hours  and  a  quarter.  /        \,i^--,  u   i 


'"<■•■'»  '^ 


?^=  t. 


Experiment  52. 


,1.,.. 


Jan.  13.  At  8  o'clock,  A.  M. — Weather  overcast,  dry 
and  smoky.  Light  wind.  Th.  12  deg.  Temperature 
of  stomachj  100  deg.  and  a  fraction.  Pulse  60,  in  a  re* 
cumbent,  and  70,  in  an  erect  position.  Coats  not  per- 
fectly healthy — general  surface  rather  paler  than  usual 
— some  red  spots  and  pimples  to  be  seen.  Extracted 
three  drachms  of  gastric  juice,  slightly  acid — ^not  so 
18 


^': 


m 


.;|&i^  M  ■„  t\ 


vj^ 


•"  "^r-  %'" 


dOd 


EXPERIMENTS  AND 


m 


*• 


"a     I.  i    « 

•^!.'  -a- 


much  as  usual — less  mucus,  and  more  saliva  than  com- 
mon. 'Neither  tinge  nor  taste  of  bile. 

At  9  o'clock,  he  breakfasted  on  boiled,  fat  pork  and 
bread.  ' 

At  12  o'clock,  M. — Stomach  two  thirds  empty. — Tem- 
perature, 100  deg.  and  a  fraction. 

At  2  o'clock,  P.  M. — stomach  nearly  empty — very  lit- 
tle pulp  of  bread,  and  lardaceous  fluid  to  be  seen.  Has 
just  returned  from  walking  two  miles  or  more.  Tem- 
perature of  stomach,  100  J^.  , 

At  1  o'clock,  30  mins.,  stomach  iempty.  Tempera- 
ture, 101  deg.      ,^.       ,  '        v.,     o     '■■>.■  v.  ^y,ii, 


■n.. 


I      ^i     1'!.'.'  '.-?''■    .' 


Experiment  53. 


Jdh.  9.  At  ^  o'clock,  I*.  M.  same  day,  he  dined  on 
boiled,  fat  pork,  boiled  cabbage  and  bread,  and  drank  a 
tumbler  of  water.  Digested  in  five  hoUrS.  9  o'clock, 
temperature,  100  deg. 


y-i^'-^J^' 


■I'^J'iH^il:'' 


\     ','    JBxperiment  54.  •Vr^'^^^fr^l  ^';,^,^^f '■^.; 

Jan.  li.  At  8  o'clock,  40  mins.,  A.  M., — Weather 
clear,  dry  and  serene;  Wind  N.  W.  and  light.  Th. 
28  deg.  Stomach  healthy.  Coats  clean.  Tempera- 
ture of  stomach,  100  deg.  Elxtracted  nine  drachttifci  of 
pure  gastric  juice — distinctly  acid — few  flocculi  of  mu- 
cus, and  a  little  appearance  of  frothy  saliva.  A  slight 
sense  of  faintness  and  vertigo  Ensued,  as  usUal,  on  ris- 
ing, after  this  quantity. 

At  9  o'clock,  breakfasted  on  boiled,  fat  pdrk  and  bread. 
12  o'clock,  M.,  stomach  about  half  full.    Temperature, 


'•^.'rTi^s 


OBSEIIVATIONS. 


8or 


iritmediately  after  walking  two. and  a  half  miles,  101  J. 
I  o'clock,  P.M.,  stomach  empty  and  clean.  Tempera- 
ture 100  deg.  rr~„,.,.  -       ... . 


in^j^rr^-'^if^niii^f:'^'' 


■  ■  *■  -r- 


'^■' 


♦  ■-•r .... 


At  2  o'clock,  P.  M.,  same  day,  he  dined  on  boiled^  fat 
2iorkf  and  bread.    Digested  in  three  hours,  ^' '  ^'V  '"' ' 


/.',■.     '* ',»     !■> 


^^.' 


:*!>. 


'■;>»{i,v)  '1 


*;•'''  Experiment  56.     •    i^a  I 


T       f 


Jan.  14.  j\t  9  o'clock,  A.  M.,  I  put  a  solid  piece  of 
rib  bone,  of  an  old  hog,  weighing  ten  grains,  into  a  vial, 
containing  three  drachms  of  pure  gastric  juice,  taken 
from  the  stomach  this  morning.  Placed  it  in  the  axilla, 
and  continued  it  there  for  twelve  hours  ;  then  placed  it 
on  the  shelf,  in  a  cool  place,  till  next  morning. 

— 15.  9  o'clock,  A.  M.,  surface  of  bone  evidently 
dissolved.  Fluid  quite  opaque.  Took  out  the  piece ; 
and  when  wiped,  and  dried  with  blotting  paper,  as  dry 
as  when  put  in,  it^eighed  just  nine  grains.  Immersed 
it  again  in  the  same  juice,  and  placed  it  on  the  sand 
bath  at  100^.  Continued  it  iii  that  temperature  for 
twelve  hours,  frequently  agitating  it ;  then,  as  yester- 
day, placed  it  on  the  shelf,  until  next  morning. 

*  -—  16.  9  o'clock,  A.  M.,  appearance  similar  to  yester- 
day morning.  Juice  a  little  more  turbid.  Bone  cover- 
ed with  a  thin,  cineritious  coat.  Taken  out  and  wiped, 
the  piece  weighed  eight  and  a  half  grains.  Immersed 
again  in  same  fluid,  and  continued  on  bath  twelve  hours ; 

kithen  set  on  shelf  again  until  next  morning. 

Wffi*—  17.    9  o'clock,  A.  M.,  very  little  alteration  sinca 


M0»- 


^' 


-^'^P 


w^ 


^m 


208 


EXPERIMENTS  AND 


yesterday.  Bono  taken  out  and  wiped,  weighed  eight 
and  a  quarter  grains.  Put  in  again,  and  continued  on 
bath  fifteen  hours. 

—  18.  12  o'clock,  M.,  no  change  effected  since  last 
examination.  Bone  taken  out  and  wiped,  weighed  pre- 
cisely same  as  yesterday,  eight  and  a  quarter  grains. 
Conceiving  the  solution  of  the  bone  had  ceased  from  a 
deficiency  of  the  gastric  solvent,  I  now  added  one 
drachm  fresh  gastric  juice,  and  continued  it  on  the  bath 
again,  for  eight  hours.  • 

—  19.  12  o'clock,  M.,  bono  taken  out,  and  wiped,  as 
usual,  weighed  eight  grains.  Returned  to  bath,  and 
continued  twelve  hours,  it  weighed  seven  and  a  half 
grains.  Returned,  and  continued  on  bath  thirty-six 
hours,  and  frequently  agitated,  between.      ,       ,:,.;.-> 

—  20th  and  25th,  no  visible  change  was  effected. 
Weight  same  as  on  the  19th,  seven  and  a  half  grains. 
The  solution  having  ceased  again,  I  added  three 
drachms  more  of  gastric  juice,  and  continued  it  on  the 
bath  twenty-four  hours.         .  .  .. 

—  27.  10  o'clock,  A,  M.,  laminaj  of  bone  separated, 
and  opening  on  one  edge.  Fluid  mqp'c  opaque,  with  a 
little  fine,  brown  sediment,  precipitated  to  the  bottom  of 
the  vial.  Weight  of  obne,  five  and  a  half  grains.  Ad- 
ded two  drachms  of  gastric  juice,  and  continued  it  on 
the  bath  for  eighteen  hours. 

—  28.  10  o'clock,  A.  M.,  lamina)  of  bone  opened, 
Weig  it,  four  grains.  Returned,  and  continued  on  bath 
twelve  hours. 

—  29.  XO  o'clock,  A.  M.,  laminse  of  bone  entirely  sep- 
arated, thin  as  paper,  and  elastic  as  honi. — Weight, 
three  and  a  quarter  grains.    Returned  to  bath  twelve  ^ 


#  i- 


»  f 


ODSEAVATI0N8. 


I 


W 


■»■/ 


b;,'  — 30.  10  o'clock,  A.  M.,  opacity  of  fluid,  and  fine 
sediment,  increased.  Weight  of  bone,  two  and  three 
fourths  grains.    Continued  on  bath.  . 

^     —  31.     10  o'clock,  A.  M.,  no  change  since  yesterday. 

Weight  of  bone,  two  and  three  fourths  grains,  Added 
half  a  drachm  of  gastric  juice,  and  continued  it  on  bath 
twelve  hours. 

Feb.  I.  10  o'clock,  A.  M.,  laminaj  very  thin  and  clas- 
tic. Weight  of  hone  two  and  a  half  grains. — Took  out 
the  pieces  of  bone,  and  put  thcni  into  one  dracliii  fresh 
gastric  juice,  iii  a  separate  vial,  and  continued  on  bath 
six  hours. '^^^y*^ '   ''^^'  ^'''' '''\    >  '\:.l 

fN^itwg;*  10  o'clock,  A.  M.,  weight  of  bone,  two  and  a 
quarter  grains.     Continued  on  bath  six  hours.  ^ 

-'  •'—3,  10  o'clock.  A,  M.,  weight  of  bone,  two  grains. 
Continued  on  bath  till  the  5th.     * 

.'    1^5.     10  o'clock,  A.  M.,  no  change  since  the  3d. 

*  Weight  of  bono  same.  Added  two  drachms  gastric  juice, 
and  continued  on  bath  twelve  hours.  , 

..■•^^^■j—  6,  10  o'clock,  A.,  M.,  bones  nq^irly  all  dissolved^ — 
three  fourths  of  a  grain  only  remaining.  • 

—  7.  Weight  of  bone,  half  a  grain,  very  thin  and 
transparent.  The  solution  not  being  quite  completed,  I 
added  two  drachms  more  of  gastrjc  juice,  and  continued 
it  on  the  bath  twelve  hours.  "  -^x, ; 

—  8.     10  o'clock,  A.  M.,  all  dissolved  to  a  mitc 
U]uarter  of  a  grain,  or  less. 
I     After  the  solution  of  the  bone,  the  menstruum  was  a 

greyish  white,  opaque  fluid,  nearly  of  the  color  and  con- 
sistence of  clear,  thin  gruel,  with  conciderable  fine 
tbrown  sediment  at  the  bottom  of  the  vial,  after  standing 
at  rest  awhile  ;  and  had  a  peculiarly  insipid,  sweetish 
-taste,  and  smell — not  the  least  foetor  or  rancidity. 


vvi 


si  J 


*  '  1 

>1 

*  I 

*-\ 
■J 


H."il 


./J 


%.■: 


&.'■•'- ., 


-.■i*V;,. 


^^^ 


'^F^T^^w^'^^mmiff^rwff^Btimm 


210 


EXPERIMENTS  AND 


( I 


v 


■0 


It  will  b^  seen,  in  this  experiment,  that  the  piece  of 
bone  was  dissolved  in  proportion  to  tfie  quantity  of  gas- 
tric juice  applied,  and  that  the  solution  ceased  at  longer 
or  shorter  intervals,  as  a  large  -  or  smaller  quantity  was 
added.  When  the  juice  became  saturated,  as  well  as 
when  the  vial  was  removed  from  the  batii  to  a  low  tem- 
perature, the  solution  ceased.  It  appears  that  it  took 
fourteen  and  a  half  drachms  of  gastric  juice,  to  dissolve 
ten  grains  of  solid  bone,  '^"'^''^  '  ^'^*  *'"^' ' ^•^'^"' 

Experiment  67.  .n«i}rrf  ^rn  M»«»i; 

'Xixaii  m^nU  f«'>'>;!!«i  I  'ii'Vl  4*»'t 
Jan,  15.    At  8  o^clock,  A.  M.— -Wieather  cloudy  and 

dry.    Wind  N.  E.,  an^  light.    l*h.  35°.    Temperature 

of  the  stomach,  100®.     At  9  o'clock,  A.  M.,  he  breaks 

fasted  on  fat  pork  and  bread.    2  o'clock,  P.  M.,  stoni", 

ach  empty  and  clean.    Temperature,  lOlS,  ^^.^^  ^^^  ti'^thii 

'  ^^tiiM.«.fTi  r  Experirnrnt  58.  »  '■  ''**^'  ^''''^'  '^'^M 

■  hWm ^ttitt ft W  m>th'^        ■   ,*  m\l^ ,M  •  ,JrhjhH^, %'t  YK 

At  2  o'clock,  P.  M.,  same  day,  I  put  fifteen  grains  of 
ravf  beef  steak,  divided  into  small  pieces,  into  three 
drachms  of  gaiMific  juice  ;  and  fifteen  grains  of  broiled 
beef  steak,  into  other  three  drachms  of  gastric  juice. 
At  the  same  time,  I  put  the  same  quantity  of  broiled 
steak,  divided  like  the  others,  into  three  drachms  of 
saliva,  fresh  from  the  mouth.  \  then  placed  them,  all 
together,  alternately  in  the  axilla  and  on  the  bath,  and 
kept  frequently  agitating  them.  # 

At  4  o'clock,  th&  meat  in  the  saliva  exhibited  the  ap^ 
pcarance  of  simple  maceration ;  the  other  two  parcels/ 


:■■#-■ -^>- 


„..-... 


'^•:.•'■:•-.   .     i.,i 


./^ 


OBSERVATYONfl. 


211 


0 


. 


^  :■ 


in  the  gastric  juice,  woro  considerably  diminished  and 
partially  dissolved,   the  fluid  of  an  opaque,  whitish  ^| 
color ;  the  cooked  pUce,  rather  the  most  dissolved. 

At  6  o'clock,  the  salivary  portion  was  not  much 
changed  in  appearance ;  the  other  two  about  half  dis-  ^ 
solved  ;  the  cooked  meat  in  advance  of  the  raw.  ^ 

At  9  o'clock,  the  saVivary  portion  began  to  smell* 
slightly  foBtid,  and  to  change  color.  The  other  two  | 
were  perfectly  bland,  and  of  a  sweetish  flavor — the  .) 
meat  about  three-fourths  dissolved,  with  a  fine,  brown-  ^ 
ish  red  sediirent  at  the  bottoms  of  the  vials.  Took 
them  all  off"  luo  bath>  and  placed  them  on  the  shelf  till 
next  morning. 

At  7  o'clock,  A.  M.y,  on  tho  16th,  I  placed  them  again 
on  the  bath  till  9  o'clock^  when  the  salivary  portion  had 
become  foBtid,  and  was  of  a  greenish  color.  The  fibres 
of  the  meat  retained  their  shape  and  size ;  and  had  be- 
come pale  on  the  surface.  Light,  loose  coagulae  had 
fallen  to  the  bottom,  leaving  a  reddish-.green  colored 
/fluid  above.  The  gastric  portions  were  almost  com- 
pletely dissolved ;  the  cooked  meat  still  in  advance. 

At  12  o'clock^  M.,.the  salivary  portion  was  very  fcBtid. 
The  remaining  portions  of  aliment,  taken  from  the 
three  vials,  filtered  through  thin  muslin,  and  dried  with 
blotting  paper,  weighed  as  follows : — ^the  broiled  meat, 
in  gastric  juice^  one  giain ;  the  raw  meat,  in  the  same, 
two  and  a  half  grains  ;  and  that  in  the  saliva,,  twelve 
^ains. 

This  experiment  demonstrates  that  saKva  does  not 
possess  the  properties  of  a  solvent ;  but  facilitates  putre- 
faction,   See^  also^  subsequent  experiments.    It  also 


'..*'' ' 


-Vi 


■!i^':'<^- 


'iv^tf^ 


mm^^l^^m 


rw 


l»ff<»W5WW 


I^^W 


nmm 


212 


EXPERIMENTS    AND 


shows,  that  raw  meat  is  susceptible  of  digestion  by  the 
gastric  juice,  though  in  a  less  degree  than  cooked  meat.  ^ 


'^ 


u* 


Exjteriment  59. 


Jan.  17.    At  9  o'clock,  A.  M. — Weather  clcrtr,  and 
dry.     Wind  N.  W.  and  light.     Th.   19°.     Tempera- 
I  ture  of  stomach,    100*^.      Coats  clean  and    healthy. 
•   Extracted  tcil  drachms  of  gastric  flnid ;  not  so  clear  and 
.  limpid  as  usual ;  some  streaks  of  yellow  bile,  and  more 
.   appearance  of  saliva  than  common — acid   not   so  per- 
ceptible as  usual.     I  divided  this  into  three  equal  parts, 
three  and  one  third  drachms  each.     To  one  part,  I  put 
fiteen  grains  firmly  coagulated  alhinncn,  (white  of  egg) 
— to  the  other,  fifteen   grains  of  soft  coagulaj  of  the 
same — and  to  the  third;  fifteen  grains  of  raw  albumen — 
and  placed  them  on  the  bath  and  in  axilla,  alternately.  ^ 
At  the  same  time,  he  breakfasted  on  three  hard  boiled 
egg's,  bread  and  cofec.  ■ 

"^  At  11  o'clock,  examined — stomach  full.  Tempera- 
ture, 100*^.  Some  small  red  spots.  Contents  acrid. 
•  ^*  At  12  o'clock,  M.,  just  returned  from  walking  one 
mile,  and  back  again.  Weather  clear,  dry  and  serene. 
••  Wind  N.  AV.  and  light.  Th.  23  deg.  Temperature  of 
stomach,  102  dcg. ;  nearly  empty.  Took  out  one  ounce, 
almost  completely  chymified  ;  a  little  pure  oil  floating 
on  the  surface.    Put  this  on  the  bath.  * 

'*  At  12  o'clock,  30  mins.,  stomach  empty. 

At  9  o'clock,  P.  M.,  examined  the  parcels  of  albumen, 
placed  in  the  vials  of  gastric  juice  this  morning,  at  9 
o'clock.  Of  the  firm  coagulse,  there  remained  one  and 
a  quarter  grains  :  of  the  soft,  none ;  of  the  raw,  three 
fourths  of' a.  grain,  in  loose,  white  coagulse. 


.»^^^|•*^#^,■*fn'■■«?|^^|f#*.*;''■^>ri^■'  ■#4*t':I  •-■■■»  *^*r- 


'^^.^'mX' 


/*. 


*v\ 


■"""yif 


t-V 


OBSERVATIONS, 

Experiment  60. 


213 


'K-t*.- 


1%   n* 


Jan.  17.  At  12  o'clock,  30  mins.,  M.,  I  put  twenty- 
five  grains  lean,  broiled  mtitton,  divided  into  small 
pieces,  into  five  drachms  of  gastilc  juice,  and  same 
quantity  into  five  drachms  of  gastric  juice  and  fresh  sa- 
liva, mixed  together ;  and  placed  them  on  the  bath. 

At  9  o'clock,  P.  M.,  the  meat  remaining  in  the  gas- 
tric juice,  taken  out  and  dried  with  paper,  weighed  just 
twelve  grains ;  that  in  the  mixture  of  gastric  juice  and 
saliva,  weighed  eighteen  and  three  fourths  grains.  The 
texture  of  the  first  wac  considembly  more  dissolved  and 
tender  than  the  second.  Returned  them  into  their  re- 
spective vials  again. 

At  12  o'clock,  30  mins.,  M.  of  the  18th,  examined  them 
again.  The  meat  remaining  in  the  gastric  juice,  weigh- 
ed five  and  three-fourths  grains ;  was  soft,  glutinous, 
and  of  a  dirty  brown  color.  Tiiat  in  the  gastric  juice 
and  saliva,  weighed  thirteen  and  a  quarter  grains ;  the 
texture  was  quite  firm,  and  retained  its  fibrous  form, 
and  reddish,  bloody  color.     Put  them  in  the  bath  again. 

At  4  o'clock,  P.  M.,  of  the  19th,  the  meat  in  the  gas- 
tric juice  weighed  two  grains.  Consistence  and  color  of 
fluids,  same  as  yesterday.  The  meat  in  the  gastric 
juice  and  saliva,  weighed  nine  and  a  half  grains.  Fluids 
of  a  reddish  brown  color,  and  less  precipitate. 

In  ten  days,  the  salivary  mixture  became  very  putrid ; 
but  the  gastric  portion  was  perfectly  sweet,  and  so  con- 
tinued for  thirty  days,  or  more. 


^-ii-i  >.-^ti^^  :'^i  >-*^^ 


■"^f:^'"-*' 


.t>-^i.'-:-^.^:-ij^i-«i  ,■    ■■    r^'T^fjffc;'?'''^ 


f  >  ,.  -■ . 


Experiment  61. 


Jan.  18.     With  a  view  to  ascertain  the  antiseptic  pro- 


■■^ 


\.  f^ 


I;''.  ■•'  ' 


214 


EXPERIMENTS  AND 


perties  of  the  gastric  juice,  I  took  a  portion  of  very  pu- 
trid animal  matter,  and  added  to  it  a  quantity  of  gastric 
juice,  Ti^e  fcBtor  was  at  once  almost  completely  cor- 
rected, leaving  only  a  slight  putrescent  smell,  with  the 
usual  flavor  of  the  gastric  juice.  •     'ii.*^  > 


i'M)*B/''#Wii ..^kf^^  iimiiiimu  ii4sy.,:y:\iHM^4vi  'ih' 


;,.   1      Experiment  62. 


^.H 


^i^^'**^'  ■-^'^*'^'' 


At  9  o'clock,  A.  M.,  same  day,  extracted  one  and  a 
half  drachms  of  gastric  juice,  and  added  it  to  two  and  a 
half  drachms  of  milky  ,  The  whole  was  formed  into 
loose,  white  coagulse,  in  less  than  five  minutes.  At  1 
o'clock,  P.  M.,  remaining  coagulee,  after  filtering  through 
muslin,  weighed  thirteen  grains.  Returned  it  into  the 
vial,  and  placed  it  on  the  bath  again.  At  9  o'clock,  no 
coagulee  remaining — all  completely  dissolved. 

. .'  >.  ^,s,k:H^^l^^t^  '^   E^perimmU  63.,     *^  <'^'^'H~*^^  '^m 

•  I;*;  Jan.  19.  At  9  o'clock,  A.  M.,  coats  of  stomach  perfectly 
healthy  and  clean.  No  appearance  of  morbid  action- 
tongue  clean — and  every  indication  of  perfect  health. 
There  was  no  free  fluid  in  the  gastric  cavity,  until  after 
the  elastic  tube  was  introduced,  when  it  began  slow- 
ly to  distill  from  the  end  of  the  tube,  drop  by  drop,  per- 
fectly transparent,  and  distinctly  acid.  I  obtained  about 
one  drachm  of  this  kind,  and  then  gave  him  a  mouth- 
ful of  bread  to  eat.  No  sooner  had  he  swallowed  it> 
than  the  fluid  commenced  flowing  more  freely  from  the 
tube,  and  I  obtained  two  drachms,  less  pure,  however, 
with  saliva  and  mucus  mixed  with  it,  and  slightly  ting- 
ed with  yellow  bile.     The  surface  of  the  protruded  por- 


',y  * 


' -T  ■'^      ,_7\T'- ■•.'■ 


'■•■W 


.'.T      JI." 


I 


i  DBSERVATI0N9«.»£  216 

lion  bf  Ihd  Villous  coat  at  this  time  became  covered  with 
a  limpid  fluid,  uniformly  spread  over  its  whole  surface, 
distilling  from  myriads  of  very  fine  papillary  points, 
and  trickling  down  the  sides.  After  letting  him  rise 
and  walk  about  two  or  three  minutes,  I  again  introdu- 
ced the  tube,  and  obtained  about  two  drachms  more  of 
very  pure  gastric  juice,  making,  in  the  whole,  five 
drachms.  .  ^^    , 

Breakfasted  on  boiled  pork  and  bread.    Dined  and 
supped  on  the  samev  , 


■-(-,  I  ■■ 


I 


Uf 


Experiment  64 


t.M  -.i. 


«%•* 


Jan.  20.  At  v^  o'clock,  30  mins.,  A.  M.,  examined 
stomach ;  appearances  healthy.  Extracted  three  drachms 
gastric  fluids,  colored  with  bile,  slightly  acid  and  bit- 
ter.    It  ran  more  freely  than  yesterday. 

At  8  o'clock,  45  mins.,  he  swallowed  four  ounces  of 
pure  gelatine,  (ichthyocoUa,)  prepared  with  boiling  wa- 
ter, transparent,  and  of  a  tremulous  consistence.  ,  ^ 

At  9  o'clock,  stomach  appeared  nearly  as  full  as  usual 
after  eating  his  ordinary  meals ',  fluidj  clear,  and  of  the 
consistence  of  the  albumen  of  eggs.  It  appeared  to  be 
the  gelatine,  dissolved,  or  diflused  in  the  gastric  juice. 
The  juice  and  the  liquid  gelatine  so  much  resembled 
each  other,  that  I  could  not  distinguish  th^m  apart. 
,  At  9  o'clock,  45  mins.,  examined  again— found  the 
stomach  almost  entirely  empty — was  just  able  to  obtain 
two  drachms  of  fluid.  It  appeared  to  be  a  mixture  of 
gelatinous  chyme,  gastric  juice  and  flocculi  of  mucus, 
more  opaque  and  ropy  than  the  gastric  juice  alone,  and 
more  acid  than  the  fluids  of  the  stomach  immediately 
before  the  gelatine  was  swallowed.    Not  the  least  ap- 


* 


.di. 


■  m 


s. 


..%it,.._..,.  ..  ...W.* 


PPWpP«^ViiiflP-"Ti^F*iii^^ii^Wpi^lP^«P(l»WPPMii^ipPPPPPI^|||^ 


216 


EXPEUlMENtS  AUD 


* 


pearance  of  bile  or  yellow  color  in  the  gasttic  cavity,  ot 
fluids,  after  taking  the  gelatine :  considerably  vertigo 
followed  the  extraction  of  this  last  fluid.  It  soon  pass»- 
ed  over,  however,  and  he  ate  his  breakfast,  {pork  and 
bread,)  with  his  usual  appetite. 

The  process  of  the  solution  of  gelatine^  is  difficult  to 
ascertain.  It  is  not  subject  to  coagulation ;  and  the  ac* 
tion  of  the  gastric  juice  is  not  easily  perceived.  It  is  no 
doubt  dissolved  by  the  gastric  juice,  in  the  same  man- 
ner as  other  aliment  is>,    See  subsequent  experiments. 

Experiment  65. 

'  To  ascertain  whether  the  sense  o^  hung^lr  would  be 
allayed  without  the  ifood  being  passed  through  the 
oesophagus,  he  fasted  from  brieakfast  time,  till  4  o'clock, 
P.  M.,  and  became  quite  hungry.  I  then  put  in  at  the 
aperture,  three  and  a  half  drachms  of  leau)  foiled  beef. 
The  sense  of  hunger  immediately  subsided,  and  stop- 
ped the  borborygmus,  or  croaking  noiSe,  caused  by  the 
motion  of  air  in  the  stomach  and  Intestines,  peculiar  to 
him  since  the  wdundj  and  almost  always  observed  when 
the  stomach  is  emptyi 


,1"^'' 


-jiS''fv' 


This  experiment  proves  that  the  sense  of  hmiger  re- 
sides in  the  stomach,  and  is  as  well  allayed  by  putting 
the  food  directly  into  the  stomach,  and  when  the  previ- 
ous steps  have  been  gone  through  with.  Not  that  I 
would  deny  the  utility  of  the  previous  processes,  in  ordi- 
nary cases.  Even  the  sense  of  taste  is  essential.  It  is 
placed  as  a  sentinel,  to  prevent  improper  articles  from 


* 


1 


^OBSERVATIONS. 


^1? 


re- 

jvi- 
it  I 
rdi- 
|t  is 
)m 


? 


being  introduced  into  the  stomach.    See,  al^*ind)iA- 
<lUent  experiments. 


im<j44,..r% 


jU* 


Experiment  66. 


<-ri; 


\f»*»".TW 


^  IMw.  21.    At  8  o'clock,  A.  M.— Examined  stofrfach. 

Gould  obtain  but  few  drops  of  gastric  juice.    Sent  him 

to  exercise  in  tlie  open  air  for  half  an  hour.    Secretions 

increased — gastric  juice  flows  pure,  and  more  freely. 

t^xtracted  three  drachms. 

At  8  o'clock,  30  mins.,  he  breakfasted  on  bread  and 
coffeej  and  a  small  piece  of  lean  pork. 

At  2  o^clock,  P.  M.,  stomach  empty.  Extracted  two 
V  drachms  of  gastric  juice,  tinged  with  yellow  bile;  and 
llhdn  one  drachm  of  pure,  transparent  juice,  distilling,  by 
IWtops,  from  the  end  of  the  tube. 

i»  -At'^  d'clock,^  30  minSi,  I  put  ten  grains  of  raw  suet 
pntotwo  drachms  6i  gastric  juice,  tinged  T^ith  bil^,^  ah& 
i^n  grains  of  the  Same,  intdt\to  drachms  of  pure  gastric 
'-juice.     Placed  them  both  on  the  bath. 
^^  ^At  9  o'clock,  the  piece  of  suet  in  the  juice  that  was 
ttinged  with  bile,  was  <?onsiderably  more  dissolved  than 
^ha^n  the  clear  gastric  juice ;  and  whem  examined  with 
the  compound  microscope,  the  globules  appeared  moi^ 
numerous  and  much  smaller.    This  appearance  was, 
lal:sd,'i61feaflir  perceptible  to  the  njikfe'd'%fe,' as  the  mix- 
;|Ut^ Stood  in  the  vials.  '  '^ 

ivAtrK)  o'clockj  the  piece  in  the  yellow  juice  T)<fds  all 
liissolved'^the  other,  not  entirely. 

This,  with  Other  subsequent  experiments,  indicate 

*that  oily  or  fatty  food  is  sooner  digested  when  there  is  a 

small  admixtutie  of  bile  with  the  gastric  juice. 
19 


UPPI^^IF^^W'-^r^F- 


...  .,.,...^,^,,,.J„,,l^,,»l,^^vp^^p,p«^ppp,lpplllp 


218 


EXPERIMENTS  AND 


\  I 


Exercise,  it  seemS)  promotes  the  discharge  of  the  gas- 
tric juice,  as  well  as  digestion  in  the.  stomach. 


Experiment  67.    \  Mnn\%  m\*V 


■1 

,4  /an.  2k        t  8  o'clock,  30  mins.,  A.  M. 


Stomach 

clean  and  healthy.  Extracted  five  drachms  of  very 
clear,  pure  gastric  juice.  The  first  three  drachms  ran 
out  quite  freely;  the  other  two  drachms  distilled  by 
drops.  It  was  not  the  least  tinged  with  bile,  and  tasted 
distinctly  acid.     Breakfasted  on  beef  steak,  bread  and 

^^-^^^^  U  4*K''t^o  4s:l  Ilk 

At  1  o'clock,  P.  M.,  stomach  empty.  ,  ,. \ 


'Mil f^.  Experiment  68. 


Ilv     .i^^l. 


it 


At  9  o'clock,  P.  M.,  same  day,  St.  Martin  having  eaten 
nothing  since  2  o'clock,  and  feeling  quite  hungry,  I  piit 
into  the  stomach,  at  the  aperture,  eight  ounces  of  beef 
and  batley  soup,  introduced  gently  through  a  tiibe,  with 
a  syringe,  lukewarm.  It  caiised  no  unpleasant  sensa- 
tion, but  allayed  the  sense  of  hunger.  It  satisfied  the 
appetite  ;  and  he  said  he  had  no  desire  to  eat. 

At  10  o'clock,  he  said  he  felt  a  little  hungry  again, 
and  ate  eight  ounces  mbre  of  the  same  kind  of  soup) 
which  had  a  similar  effect  as  the  other. 


.  *  Experiment  69. 

45  Jan.  23.     At  9  o'clock,  A.  M. — Weather  rainy — Win4 
N.  E;  and  light.    Th.  39  deg.    Stomach  empty,  clean 


,c    ■f  r. 


\  I 


jam, 
sbiip, 


llean 


,,'!.       i  A^^S-- 


^ii^  OBSERVATIONS,    t 


m 


aVfd  Tieamifr^'TeTfeperattiire  of  stomach,  lOOJ  dSg.* 
Breakfasted  on  sausage,  bread  and  coffee. 

At  10  o'clock — Aspect  of  weather  same  as  at  9  o'clock. 
Th.  40  deg.  Stomach  full  of  fluids — temperature  101 1 
deg.  The  spirit  became  stationary  at  that  point,  after 
keeping  the  tube  in  the  aperture  eight  or  ten  minutes : 
after  which,  it  did  not  vary  for  ten  minutes,  when  it  was 
taken  outi  "  '  • 

At  12  o'clock,  M.,  he  returned  from  a  walk  of  twd 
miles.  Stomach  nearly  empty.  Temperature  101^ 
deg. — stationary  after  being  continued  five  minutes  in 
the  stomach. 

At  12  o'clock,  30  mins.,  stomach  empty.  ^'\m**: 

'  Experiment  70. 

Jan.  24.    At  8  o'clock,  A.  M.,  weather  cloudy  and 
damp.    Wind  N.  and  moderate.    Th.  39  deg.    Stom-Q 
ach  empty,  clean  and  healthy — temperature,  lOOj  deg. 
Extracted  four  drachms  gastric  juice,  very  little  tinged 
with  yellow.  *'    *'  '  '^ 

At  9  o'clock  he  returned  from  a  short  walk.  Tempc- 
rati^'e  of  stomach,  the  same.  Breakfasted  on  bread  and 
coffee.    12  o'clock,  stomach  empty. 

Temperature  of  the  stomach,  after  walking  two  miles 


Experiment  71. 


c«l 


V'iV-: 


At  1  o'clock,  P.  M.,  same  day,  St.  Martin  complain- 

»  ■  ■!       1W        IH-ll  ■!■      ■     ■■■■■■■III  .  ■  ,        I    ■■■ ■■■        II-    II    IW       II    I       I     I    II  A  ■»      -l-l      I  ■  I     I         II  ^       II      ■!        I  ,- 

*In  thia,  and  the  subsequent  experiments,  I  used  a  spirit  thermom'. 
^er,  takeii  from  PboI*s  Barometer,  which  varied  half  a  degree  froni 


^wm^m^ 


'1*     M'«f!MiiiWW>liiPW^|^P| 


220 


*  I 


EXPERIMENTS   AND 


ing  of  being  quite  hungry,  1  put  into  the  stomach  at  tlie 
aperture,  twelve  raw  oysters,  more  than  middling  size. 
The  sensation  was  allayed,  and  the  appetite  satisfied, 
the  same  as  if  swallowed.  He  was  not  hungry  again 
till  half  after  4  o'clock,  when  he  ate  a  dozen  more  of  the 
same  kind  of  oysters,  with  bread. 

At  10  o'clock,  P.   M.,   stomach   empty  and  plean. 

Weather  damp  and  rainy.     Wind  N.  E.  and  brisk. 

•  Temperature  of  the  stomach,  99J  deg.    He  had  been 

covered  in  bed,  and  sleeping,  for  two  and  a  half  hours, 

»  from  which  I  awoke  him  to  introduce  the  Thermome- 

tifmi,  (He  fell  asleep  again  during  the  examination — only 

awoke  while  putting  in  and  taking  out  the  glass  tube. 


Experiment  72.^,^,  ^^^nm  udi^ 

Jan.  25.  At  6  o'clock,  A.  M. — Wind  Southerly,  and 
light.  Th.  36  deg.  Examined  stomach  before  rising 
from  his  bed.  Temperature  99  deg.  Extracted  fifteen 
draohms  gastric  fluid.  It  flowed  out  unusually  free; 
was  rather  more  opaque,  and  contained  less  flocculi  of 
mucus  than  common  for  the  quantity.  Particles  of  the 
bread  eaten  with  his  oysters  at  4  o'clock,  30  mins.,  yes- 
terday, were  distinctly  to  be  seen  in  this  parcel  of  the 
juice. 

'      At  8  o'cloct'^  §0  mins.— Tem^fetoufe'ig^  t'Re''  stoniach, 

^  *idOJ  deg.    Coats  clean  and  healthy.    Th :  88  deg. ; 

**  '  At  9  o'clock,  he  breakfasted  on  raw  oysters  and  bread. 
'  1 1 6'cloclt,  temperature  of  stornach,  101  deg.    12  o'clock, 

"^^  M.,  he  returned  from  d.  wallf  of  two  miles.  Stomach 
empty.    Temperature,  102  deg. 


4,         •■»»     ~'f1' 


J«T 


.m- 


«»-* 


^      'pks' 


''^' 


"  r'.    Eiperimennt  73. 


™^j^  :.... ...».  .    Experimennt  73.     '  "    -^--^  ,r     ^ 

•"  Jan.  26.  At  8  o'clock,  A.  M. — Weather  clear  and 
cold.     Wind  N.  W.  and  light.    Th.   SOdeg.    Stomach 

'  healthy,  empty  and  clean.  Temperature,  lOOJ  deg. 
Extracted  one.  drachm  gastric  juice,  containing  more 
than  usual  flocculi  of  mucus. 

f'"    At  9  o'clock,  he  breakfasted  on  sausage,  bread  and 

*  coffee.  10  o'clock,  T^h.  34.  Temperature  of  the  stom- 
ach, lOOf  deg.,  and  full  of  a  heterogenous  fluid.     12 

''  o'clock,  M.,  returned  from  a  walk.     Stomach  empty — 

*  temperature,  101  deg.  and  a  fraction.  Weather  clear 
and  pleasant.     Th.  39  deg.     Wind  N.  W.  and  mod- 


4.S 


^, 


erate. 


u^  ;ii; 


\  >  M  i      !    ■      -       ■    *     If 


From  this,  and  other  experiments,  it  may  be  clearly 

inferred,  that  in  the  most  natural  and  healthy  states  of 

the  stomach,  there  are  little  or  no  fluids,  of  any  kind,  in 

;  the  gastric  cavity,  until  excited  by  aliment  or  other  irri- 

i,  tants;  and  that  digestion,  under  this  condition,  is  the 

^  most  rapidly  and  perfectly  performed.  ^_ 


■  i^*j»a  I  f^ 


.Experiment  74. 


At  2  o'clock,  P.  M.,  same  day,  he  dined  on  raw  oysters 
^,  and  bread.    5  o'clock,  stomach  empty.  ? '._  in 

At  6  o'clock,  40  mins.,  immediately  after  drinking  a 
-  tumbler  of  water  of  the  temperature  of  55  deg.,  introduc- 
ed Thermometer — spirit  rose  very  slowly,  and  did  not 
jv  become  stationary  at  the  natural  temperature  until  the 
tube  had  stoo4  in  the  stomach  for  thirty-flve  minutes. 
12  o'clock  at  night,  temperature  99^  deg.,  after  sleeping 
in  bed  thee  hours.  i 


,«;» 


■#. 


%: 


*>«•- 


KiliiipHpiw 


mmi^mw^^iffglip 


'™ 


Ik'* 


BXPSKIMEVT9  AMD 

"    Esrperiment  76. 


Jaw.  27.  At  6  o'clck,  A.  M.— before  rising  from-  his 
bed— Weather  cloudy  and  dry— calm— Th.  32°— Stom- 
ach empty,  clean  and  healthy — Temperature  99t|®,  spir- 
it stationary  in  ten  minutes — he  swallowed  a  gill  of 
water  at  the  temperature  of  55  deg.  wh^:h  immediately 
dilTused  itself  over  the  interior  of  .the  stomach,  and  dis- 
charged some  at  the  aperture,  by  the  side  of  the  stem  of 
the  Thermometer,  which  had  not  been  withdrawn. 
The  spirit  immediately  fell  to  70  deg.,  stood  at  that  point 
one  and  a  half^r  twoiininutes ;  and  then  began  again 
very  slowly  tqi^^j^  Thirty  minutes  elppsed  after  tak- 
ing the  water,  li|for  the  spirit  regained  the  99th  degree. 
Before  the  end  of  that  time,  there  was  no  appearance  of 
watei  ill  the  gastric  cavity. 

At  9  o'clock,  30  mins.,  he  ate  a  full  breakfast  of /re^/*, 
hroUed  heef^  mostly  fat,  bread  and  coffee^  and  continued 
unusually  smart  exercise,  walking  for  two  hours,.tillrhe 
became  fatigued,  and  perspired  freely* 
.  ^t  1 1  o'clock,  30  mins. — Weather  clear.  Th,  4?  deg., 
Just  returned  from  walking.  Stomach  contained  con- 
siderable chyme  and  oil.  Aliment  about  two  thirds 
gone.     Temperature,  101  deg. 

At  12  o'clock,  20  mins,^  M. — Stomach  nearly  empty ; 
a  small  portion  of  the  fluid  remaining,  reduced  to  a  more 
perfect  chymous  condition.  With  less  6il,  and  that  in 
itiuch  finer  globules.  Appeared  tinged  with  yellow,  an^ 
jtasted  bitte»r.  r 

At  t  o'clock,  P.  M.,  chyme  gone.  "Very  little  oil  re^ 
CDaining,     ?  ^  '  a 

At  IJtiJoioclr,— Weather  unchanged.    Temperature  of 
ittOKaaoh^  lOli  deg^    No  chyme  to  be  seen.    A  few  |>ar-^ 


''   OB0IBVATION8* 


J 


«88 


tides  of  oil  still  j}einaiiyng,  floating  on  the  surface  of  a 
small  quantity  of  fluid,  exhibiting  considerable  spiimous 
froth  ajfid  mucus.  ' 

A  circumstance  occurred  here,  not  before  observed  in 
my  experiments,  which  it  may  not  be  unimportant  to 
mention,  i.  e. — the  variations  of  the  temperature  obser- 
ved in  moving  the  Thermometer  up  or  down  in  the 
stomach.  The  spirit  in  the  tube  varied  proportionally 
to  the  length  of  the  stem  introduced.  When  the  bulb 
sank  down  to  the  pyloric  portion  of  the  stomach,  to  the 
depth  of  six  or  eight  inches,  the  spirit  rose  to  101^  deg. 
when  only  immersed  two  or  three  inches,  it  would  9tand 
at  lOOi  deg.  making  a  difference  ofthfep  fourths  of  a 
degree.  These  variations  were  unifortrdly  observed  at 
every  Thermometrical  examination. 

Perhaps  the  difference  of  indication  of  the  thermome- 
ter, may  result  from  a  more  complete  envelopement  of 
the  stem  in  the  gastric  cavity,  at  the  pyloric  examina- 
tion, and  a  less  one  at  the  splenic.  I  give  the  reader 
possession  of  the  fact,  without  pretending  to  account  fo^" 
it,  with  certainty. 

i' 
Ejpperiment  76. 

« 

At2  otlock,  30.mins.,  P.  M.,  same  day,  he  dined  on 
taw  oysters  vJidi  bread.  4  o'clock,  30  mins.,  stomach 
not  empty.  Food  about  half  gone.  Small  pieces  of 
heart.of'oy8tersr,  and  pulp  of  bread,  to  be  seen,  floating 
Jn  a  thin,  pultaceous  fluid,  quite  acrid  and  sharp— nolnl- 
l|er  taste,  or  yellow  color*.'    Temperature  101 1  deg. 

'A  striking  peculiarity  in  the  movement  of  the  spnrii 


v^,'-^ 


itumm^^ 


mmimm^r 


■XPBRIMBMTa  ANP 


rin  thfi  Thermometer  was  observed  ia  this  experiment. 
It  rose  from  about  68  deg.  to  its  stationary  po*nt,  100^ 
deg.  in  less  than  five  minutes  after  the  bulb  was  put  in- 
to the  stomach.  At  last  examination,  2  o'clock,  it  was 
fifteen  minutes  in  making  the  same  range.  Sometimes 
it  has  been  twenty-five  or  thirty  minutes  before  it  be- 
came stationary,  and  under  no  appreciable  difference  of 
circumstances.  He  had  been  moderately  exercising, 
(walking)  immediately  before  the  last  examination. 

At  6  o'clock,  he  returned  from  walking.  Tempera- 
ture of  stomach,  10^  ^  deg.  Spirit  rose,  and  became 
stationary,  at  that  poiint,  in  less  than  three  minutes — 
food  almost  completely  chymified,  and  half  gone.  Took 
out  one  ounce  of  thick,  pultaceous,  porridge-like  fluid, 
with  some  small  pieces  of  the  hearts  of  the  oysters,  re- 
duced to  a  jelly-like  appearance — plainly  acid — and 
slightly  bitter ;  and  had  the  flavor  of  the  oysters. 

At  6  o'clock,  15  mias.,  stomach  empty  and  clean. 

At  6  o'clock,  30  mins.,  he  ate  a  full  meal  of  cold,  boil- 
ed beef  (considerable  fat)  and  bread,  10  o'clock,  30 
mins.,  stomach  empty. 


Experiment  77. 

At  9  o'clock,  A.  M.,  of  the  27th,  I  mixed  one  drachm 
of  the  clear  decoction  of  coffee  with  three  drachms  of 
fresh  gastric  juice,  with  a  view  to  ascertain  whether  it 
would  destroy  the  flavor  of  the  coflee.  It  had  no  per- 
ceptible effect.  The  flavor  of  coffee  remained  for  ten 
hours,  as  distinct  as  at  first.  Added  half  a  drachm  of 
loaf  sugjar  to  the  mixture,  and  placed  it  on  the  bath.  It 
remained  there  forty-eight  hours:  no  different  effect 


n. 


'^mm^mm"^ 


waPpltiifficeiS  on  ibo  Td??w'brtho  coffee.    It  remained 
the  same  as  at  first.  '  -^  **  ** 

9  r  I;  is  probablo  that  the  decoction  of  coiTce,  like  inany 
many  other  artificial  drinks,  does  not  admit  of  diges- 
tion ;  possesses  no  nutritive  principles ;  and  is  carried 
into  the  circulatory  system  without  much  change. 


Experiment  78.  >f 

At  1  o'clock,  30  mins.  P.  M.,  of  the  2rth,  I  put  fifteen 
grains  firm  beef  cartilage  into  tlirre^nmlims  of  gastric 
juice,  and  placed  on  bath.  ,  #k 

^^  At  10  o'clock,  A.  M.,  of  the  28lh,  tooK  out  and  wiped 
dry,  it  weighed  six  and  three  fourths  grains. 

At  10  o'clock,  A.  M.,  of  the  29th;  it  weighed  one 

grai^fv  .  ,. 

When  put  in,  the  cartilage  was  cut  into  different  sized 
pieces  :  these  retained  their  original  forms  till  complete- 
ly dissolved — the  largest  piece  being  the  last  digested. 


^Experiment  J9. 

Jan.  28,  At  6  o'clock,  30  mins.,  A.  M. ;  before  ris- 
ing-:- Weather  clear  and  dry.  Wind  S.-  W.  and  light. 
TH.,36  deg.  Stomach  empty,  clean  and  healthy.  Tem- 
periature  100  deg,  and  a  fractioii— spirit  stationary  in 
five  ininutes.  No  gastric  juice  could  be  procured.  Ex  - 
tracied  'aboi^t  half*  ai  dradhm  of  fluids,  principally  miicus.. 
*'J  '  At  8  o'clock^  45  mins. — Temperature  of  the  stomach 
IpdJ  deg.,,  when  Thermometer  was  put  three  or  four 
inches  only' into  the  spletilc  portion;  but  rose  to  101 


si 


li-Vi» 


SaCl»llttMeNTS  AND 


deg,  wheii  the  biilb.was  let  down,  eight  or  nine  inches, 
towards  the  pyloric  extremity.  i^ 

:  A^  circumstance  occurred  here;  which  I  had  not  notic> 
ed  beibre. ,  On  setthng  the  stem  down  into  the  stomachy 
a  strong  contraction  of  the  muscular  fibres  was  indica- 
ted, when  the  bulb  had  descended  near  to  the  pyloric 
end,  by  a  sudden  and  peculiar  movement  of  the  tube, 
communicated  to  the  thumb  and  finger  that  guided  it, 
and  also  felt  by  St.  Martin  himself.  The  stomach  ap- 
peared to  contract  at  that  point  forcibly,  arid  grasp  the 
bhlb,  giving  it  a  sudden  impulse  downwards,  so  much 
so  as  to  require  a  quick  compression  by  the  thumb  and 
finger  to  prevent  it  from  slipping  suddenly  into  the  py- 
loric end.  This' grasping  sensktibn  would  continue  for! 
half  a  minute  or  more,  and  then  appear  to  relax  aga?n. 
This  action  occurred  every  time  the  bulb  passed  this 
point,  either  up  or  down.  When  the  bulb  was  below" 
this  ^int,  the  spirit  rose  three  fourtlis  of  a  degree ;  when 
raised  above,  it  fell  the  same.  Sometimes  the  suction 
motion  was  stronger  than  at  others,  and  when  the  stem 
was  released  from  the  fingers,  it  would  be  drawn  down 
towards  the  pyloric  end,  its  whole  length,  ten  or  eleyen 
inches,  occasioning  considerable  distresr^,  vertigo,  and  a 
sense  of  sinking  at  the  scrobiculus  cordis. 

At  9  o'clock,  he  breakfasted  as  yesterday,  and  kept 
quiet,  most  of  the  time  in  a  recumbent  position,  on  a 
couch.  »o*"i  W  »V. 

At  11  o'clock — Aspects  of  weather  same  as  in  the 
morning.  Th.  46  deg.  Contents  of  stomach  about  two 
thirda  diminished.  Temperature,  lOOf  deg.,  at  threeor 
four  inches  deep,  and  a  fraction  less  than  101^  deg., 
when  sunk  to  the  pyloric  extremity,  varying  proportioni» 
abljr  to  the  length  of  the  stem  introduced. 


^^A 


lipiuiLiniii  iiiHp«mpii,«fl|P'i 


^   OBSKRVATIONi. 


,1 


'At  12  o'clock,  30  mins.,  M.,  stomach  nearly  empty^ 
Temperature,  101  deg,  ,    \ 

At  1  o'clock,  30  mins.,  stomach  empty.    Tempera- 
ture, lOOf  deg.,  splenic  end — 101^  deg.,  at  pyloric  ^d. 


Esperiment  80. 


,i'i 


At  2  o^clock,  P.  M.,  same  day,  he  dined  the  same  as 
yesterday,  on  raw  oysters  and  bread.  Temperature  of 
stomach,  immediately  before  eating,  101  ^  deg.,  at  pylor- 
ic extremity — lOOf  deg.,  at  splenic  end.  .   . 

At  4  o'clock,  30  mins.,  stomach  half  empty.  Tem*^ 
perature  101 J  deg.,  a|,i)yloric  extremity — rose  quick. 
Took  out  on^Mrachln  of  the  chyme.  Digestion  nearly 
complete — aAiew  particles  of  bread  an^  oysters  to  be 

'  \  ■  nil'-' 

seen.  ■      ^  t 

At  5  o'clock,  30  mills.,  stomach  nearly  empty. — Tenaf^ 

perature  101  i  deg.,  pfloric  extremity— rose  quick. 

^  At  6  o'clock,  stomach  still  contf^iied  alimentarj'  fluids 

•^uite  acrid  and' sharp^* - 
At  6  o'clock,  40  mitjp.,  !§t<^mach  ^mpty. 
At  7  o'clock,  he -supped  on  boiled  heefand  bread. 


n 


Experiment  81. 


^1- 

Jan.  29.  At  6  o'clock,  A.  M.j  before  rising — Weather 
clear  and  dry.  Wind  N.  K.  and  brisk.  Th.  28  deg. 
Stomach  perfectly  healthyj  empty  and  clean.  Tempet^J 
ature  100  deg.,  at  pyloric  extremity,  and  99  deg.  at  the 
other.  No  gastric  secretion.  Could  not  extract  t^n 
drops  of  either  gastric  jiiice,  mucus  or  saliva. 

At  8  o'clock, '  30  tniris.—Stbma'<Jh  empty— coats  per- 


m^. 


''<u. 


mmFT^fwwTfrm^WM 


228 


EXPERIMENTS   AND 


■'t 


1         Sli 


'■^ 


fectly  healthy,  and  free  from  any  appearance  of  aphlbs, 
pustules  or  red  dpots.  The  mucous  coat  was  even  and 
uniform,  soft  and  smooth.  Temperature  from  lOOi  deg. 
to  lOOf  deg. — rose  quick.  Extracted  three  and  a  half 
drachms  pure  gastric  juice,  containing  some  flocculi  of 
mucus,  but  no  bile. 

At  9  o'clock)  he  breakfasted  on  sausage  and  breads 
and  kept  exercising — walking  smartly  for  two  hours. 
Returned  from  walking  at  11  o'clock^  30  mins.  Stom- 
ach two  thirds  empty.  Temperaturcj  102  deg.  and  a 
fraction,  at  pyloric  end,  and  101^  deg.  at  the^  other — • 
rose  quick.  12  o'clock,  30  mins.,  M.,  stomach  almost 
empty.  Temperature,  101^  deg.  and  100|  deg., — rose 
moderately.     1  o'clock,  P.  M.,  stomach  e^ipty. 


rih,* 


'U  ji^ili 


Ekperiment  82. 


'  At  1  o'dock,  30  mins.',  P.  M.,  same  day,  he  dined  on 
stewed  oysters  &nd  6re«fc?,  and  kept  still.  5  o'clock,  P. 
M.,  stofnach  emptyi  Extracted  three  and  half  drachms 
pure  gastric  juice.  At  6  o'clock,  45  mins.,  stomach 
empty.  Temperature  101^  deg.  and  lOOf  deg., — rose 
moderately.  .i^^ixs  ^m^u^  /u.  ^,  i/i-.<.  <,u,.ii 

i4M  ^^♦*  Experiment  B^.  '  '     *       '1^ 

.,,  Jan.  30.  At  6  o'clock,  30  mins.,  A.  M. — Weather 
cloudy  and  damp.  Wind  N.  E.  and  light.  Th.  39  deg. 
Stomach  empty,  clean  and  healthy.  Temperature,  im- 
mediately before  rising,  99^  deg.  and  98f  deg. — rose 
slowly. 

At  9  o'clock,  temperature  of  stomach,  lOlJ  deg.  and 
lOOf  deg. — ^rose  quick.    Extracted  three  drachms  gas- 


if 


■^ ' 


^ 


BnppwiP^ 


f-y^mm. 


m.mm> 


fi  WBiBSBlSiMFiMan* 


bile.    He  hnakieiSteA' on  heef'^eakj  brecutaxid  coffin, 
V  aM  b'ateck,  etcimcteh  afmdst  e^jityr  *>  'Temj^itttti^ 

Vabe'des^^eflded  tow'atds'  the  pyloric  extremity,  the  stom- 
ach evidently  contracted  upon  it,  and  dre^W  it  forcibly 
tclown.  '  If  left  free  to'its  O^^motiOns,  the  tube  would 
sink*  to  the  pylorus,  the  whole  length  of  the  stem,  ten  Or 
elev<^n  inches,  and  ihen'rise  again  of  its  own  ttccortjl. 
When  drawn  above  this  point  of  apparent  cfdntraction, 
into  the  splenic  end  of  the  stomach,  toi^ards  thepistSo- 
ration,  the  motion  of  the  bulb  was  reversed,  in  ai  direc- 
tion towards  the  fundus  of  the  stomach,  not  inclining, 
however  to  make  its  exit  at  the  perforatioa;  lut  took 
a  sort  of  irregular  motion,  revolving  the  tube  from  right 
to  left,  so  as  to  turn  it  completely  around,  in  the  space 
of  ten  or  fifteen  seconds.  This  motion  was  not  always 
presept,  nor  constantly  continuous  when  present;  but 
interrupted,  and. alternate  with  the  appearance  of  con- 
traction at  the  pyloric.end ;  anddjstincjtly  evident  only 
frojn  ^.boutjOEie  and  a  half  to  three  hoiurs,  or  more,  after 
eatingj^and  aji  the^time  when  the  cliyme  was  most  rap- 
pidly  leaving  the  gastric  cavity. 

At  12  o'clock,  30  mins.,  M.,  he  returned  from  a  smart 
walk — had  been.allfthe  moining,\  since  breakfast,  hard 
at  work,  wheeling  coal,  an  unusually  severe  exercise. 
Temperature,  102®  and  lOOf® — ^roseqiiick.  StothacH 
'fempty.    ^ 


■h-: 


•  ■tu 


'  pi'ii 


Experiment  84. 


'^^n.*li./  A  9  o'cfocfi,  30  mins.,  A.  M.— -To  two 


.a»M^ "/ 


38Q 


EX1*SIIIMANT8  AMD 


L-*- 


drttdims  of  gastdc  juicef  I*'piitone  ismal],  raw  oyster j 
weighing  one  drachm ;  and  to^  another  two  drachms  of 
gastric  juice,  I  addv<;d  one  drachm  of  stewed  oyster »  Set 
them  <^  the  bathj  afnd  Agitated  them  frequently. 

At  5  o'clock/ 30  minsl,  P.  M.,  the  residue  of  the  (raw 
oyster,  weighed  four  grains — that  of  the  stewed  weigh- 
.  ed  eight  and  three-fourth  grains.    Continued  them  on 
bath.  > 

At  9  o'clock,  A.  M.,  of  the  30th,  the  raw  oyster  was 
coinpletely  dissolved  ^|,,not  a  particle  left^  except  a  trace 
of:  dirty  brown  sediment,  the  excrementitious  part.^ 
j^-  grfiin  only  of  the  he^^t  of  the  stewed  oyster  was* 
left,  with  a  trace  of  the  same  kind  of  sediment,  ap  ir^  the 
raw  one.  The  flavor  of  the  oysters  was  retained  to  the 
last,  and  Gvaa  the  chyraous  mass  partook  of  it. 

.>In  the  article  here  submitted  to  the  action  of  the  gas*. 
trie  juice,  cooking  hardens, the  fibre,  and  renders  it  less 
susceptible  of  digestion  than  the  raw.     This  is  what  we 
aY[(Midly  a  priotij  judge^'  frohi'the^  known  properties  of 


this  s'olvent. 


;i'5''«  IhxH 


*«**;i,  ..   .-(.v.  jffffHf 


W'-  hfi 


Experiment  85. 


^^^1^.  30.  At^O.  o'clock,  A.M.,  I  put  ten.  grains  of 
b^^^^jmbeef^t&ngm^s  ofrc^Wylean  heef^  each  piece ^ 
whole  and  \xr\^y^^^^y.^^\X^x\.%^^  \ean  heeft' 

c%vwf^jgi«^|nt^  t^^fl^  ^^^\^^^^  gptrip  j[ui^e^ 
and  placed  them  on  the  l)a^,;jf^f^uej|itly.  a^it^^Jng^^ 
usual.  •    ^ 

At  12  o'clock,  M.,of  the  31st,  examined  and  weighed 
them.    The  iatr  piece  weighed  the  same  as  when  first 


II 


oBSBitv^'ciaNa*  « 


2SI 


putrinv-utha  lUanr:»botledrrbpdf  woiffhed/^igHlb  gr^^-^ 
ilie  chbpp6dyth)reo< grains;!  tAdded]t#»*drachn)^/gfi9l'io 

At  IQ  o^clockv'  A.  M.,  Feb.  Ist^  balance  ofi  diopped 
meat  weighed  one  grain ;  ■  'boiled-pieGe^  five |;rdilt8  ^  r* w, 
ten  grains.  ■     »  /o 


u4  ill 


erimcni 


Jan.^9;  At  *10  o'<il66V  A^M.f'l'ii^ft'tht^'^q^^^^^ 
parts  oi  cdbbag^j  one  part  rttW,'  atohef  iiW?«/,  imitW6 
third,  shaved^nc,  (raw)  arid  mdtei^kted  in'i^e^iitiieA 
grains  each,  itito  the  three  drachms  of  gastric  jiilce,  aiid 
placed  them  09  the  bath. 

At  5  o'clock,  30*mins.,  P.M.,  I  took  out  and  pressed 
dry  the  respective  parcels.  They  weighed  as  follows : 
the  shdved,  three  and  three-foin-ths  grain^j^.  Jhe  raw, 
five  and  a  half  grains;  the  boiled,  six  an<L  a  quarter 
grains,       •  .  ■.  ,  .,  .  }#« 

At,  10  o'clock,  A.  M., :;oC  the  30tb,,|top^L,  pjjt  ^an^^^^-, 
amined— the  raw  weighed  five  and  a  quarter  grains^ 
the  shaved,  three  and  a  half  grains;  and  the  boilea, 
the  same  as  yesterday  evening,  six  and  a  quarter  grains. 
I  added  two  drachms  gastric  juice,  and  continued  them 
on  bath.  m, 

At  12  o'clock,  M.,  of  the  31st,  the  raw  weighed  two 
grains;  the  shaved,  one  and  ai  half  grains;  boiled,  fiw 
graiiij.     Added  one  drachm  of  gastric  juice.  '* 

Feb.  \.    Raw,  weighed  one  grain ;  shaved,  one  grainj  ^ 
.  boiled,  two  anda  half  grains. 


a^ 


rfT* 


.■K**.- 


ana<7»rc^i»«chk^fc:feiltll«  1>WW8«k  •>rf6"^iff«;  MrfHf?^ 
eiioplyO^  if»eftlp«lltttti#^i  Itwtta^*  aM'lWf  aeg}?'<*p?ft 

ofstm^tM  bhld  f  '10  6'^W^,  ^^tm^m  ^fhptyj      "  > "  - 

K^.  '  St'^'mac'^'empty.'aean  and  lie^^  Tempera: 

td¥l'l6tt'd^\tillW^:^dsem;ife^        :#o  fluids 
111  tne. gastric  cavity.     Could,  obtam ,  but  half  a. drachm, 
he,  pecuuar  contraction  and  relaxation  Off  suction  and 
Msioii  mo^pn,  were  ej^ideptly  ex^a^^^fb^  • 

^H  ^f^^^^  r  ^^  ^fe®  ^th^pi^i^etei;,^  b,^tj,  l|Q|,  fj^a?  ,so 

a  minujte  jOr  two,  it  gives  seyete  pain  ai^d^i^tressEitthe 


^  (T*  ?      %  r~^§ffi6-^*H-®  Qf  ?tQ?jiach  lp:^Jjdqg.-T7-he 
tapeaTOsteci  on  two  ap^a  Ijalf  pui^ces.of  6j^  four 

and  alialf  ounces  ,$'6f£ tigc^t^  W^  coffeq.  ■  i .  r ,/tjj^ 

^ .^t  9  clbpk^  ^  juifts. ,  ^iB  lai^,^ hi5Bself  49W^ P?^A^is 
jiaiiet,  ^^ndj[  s^tjtlje  T,^9fiT|ionGie^rinto,^is:stoipQ^di,  ?a^(| 
continiied  fajthful,ly}a)c^  cpn5;ta^]y^  jto  qbf^ry^its^  n^gligj^s 
and  variations,  We  hour  and  forty  minutes,  until  ten 
minutes  past  eleven,  (two  hours  and  ten  minutes  after 


■■*i 


'% 


!^i^i^ppHp^iini^i^pRi|ppiqp^|iiii.p>  JiuiR^  ''«  m 


OB8EBVATION0. 


eating.)  At  first,  the  stomach  was  full  to  overflowing 
of  heterogeneous  fluids,  in  much  commotion,  as  indicated 
hy  the  movement  of  the  aliment,  &nd  of  that  part  of  the 
stem  left  out  of  the  aperture,  nearly  four  inches.  This 
commotion  continued  about  half  an  hour,  to  ten  o'clock. 
It  then  seemed  to  subside ;  the  general  muscular  action 
became  less,  as  indicated  by  the  stem  of  the  thermome- 
ter, and  motion  of  the  fluids,  until  half  after  ten  o'clock, 
when  a  diflerent  motion  appeared  to  cominence,  indica- 
ting considerable  forcible  contraction  upon  the  bulb  of 
the  tube,  now  about. six  inches  from  the  aperture  towards 
the  pylorus.  Ah  irregular  turning  and  twisting  of  the 
stem,  and  a  simultaneous  downward  movement,  was 
succeeded  by  an  apparent  relaxation  and  expulsive  mo- 
tion. These  alternate  motions  and  appearances  contin- 
ued to  recur  every  two  or  three  minutes — not  uniformly, 
but  at  irregular  intervals.  A  sense  of  distress  and  un- 
easiness was  felt  at  the  point  where  the  bulb  lay,  every 
time  these  contractions  recurred,  so  as  to  occasion  invol- 
untary manifestations  of  pain,  expressed  in  the  muscular 
motions  of  his  face.  The  thermometer  did  not  percep- 
tibly vary,  during  all  this  time,  from  the  usual  standard 
temperature  of  the  interior  of  the  stomach.  It  was  101^ 
deg.,  at  the  pyloric  extremity,  and  100^  deg.  in  the 
splenic  end,  and  continued  so,  during  the  whole  time, 
ranging  between  these  two  points,  according  as  it  was 
moved  higher  or  lower  in  the  gastric  cavity.  At  this 
time,  11  o'clock,  10  mins.,  Ihe  stomach  was  about  half 
empty — and  chymification  rapidly  advancing. 

At  12  o'clock,  30  mins.,  M.,  the  stomach  was  empty 
and  clean.  Temperature  lOlJ  deg.  and  lOOJ  deg.  Ex- 
tracted two  and  a  half  drachms  gastric  juice. 


20^ 


■V!Uiv   ^Ml'-^'i^Up 


'W  „"i  'v 


^"^ 


t 


^l 


:r 


23i^' 


EXPSIlilMENT»  Alfl> 


Bxperiment  89. 


Feb.  I.  At  6  o'clock,  A..M. — ^before  rising — Weatbep 
clear.  Wind  N.  W.  Th.  28  deg.  Stomach  empty^ 
clean  and  healthy.  Temperature  100  deg.  and  99^  deg. 
— rose  moderately.    No  gastric  juice  secreted. 

At  8>  o?clock — Weather  clear,  and  growing  cold.    Th.. . 
26  deg.    Temperature  of  stomach,  immediately  before 
going  out,  101  deg.  and  100  deg.    Returned  in  30  mins. 
Temperatui^  of  stomach   the  same.     Extracted  four 
drachms  gastrip  juice.  ^    . 

^  At  9  o'clock,  he  breakfasted  on  hredd^  satisage  MiA. 
coffecy  and  kept  exercising^  11  o'clock,.30  mins.,  stomach 
two-thirds  empty.  Aspects  of  weather  similar.  Th.  29^. ' 
T^emperature  of  stomach,.  101^  deg.  and  100  J  deg.  The 
same  appearance  of  contraction  and  dilatation,  and  alter- 
nate piston  motions  were  distinctly  observed  at  this  ex- 
aminii^ion.    12  o'cld^k,  30  mihs^  'stomach  empty.. 


Experiment  90. 

At  2  o'clock,  P.  M.,  same  day,  he  dined  on  potatos- 
and  meat.  9  o'clock,  weather  clear  and  pleasant.  Wind' 
N.  W.  and  light.  Th.  32  deg.  Stomach  nearly  empty- 
Temperature  102  deg,^aQ4  IPl^i^f^eg.,  after  walking.  5 
o'clock,  30  mins.,  stomach  empty. 


Experiment  91. 

Feb.  2.  At  8  O'clock,  30  mins.,  St.  Martin  finished 
breakfasdng  on  full  meal  of  two  and  a  half  ounces ^'gtf 
smtsage,  seven  and  a  half  ounces  vrsiTiticombreadf^kn& 
a  pint  of  cq^cc.    Kept  gently  ejcercising  for  bn6  bMir,^ 


,t! 


PVWPWnVHini^ 


iwiin  I  «u»P'iai"Piwi,iuij,«i  I       loniifl 


OBflER^ATIOlff. 


235 


and  then  increased  hit  ezerciae  to  severe  walking,  two 
or  three  miles,  for  two  hours.  Stomach  full  when  he 
started,'at9  o'clocKp46  mins.  >   »  Mt' 

At  12  o'clock,  M.,  retnmcd  from  walking.  Stomach 
not '-(dntirely  empty.'  Oil  and  bread  perceptible.  12 
o'clock  30  mins.,  considerable  fluid  in  the  stomach, 
tinjB^lsd  with  yellow  bilo.  No  distinct  particles  of  food  to 
be  distinguished. '  1  o'clock,  P.  M.,  stomach  empty  and 
cXeUti,    Extracted  two  drachms  pure  gastric  juice. 

Severe  exercise,  in  this  instance,  is  supposed  to  have 


I  ■  t  (  .  5 


retarded  digestion,  as  well  ds' the  peculiar  kjnd  of  food 
eaten.,,  i     . 


^s(\'V 


.n'-ii»i 


Experiment  92. 


At  1  o'clock,  80  mins.,  P,  M.,  same  day,  he  dined  on 
four  ounces  oi  fresh,  boiled  heef  (cold)  and  five  ounces 
bread,  and  continued  walking  smartly,  for  three  and  a 
half  hours,  till  4  o'clock,  45  mins.,  P.  M.  Stomach 
nearly  empty.  Dinner  almost  completely  chymified, 
5  p'clock,  stomach  empty;.  ,\    '■ 

^  EicperiihenV^'i,  , 

Feb.  3.  At  8  o'clock,  45  mins.,  extracted  four  drachms 
gastric  juice.  He  breakfasted  on  full  meal,  two  and  a 
half  ounces  boiled  beef,  seven  and  a  half  ounces  bread, 
and^toiie  pil^t  !of  co^cfi/.^nd?  kept  perfectly  still.  18 
<i'^loeky,3<|)Lfjninsi,,M^  stomach  not  empty.  1  o'clocl^' 
P<.M.,  stdm^ich  eippty  and  clean.  Extracted  one  and  a 
h*Jf,drafihi?isigastj?ic;iuice,|  ;,^  _         . 


"TliWr'*^  '^^ii'   "W 


336 


EXPERIMENTS  ANi> 


This  indicates  that  a  complete  state  of  repose  is  un- 
favorable to  speedy  digestion. 

Experiment  94. 

'  At  1  o'clock,  30  mine.,  P.  M.,  same  day,  he  dined  on 
four  ounces  freshy  boiled  heef^  five  ounces  of  hread,  and 
potatoes.  6  o'clock,  istomach  not  entirely  empty;  but 
none  of  the  meat  remaining.  C  o'clock,  15  mins.,  very 
little  of  the  bread  and  potatoes  to  be  seen.  6  o'clock,  30 
mins.,  stomach  empty. 


,'''■ 


..^^  f 


Experiment  95. 

Feb.  3.  At  12  o'clock,  M.,  I  put  two  equal  and  entire 
pieces  of  parsnip ,  ten  grains  each,  one  boiled,  and  the 
other  raw ;  the  same  kinds  and  quantities  of  carrot ; 
and  the  same  of  potato — into  four  drachms  of  gastric 
juice,  and  placed  them  on  the  bath. 

At  12  o'clock,  M.,  on  the  4th,  the  vegetables  taken  out 
and  wiped  or  filtered  as  dry  as  when  put  in,  shewed  the 
following  result : 

The  piece  of  raw  parsnip,  weighed  three  grains ;  the 
boiled,  one  grain.  Raw  carrot,  three  and  one-fourth 
grains ;  boiled,  half  a  grain.  Raw  potato,  eight  and 
a  half  grains ;  boiled,  no  entire  particle  could  be  dis- , 
tinguished — a  fibrous  and  farinaceous  residuum  of  six 
grains  remained  on  the  filter. 

At  12  o'clock,  M.,  on  the  5th,  the  pieces  of  parsnip 
and  carrot  were  almost  entirely  dissolved,  a  grain  or 
two  of  the  raw  carrot,  and  fibrous  centre  of  the  parsnip, 
only  remaining.    About  a  grain  of  roughish  white  fari- 


V 


#■ 


't.'' 


OBSERVATIONS. 


•ill 

nft  dt  tnenGoilea  potato,  iemaineai  Jpne  raw  potato 
wasaHttle  softened  and^'lVa^t^rolfi^lfi?  SuFA^<«b/m 
weighed  the  same  as  at  last  examination,  eight  and 
a  half  grains.  i^'  i«*M^\^v>^..l      , 

"^irf^is'rfJi  lirii^tMtfdn  %"  '(tie*«^felSft/df  4dh4oV^css 
kSd  jilscditibility  bf  diVisi^ii'oi^lfed'aAiclis  of  diet,  iKi 

fedy  solution  by  the  gastric  juicc.     The  raw  potato 
lincjd  i^q»rly,jiji|^  vycight,  af^e^^  tj^i^^^ojtjier  articles  wefp 


dissolved. 


.'i^JfJUl**  ll,/ia:lUl«!  j^aiiun 


Experiment  96. 


At  3  o'clock,  P.  M.,  same  day,  i  look  two  equal  quan- 
^§9r  two  drftphms.each;  p//saU¥|j,  aeidulatcd  taalout 
U;)j9  !]^a.v<?fl:  of  gastric  juice— onp  with  v  acetic,  tlie -oth^r 
wi^l^  flju^riivti^.  i  fwift^T-aud;  pieilf  iut^ieach^  i  .two/  pieties  ,of 
p,£^fsnjpi  and.  two  of  carrot,  one  of  each  boiled,  and  the 
^other  raw;  ^each  weighing  ten,  grains  ;  and  placed 
thengtjon  thg 'bath.  ^f     'i    ..   ?/<    t  w,, 

,/At3Q'aloqk,P.  M.,  ol^,th^  4th,  the  carrot  in.  the  sali- 
va and  muriatic  acid,  had  lost  nothing— the  parsnip, 
Oj^jytwp  grains.''  iln  the  acetous  monstfuura,.  bothtkinds 
pjepiained,  th^  sam^,  >  as.  when,  put  in», ..  The, ,  fluids  of 
|)qUi  weifb  unaltered  in :  their  sensible,  qualitps  and  ap- 
pearances.,  ,)  i>i)  ,jiiiiiK< 
V ,  After  iCCjntinuing  them  on  the  bath,  With  frequent  agi- 
tation, for  twenty-four  hours  longer,  the  parsnip,  in  the 
muriatjcimfinstruumi  had^  lost  four  \  grains— the'  carrot 
ipLOthipg.  The  parsnip  .in  the  acetic  mixture,  had  lost 
six  grajns,  and.  the  carrqtifour  grains,  but  appeared  to 
have  bepn  ra^©r  maperated;aiiddiflILised,  than  dissolved 
or  digested.  '' 


■^' 


.^rm. 


«^    ■'      I 


Mtfi 


AiiiiiiiiiiM^ 


296 


EXP&RlMEyTf   AND 


I  now  mixed  thorn  all  together;  ond  continued  them 
on  the  bath,  for  twonty-four  hours  longer ;  at  the  end 
of  which  tiaie,  the  whole  regaining  mass' 6f  veg^tlaWe 
matter  wtighed  twelve  grains.  The  fluid  appeared 
now  a  little  more  chymous,  and  Was  rather  turbid*. 


'm 


This  is  an  example  of  a  species  of  solution,  performed 
by  chemical  agents,  having  some  resemblance  to  di^^s- 
tion.  It  is  not  at  all  probable,  however  that  this  mix- 
ture was  in  a  state  of  preparation  for  the  action  of  the 
pancreatic  and  hepatic  fluids ;  but  if  placed  in  ihe  stom- 
ach, would  require  the  same  action  of  the  gastric  juice, 
as  other  diet  would. 


't* 


Experiment  97. 


%-'. 


Feb.  4.  At  9  o'clock,  A,  M.,  he  breakfasted^pn,  two 
and  a  half  ounces  of  boiled  beef,  six  ounces  of  6rea«J  and 
one  pint  of  cojfee.  Exercised  smartly  for  thxpe  hours. 
At  12  o'clock,  30  mins.,  M.,  chymification  completq. 
Stomach  empty.  •     , 


Experiment  98. 

f^eb.  5.  At  9  o'clock,  A.  M.,  he  breakfasted  same  as 
yesterday,  and  ker  '•'].  11  o'clock,  stomach  nearly 
full.     12  o'clock'  considerable  yet  in  the  stomach ; 

oil  and  bread  y  to  be  seen.    12  o'clock,  30  mins., 

contents  of  sto.^iach  not  yet  gone.    1  o'clock,  P.  M., 
stomach  almost  emptyi    1   o'clbcfi^  15  mins.,  stomach ' 


mi^ipvi 


f^m 


a  l>B8BltTlTt0lf#r^^' 


2SSti 


Erperiment  99. 

^JF^,7,,  At  8  o'clock,  30  mins.,  A.  M.,  I  put  twecty 
gtainn.  boiled  codfish  into  three  drachms  gastric  juice,  and 
placed,  them  on  the  bath.  , ;  i  ? ;  t ..  **  .  ^ 

At  1  o'clock,  30  mins.,  P.  M.,  fish  in  the  gastric  juice, 
on  the  lyith,  was  almost  dissolved,  four  grains  only  re- 
mjaining— fluid  opaque,  white,  nearly  the  color  of  milk. 
2  o'clock,  the  fish  in  the  vial,  all  completely  dissolved. 


Erperiment  100.  , 

Feb.  7.    At  9  o'clock,  A.  M.,  breakfasted  on  boiled 
codfish  and  breads     Digested  in  four  hours  and  a  half. 

J^xperiment  lOL 

Feb.  8.  At  10  o'clock,  30  mins.,  A.  M.,  I  put  two 
parcels,  ten  grains  each,  of  strong  cheese,  one  mastica- 
ted, arid  the  other  an  entire  piece,  into  three  drachms 
gastric  juice.  At  6  o'clock,  P.  M.,  the  masticated  por-; 
tion  was  all  completely  digested,  scarcely  a  trace  left  on 
the  filter.  The  entire  piece  had  lost  four  and  three 
fourths  grains — five  and  one  fourth  grains  remaining 
undissolved,  and  of  the  same  shape  as  when  put  in^ 
having  lost  its  superfices  only.  This  piece  continued 
gradually  to  diminish,  for  twenty-four  hours,  when  it . 
wa^  completely  dissolved.  ? 


-.vv 


ExperimeM  \Qi2* 
Feb.  12.    At  1  o'clock,  30  mins.,  P.  M.,  he  dined^iik''^ 


■>e- 


-s^^* 


mutton^  and  barlffjt^Sup^iMdL^mA.    Digested  in  three 

,    jPeftM;i3.,  A^  ^ o'clock, 46  .riunf^,  P|  T^.,)^„6^  on 
^#|jd  a,  quarter .110111%:, I  ^,»,f^  ,„f|  ^  ivy>nUj  ^mm^  t^u 

■  ^  PF*6. 14v    At9\  J0lcfc,>AL  M.,  I  tobfc  forty  grains. mcw- 
Hcated  broikd  he^  «fcaAr>  divided  into  i  two  equal  parts 
—put  one  into  four  drttchmsgastricjaicej  and  the  other, 
»%td  ^oui^  drj^chftis*  bf  !ft finkture  of i  dilute  muHatU)fiXidi 
'to/«<^  iibidsj  rddticbd'wiih  waterto  theiflavjor  of  tHe^g^ 
' trK^'fliiid/' as^' il^arly ' as  practicable^-^three partsdfe the 
miirlalib  ^o  one  -jitot  ^Of  th#  a^ti(SS>  ^Placed  them  to^lh- 
eF"^  Ih^  bathv'  lr^^o'ol5ckpP.'M:y  the  mea4;  ia^the 
®  |iitKft-Julce  M's^fiiU'OiBsOlx^ed  j't^     in  the  dilute  acids, 
^^h^eu  fllterfed,  Mr  a  t^siduum  of  nine  girains,  eff  a^^eRy- 
like  dphsisten<i^. '  The  fluids,  also,  differed  ihvappi&r-. 
ance.  *  That  from^  the  gastrie  juice  was  opaqu6,  and  of 
a' lightish  gr^  colorj  leposithig  a  bmwijf  sec^im^ll  on 
standing.    Thfe othMfWii^tfldO'dpaque,! andlk)f kiseddish 
tov^^cfloiVbAtas^sitsgdnd^s^imen^  ^m 

This  was  an  attempt  to  imitate  thf|  g^tripjmc^.y.  It 
was  not  satisfactory.    Probably  the  gastric  juice  con- 


m  MA 


•i'^ 


Qvuuv  pipfw  fr*im.;'>9.vn  ■" '  '.."i 


i>wiii,"(n.  w'l^^ymfij'vi  "''^■y'l'* 


!W"^ 


cee 


QBpflliyATIOI^S. 

Experiment  105. 


!941 


At  the  same  time  of  the  above  experiment,  (104)  I 
put  the  same  quantities  of  pure  dry  gelcUinCy  (ichthyo-* 
coUa)  into  exactly  similar  quantities  and  kinds  of  fluids, 
and  placed  them  all  together  on  the  bath. 
'  lA.t  6  o'clock,  R  M.)  the  gelatine  in  the  gastric  juice 
was  all -completely  dissolved — that  in  the  dilute  acids, 
after  being  placed  on  the  filter,  left  a  residuum  of  three 
grains  of  a  jelly-like  substance.  These  two  fluids  dif- 
fered in  appearance^  That  from  the  gastric  liquor  was 
of  an  opaque,  whitish  color,  with  little  fine,  brown  sedi- 
ment—that from  the  acid  menstruum  was  also  opaque, 
but  of  a  reddish  brown  color,  and  of  a  thin,  mucilagin- 
ous consistence,  with  no  sedim.ent. 

^  One  drachm  of  infusion  of  nutgalls,  added  to  the  gas- 
tric solution,  immediately  afibrded  a^  rich,  cream-like 
fluid,  and  slowly  precipitated  a  fine,  compact  sediment. 
The  same,  quantity  of  7 Tifusion  .of  galls,  added  tp  the 

yiother,  immediately  formed  the  whole  mass  into  a  coarse, 
brown  coagulum.  After  standing  a  while,  it  afforded  a 
large,  loo^ep brownish  sediment, .  and  alight  colored 
flui4,  which,  on.  standing,  became  white  F^milk;  and 

i  the  sediment  became  coiQpact  and  remained  so. 

»The  precipitates,  after,  the  addition  of  the  ton.  taken 
out  and  filtered,  weighed  as  follows— tha^  in  the  gastric 
solution,  eighteen  grains;  the  other,  forty  grains^the 
diflerence  of  weight  being  about  equal  to  the  quantity 
of  gelatini  put  in.        -    -  i. 


JBxperitnent  106. 

Feb,  15.    At  9  o  clock,  45  rnins.^  A.  M'»  r^ated  the 
21 


,^^^r: 


Ui 


BXPSBXMENT9  ASD 


\&it  (105th)  experiment)  mt\igela(inef  and  the  gastric 
juice,  and  dilute  acids,  in  the  same  proportions. 

At  3  o'clock;  16  in^ns.J  P/M.;  the  gelatine  in  gastric 
jiiice,  itU  dissolved,  to' a  mere  mite — that  in  acid  mix- 
ture, rieariy  so,  six  grains  only,  remaining  on  the  filter, 
of  a  jelly-like  consistence.  The  fluid  of  the  gastric  por- 
tion had  a  bluish  white  color,  and  the  other,  yellowish, 
6r  dbout  the  coloir  of  dry  gelatine. 

At  6  o'clock,  the  gelatine  in  the  acid  menstruum,  all 
dissolvied.    fluids  of  both,  nearly  similar. 

One  drachm  infusion  of  riutgalls,  added  to  each,  in- 
stantly formed  loose,  lightish  colored  coagulae  in  both ; 
threw  down  a  compact  sediment  in  the  gastric  solution, 
and  left  an  opaque,  Inilky  fluid,  ^he  coarse  coagulie 
in  the  aci^  menstruum,  continued  suspended  through^ 
Qiittjieinass  oif  fluids,  Jfor  a  long  tiiiie," gradually  ^ubw 
siding,  j ,  ^t  the  end  o^' forty  eight  hours,  it  had  becorhe 
,|jreci|)itated  tp.th^  bottom  into  a  compact  massj'ahd  ex^ 
hibitj^distiqcjt  particles  of  the  entirei  undissdlved  gefla- 
tinC)  ^.i?9<J!  with  SI  dirty  white  colored,  curd-like  siib- 


stance. 


hiV^  llumi  mi'V 


■ 

ExptnmeiXt  107-. 


1^/ 


Eek.  15.    At  ■  l/o'6li>^k  30  imiqs.,  P.  M^k  he  dined .  on 
boiled  codfish  Bind  bread.    Digested  in  four  ho^rsLdud  a  . 


.(»- 


Feb.  16.    At  1  d'lfocfc,  45  B^rf^,  P.  M.,  he  dined  on 
mutton  soup^  and  bread-^6  o'clock  stomach  empty.   Di- 


o 


Miiii^MiliiiiiS 


iiiiiiyipip  ^iiwipii 


npi 


fpPH 


ric 
ric 

)r- 

*, 

ill 


^lliliERVIITIOirBC^ 

Mpcrt^nwif  too. 


£U3 


'i'»- 


Feb.  19.  At  9  o'clock,  A.  M.,  I  put\twenty  grains  o!" 
boiled  fat  porA:,  cut  fine,  into  tbxee  drachms  of  cljBar 
gastric  juice,  and  the  same  kind  and  quantity  into  three 
drachms  of  gastric  juice,  strongly  tinged  with  yellow  6i7c, 
with  a  view  to  ascertain  whether  there  be  any  differ- 
ence in  their  solvent  effects  upon  fat  meats.  Placed 
both  on  a:i|[illa.  At  1  o'clock,  P.  M.,  the  pork  in  the 
gastric  juice,  tinged  with  bilej  dissolved  to  less  than  one 
grain — that  remaining  undissolved,  in  the  clear  juice, 
weighed  two  grains  and  a  hal£ 


-**( 


Experiment  110. 

Feb.  20.  At  1  o'clock,  30  mins.  P.  M.,  I  put  three 
parcels,  ten  grains  each,  of  boiled  codfish,  into  three  sep- 
arate portions  of  gastric  juice,  one  pure^  another  con- 
taining bile,  and  the  third,  a  clear,  limpid,  slightly  acid 
Jiuid,  taken  from  the  stomach  after  active  exercise  and 
profuse  perapiration,  in  more  abundant  quantity  than 
usual.    Placed  them  all  on  the  bath. 

At  1  o'clock,  30  mins.,  P.  M.,  of  the  2lst,  I  took  out 
and  weighed  the  three  parcels  of  fish.  The  result  was 
as  follows :  that  in  the  pure  gastric  juice  weighed  two 
and  a  half  gra:ins';  that  in  the  yellow,  three  grains ;  and 
the  other,  six  grains. 

This  shows  that  other  than  oily  food  is  retarded  by 
the  admixture  of  bile  in  the  gastric  juice. 

Ih^ii    V        Experinnent  III.  r   tV^ 

F^.  23.    At  9  c^'clock,  45  min&,  P.  M.,  I  took  out 


M., 


iw"*»"i"  ii->*wiiiiinp  mff)fm 


244 


EXPER^l^lli;^!  AND 


two  parcels,  ope  drachm  each,  of  gastric  juice,  one  pure, 
and  the  other  of  the  clear,  limpid  fluid,  extracted  under 
the  circumstances  mentioned  in  the  last  experiment,  and 
put  eight  grains  of  lean  beef,  finely  cut,  into  each ;  and 
placed  them  on  the  bath  together.  After  being  treated 
alike  on  the  bath  for  six  or  eight  hours,  the  residuum 
in  the  pure  gastric  juice,  weighed  three  grains. 


Experiment  112. 

.  •  / 

.  Feb.  24.    At  9  o'clock,  30  mins.,  A.  M.,  having  ex- 
tracted gastric  juice,  containing  a  large  pi^oportion  of 
yellow  bile,  I  put  twenty  grains  of  strong  cheese,  cut . 
small,  into  two  drachms  of  it  j  and  the  same  quantity 
and  kind  of  cheese,  into  two  drachms  of  pure  gastric^ 
juice:  placed  them  together  on  the  bath.  / 

At  9  o'clock,  P.  M.,  residuum  in  the  yellow  juice, 
weighed  five  grains  ;  that  in  the  clear  juice  six  grains. 
Returned  them  to  the  bath. 

At  9  o'clock,  A.  M.,  of  the  26th,  the  cheese  in  the  yel- 
low juice,  all  dissolved  ;  of  that  m  the  clear  juice,  two 


grains  remained. 


<fi:^%y^ 


Experiment  113, 


'i  at 


■-n 


March  26.  At  8  o'clock,  15  mins. — Weather  clear»v 
Stomach  empty  ai^d  healthy.  Introduced  Thermome-( 
ter  (Pool's  glass)  three  fourths  the  length  of  its  tub%| 
eight  or  ten  inches,  and  continued  it  five  mii^utes.  Spirt-i 
it  stationary  at  lOOJ®.  ,0 

At  9  o'clock,  (Suspended,  through  the  aperture,  inta^ 
tlie  stoij^|^,^^9lo^^^UsUi^^g,j,fo]^.g^^^ 


^'wr 


"^wimntmy 


m 


'Experiment  11 
March 


clear  of  food,    *JiAp^kt^tC*^ 

^^.t&M  the  gastric  juice,  as  nearlYUHiJig^^Sfte 
three  drachms ;  dilute  ticetou^  aci^,  to  about  the  rame 
flavor,  one  drachm— mixed  them  together,,and.  pat  in- 
to this  mixture,  one.ttWi^«rfr«iKfiBd  s^coA:,  cut  fine ; 
and  the  same  quantity  and  kind  i^J^^^JS^ 

H»f*iiottra  anMTtiwiwj  uaam— ^—    -, 
iiot  di«KAved }  ,bi%had  lost  its 


■■M- 


h^ 


Ektiiimmsmm--mKiy 


first  put  i«rdl*llilmii!^^ 

that  in  the  gastric  juigs. 

cHi|ti^tio£fltb»'M|dYh]iii|tcire  hiftl  become  <iiearlff«di^i^bi^ 

m^&^^mt^k^f  thejelly^yke  ,inase,^o  abupdai^^ 


a  dark  brown  sediment  on  standings  that  from  iMtMm' 
iiaeii«tniiira^r|wasrh1^o€|{aq«r,  of^reddish^'brawn'  ^olor,. 
b«iikid^pesitcd,ii0isq(idine^t$>ttr//  yi4in^;j>  x*  lewaw 
Two  drachms  of  the  infusion  eC  nutgall^  adddd^toi^ 
t^eegaisUi^  ^portion,  thivelvv  dowtn)  at  fine^  qreddisU  Ibrdirn 
piOGai^te^  andfiaffordidiai^'opat^^  flittd}  of  ilinii1aT«ool« 
cm  ft^iwo^drachmsiof  tbe^lififusion^i i  ^ddedt'  t(y  the  fSdic^ 
ml^twtei  t|irew  ]dq^wn  a  i  more?  i  copious  |>recipitate^n  aiid^ 
left  a  clearer  and/4buiike(i^#uid^lofLavjl'6llow|Eih  ocHo^^andi 

;   Experiment  llff.  jiii)fji 

^^cSl^dS'kyodki^pfi^led'^bt^^ 

of  Labarraque,  was  added  to*UM*hlittl6fM^lt^ 

♦uot^flidii  imicfirfks:  ybljsw  isl  fedj^tsrsiimi  (fei^  htm 


m 


>^'     I. 


J      V 


ai*e1( 


W'i^' 


t'^w' 


w^m 


lipiWWH'  .'Jii 


ilpiiJli  I   .     IJiilli! 


a  ^fSIIV^TIONl.4 .1 


en 


.•>^.tn'  '";i  -  ftl  fli  Ji'    •" 

»£i5n^ftiflllowmg»MicropQDpy?f exacDinatians,  \yQr©  made 

itith  Jon^s^  compound  Mk^oscope^  iii  presence  of  Profes- 

tbr^Dufig'lisoh  and  of  Captain  H.^Stnith,  of  the  Army* 

TWy  kfford,  however,  ver^''  ISttli'  it^foi^sitioh  on  the 


.  l.j  Pure, gastric  juieey ^UKhil\ited  the  appearance  of 
water,  except  tha*;  there  were  perceptible,  a)  very  few^ 
mintut^: gloJJdlesuf £  "k*  acnfuHtu  .1]  >  < .  i '  I  <  i' 
!.  JI.  tlThe  chymous  product  of  thie  geistrif  juice,  and 
unmastiedtedy  {e<m  6e^,  ^exhit^  globules  pf^'^a^ous 
i^i^es,  resembling  those,  of!  blood,  having  a  trans|i^rent 
<Sei(itr^,randjiopa^ue)m^igin,i<witlv  varicfu^vecj} ^efilak 
ment^  of .  appardntty  uhd%esfced  fibrine.  b  «  rt^i 

III.  Product  of  gastric  juice  and  albumeif^-^eTh\hiied 
appearances  resembling,  considerably,  those  presented 
by  the  gastric  juice  alone-.-no  distipct  globular  arrange- 


exhSbite4*^tisiderabie  naoie  pakicles,^  and  *a  ^greater 
1Su^)elf(lr^obulfes. 

^^^/'ilie^teduct  of  the  same  |cind  of  aliment,  (fowl 
Wt^)!  macerated  in  water,  exhibited  numerous; 


'-^K^^. 


'^Mnii^M^' 


;iil,ii*.;'% 


fjlhdifbolted  particles,  with  few  gilobules ;— the  glbl^^ 
xldr  so  iregularly  formed,  as 'in  the  foregoing  ^experi- 
ments. 

VII.  Product  of  gastric  juice  and  soupy  made  fiom 
'  fresh  b^ft  exhibited  globules  extremely  numerous,  and 

distinctly  form^^,fa<?if^(i5Hf  |»g*>ir  of  the  pre- 
(bdii^g  experiments — and  a  few  particles  of  meat* 

VIII.  Impure  gastric  jutce^  or  that  with  an  admiX" 
ture  of  green  bilBj  when  taken  from  the  stomach,  ex- 
hibited numerous  f^ESlrimsiF!>1IPi'99)1^^t^  few  globules.' 

IX.  Chyme,  artificiallp  farmed  from  pork  and  breadf 
exhibited  numerous  §  lobules-  of  different  sizes,  appa- 

tenths  oily.  .^  t^ 

'S^iOKynw^'pfMUfof  gastric  juice  and /a/  jpor^, 
femaMUKeMomaek^ea^^ 

^I.  |Fw  pw,  macerated  in  pure  water,  P[5g^tflj^ 
appeariinces  of  globules  precisely  similar  to  tl^80  m 


ti 


.  -•  -k  •  - 


'Ttfettj 


wppppnpwpp^fniwwu'^ipppp 


■MM  111 


^    I 


9 


EXPERIMENTS,  &C. 


FOtTRTH  SERIES. 


•Kfi' 


Plattsburgh,  N.  Y.  1833, 

The  following  Gastric  Experiments,  and  Examina- 
lions  of  the  stomach,  have  been  made  since  the  manu- 
script of  the  previous  part  of  this  work  was  prepared  for ' 

the  press. 

■ .     kj'jiq  .... 

EXAMINATIONS  OP  THE  TEMPERATURE  AND  Al^PEAR-   ' 
ANCE   OP   THE   INTERIOR   OP   THE    STOMACH. 

I.  July  9.  6  o'clock,  A.  M.  Weather  cloudy  and 
damp.  Wind  W.,  light.  Stomach  empty  and  clean. 
Introduced  glass  thermometer,  at  the  aperture,  bulb  nine 
inches  down  towards  the  pylorus — temperature  100^, 
Fahrenheit,  before  rising  from  his  bed. 

II.  My  10.  6  o'clock,  A.  M.  Weather  clear. 
Wind  W.,  brisk.  Th.  63  deg.  Stomach  emr'  '  and 
clean.  Temperature  100  deg.  before  rising.  9  o'clock, 
P.  M.  Weather  clear  and  calm.  Th.  75  deg.  Stom- 
ach empty.  Temperature  101  deg.  after  moderate  ex- 
ercise in  open  air. 


26G 


EXPiaiMEMTt '  JiNO 


%hIIL  Julff '  IL « !  6-? o'clock^'  A.  M.  Weather  cloudy. 
Wind  N.  E.,  brisk.  Th.  66  .deg.  Stomach  empty  and 
clean.  -  Temperature  100  deg.  before  rising.  8  o?felock, 
30*  mins.  Weather  clear  and  dry.  Wind  S.,  brisk. 
Temperature  of  stomach  101  deg.  after  exercise.  '9 
o'clock,  30  mins.,  P.  M.  Weather  hazy.  Wind  S.  W., 
light.    Th.  75  deg.    Temperature  101  deg. 

*^Vf.  My  12.  6  o'clock,  A.  M.  Weather  clear. 
Wind  W.,  brisk.  Th.  70deg.  Stomach  empty.  Tein- 
peratUre  100^  deg.  after  going  out  into  the  open  air.  9 
o'clock,  P.  M.  Weather  clear.  Wind  W.,  light.  Th. 
^6  deg.    Temperature  101 1  deg.    Stomach  empty. 

,^  V.  JulyA.2.  5  o'clock,  30  mihs.,  A.  M.,  Weather 
clear,  serene  and  calm.  Thermometer  69*^.  Stomach 
empty,  healthy  and  clean.  Temperature  99^*=*,  before 
rising  from  hia  bed.  6  o'clock,  30  mins.  Weather 
same  as  at  last  examination.  Stomach  empty.  Tem- 
perature 100|^,  after  rising  and  and  walking  in  the  open 
air,  twenty  or  thirty  minutes.  6  o'clock,  45  mins.. 
Returnad  from  a  smart  walk,  exercising  so  as  to  pro- 
duce gentle  perspii^ation.    Temperature  lOOf^. 

VI.  July  14.  5  o'clock,  30  mins.,  A.  M.  Weather 
variable — heavy  thunder  shower,  during  the  night. 
sWind  S.,  moderate.  Th.  75o.  Stomach  empty.  Tem- 
perature 100=*  on  rising  from  bed — lOOf  °  after  walking 
out  into,  the  open  air,  and  immediately  back.  9  o'clock, 
P.M.  Weather  rainy — atmosphere  oppressive.  Th.,799. 
Wind  is.,  light.  Temperature  of  stomach  102c>.  St. 
Martin  has  been  in  the  woods  all  day,  picking  whortle- 
berries, and  has  eaten  no  other  food  since  7  in  the  morn- 
ing, till  8  ia  the  evening.  Stomach* full  of  berries. find 
chymifying  aliment,  frothing  and  foaming  like  ferment- 


mmmm^^  ""■■ '     ■    ■     ^w^*  '^'  "  "'"' 


i  ■' 


0B8EETATI0N8*ffll 


261 


ing  be«r  or  cider — ap^)ear8  to  have  been  drinking  liqudlf 
too  freely. 

VII.  Julf/  15.  5  o'clock,  30  mins.,  A.  M.  Weather 
clear.  Wind  W.,  light-—air  damp — ground  wet. '  Th. 
74*'.  Stomach  empty.  Temperature  iOO°,  before  ri- 
sing. 7  o'clock,  Sir  mins.  Weather,  wind,  6cc.  same 
as  at  last  examination.  Th.  74.  ®.  Stomach  empty. 
Temperature  102*^,  immediately  after  smart  exercise. 
I  o'clock,  30  mins.,  P.  M.  Weather  clear  and  pleasant, 
since  8  o'clock,  (till  within  fifteen  minutes,  in  which 
interim,  has  fallen  a  light  shower  of  rain.)  Wind  W., 
light.  Th.  74^.  Stomach  empty.  Temperature  lOO^*' 
— has  been  at  manual  exercise  for  four  hours.  9  o'clock, 
P.  M.— Weather  and  wind,  same.  Th.  72«'.  Tem- 
perature lOlf  ^.  Stomach  full  of  chymous  fluid,  oil, 
and  pulp  of  bread  arid  cakes,  eaten  for**supper,  two 
hours  previous  to  examinatiort  ♦ 

VIII.  Julij  16.  7  o'clock,  30  mins,  A.  M.  Weather 
Cloudy.  Wind  W.,  light.  Th.  73<'.  Stomach  empty. 
Temperature  101®,  after  rising  and  before  exercising. 
9  o'clock,  P.  Ml  Weather  cloudy,  damp  antf  chilly? 
Th.  70*=*.    Temperature  101i«>. 

i  1LX.' July' 2S,  9  o'clock,  A.M.  Weather  clear.  Wmd 
-N.;  W.,  brisk.  Th*  66®.  Stomach  empty — not  healthy 
^-iiflome  erythema  and  aphthous  patches  on  the  mucous 
surface.  St.  Martin  has  been  drinking  ardent  spirits, 
pretty  freely,  for  eight  or  ten  days  past— complains  of 
n6  pain,  nor  shows  symptoms  of  any  general  indispo- 
sition-^says  he  feels  well  and  has  a  good  appetite. 
'  X:  August  i.  8  o'clock,  A.  M.  Examined  stomach 
befbre  efating  any  thing^ — inner  memhrafie  ihorbid-^ofi- 
fliderdbl^'  erythema  and  some  aphthous  patches  on  the 
^pdsed  surface— secretions  vitiated^-extracted  about 


BXVSRlMlim  AMD 


^\{  an  ounce  of  gastric  juice^not  clear  and  fnlre  tiH 
in  health — quite  viscidi 

XI.  Auguat  2.  8  o'clock)  A.  Mt  Circumstances  and 
appearances  very  similar  to  those  of  yesterday  morn- 
ing. .Extracted  one  ounce  of  gastric  fluidb —consisting 
of  unusual  proportions  of  vitiated  mucus,  saliva,  and 
some  bile,  tinged  slightly  with  bloody  appekrii/ig  to  exude 
from  the  surface  of  the  erythema)  and  aphthous  patch- 
es, which  were  tenderer  and  more  irritable  than  usual. 
St.  Martin  complains  of  no  sense  of  pain,  symptotns  of 
indisposition,  or  even  of  impaired  appetite.  Tempera- 
ture of  stomach  lOl**. 

XII.  August  3.  7  o'clock,' A.  M»  Inner  menitJrane 
of  stomach*  unufually  morbid— thef  erythematoiis  ap- 
pearance more  exti^hsive^  and  spots  more  liVid  than 
usual;  from  the  surface  of  which,  exuded  small  drbps 
of  grumous  bl(»od— ^-the  aphthous  patches  larger  arid 

^  more  numerous— 4he  mucous  covering,  thicker  than 
common,  and  the  gastric  secretions  much  more  vitiated. 
The  gastric  fluids  extracted  this  morning  wiere  mixed  ' 
with  a  large  proportion  of  thick  ropy  mudus,  and  coh- 
siderable  mujjo^urulent  matte*,  slightly  tirt^ed 'with 
blood,  resembling  tha  discharge  from  thfe  boW^ls'ln' 
some  cases  of  chronic  dysentery.  Notwithistaiidmg  thii^ 
disease^  appearance  of  the  stomach,  no  (very  essential 
aberration  of  its  functions  Was  manifested.  St./Martin  <iom- 
plainsof  no  symptoms  indicating  any  genetal'd^range- 
ment  of  theclrfBtem,  except  an  uneasy  i^hsation  arid-a  ten- 
d^tness  at  the  pit  of  the  btomsachl  audkime  vertige^  With 
dimness  and  yellowness  of  vision,  onstodpiiig  dbWh  iM 

tongue,  and  his  countenance  is  4Mther'akllb#Mp!tdse 


■i,  ■$!*  ■ 


»r 


f'l"«    w 


M        V^Wi*'l  ■    WW" 


''^11^ 


f  . 


rt>OB8ERVATION&iC     . 


263 


uniform  and  regular ;  appetite  good;  rest  quietly,  an#  ' 
sleeps  as  well  as  usual. 

;,  XIII.     August  A.    8  o'clock,  A.  M.,  stomach  empty  ; 
less  of  those  aphthous  patches  than  yesterday  ;  erythem- 
atous appearance  more  extensively  difl'used  over  the  in- 
ner coats,  and  the  surface  inclined  to  bleed  ;  secretions  ' 
vitiated.    Extracted  about  an  ounce  of  gastric  fluids,  f 
consisting  of  ropy  mucus,  some  bile,  and  less  of  the  r 
muco-purulent  matter,  than  yesterday ;  11a vor  peculi- 
arly foetid  and  c   a3reeable;  alkalescent  and  insipid; 
no  perceptible  acid  ;  appetite  good  ;  rests  well,  and  no 
indications  of  general  disease  or  indisposition. 

XIV.  August  5.     8  o'clock,  A.  M.,»  stomach  empty ; 
coats  lest  morbid  than  yesterday ;    s^hthous    patches 
mostly  disappeared  ;  mucous  surface  more  uniform,  soft, , 
and  nearly  of  the   natural,  healthy  color ;  secretion*^  y 
less  vitiated.     Extracted  two  ounces  gastric  juice,  more  y 
clear  and  pure,  than  that  taken  for  four  or  five  days  last 
past,  and  slightly  acid ;  but  containing  a  larger  propor- 
tion of  mucus,  and  more  opaque  than  usual,  in  a  heal- ' 
thy  condition. 

XV.  August  6.  8  o'clock,  A.  M.,  stomach  empty- 
coats  clean  and  healthy  as  usual ;  secretions  less  vitia- 
ted. Extracted  two  ounces  gastric  juice,  of  more  natu- 
ral and  healthy  appearance,  with  the  usual  gastric  acid 
flavor  ;  complains  of  no  uneasy  sensations,  or  the  slight- 
est symptom  of  indisposition ;  says  he  feels  perfectly 
wall,  and  has  a  voracious  appetite ;  but  not  permitted  to 
indulge  it  to  satiety. — He  has  been  restricted  from  full, 
and  confinjsd  to  low  diet,  and  simple,  diluent  drinks, 
for  the  last  few  days,  and  has  not  been  allowed  to  taste 
of  any  stimulating  liquors,  or  to  indulge  in  excesses  of 
any  kind. 


ftiii 


i      1 


22 


".'"FT'j'.'T 


".'■•.ji      'irv.^iKfS      t.f'.'.^.V'i 


m 


2S4 


•€ 


»     •• 


BXPERXMBNT8  AND 


f#^ 


IDiseacod  nppoarancos,  similar  to  those  montionod 
above,  havo  frequently  presented  themselves,  in  the 
course  of  my  experiments  and  examinations,  as  the 

•  reader  will  have  perceived.  They  have  generally,  but 
not  always,  succeeded  to  some  appreciable  cause.  Im- 
proper indulgence  in  eating  and  drinking,  has  been  the 
most  common  precursor  of  these  diseased  conditions  of 
the  coats  of  the  stomach.  The  free  use  of  ardent  spirits, 
wine,  beer,  or  any  intoxicating  liquor,  when  continued 
for  some  days,,  has  invariably  produced  these  morbid 
changes.    Eating  voraciously,  or  to  excess  ;  swallow- 

fVing  food  coarsely  masticated,  or  too  fast :  the  introduc- 
^tion  of  solid  pieffi^of  meat,  suspended  by  cords,  into 

i  the  stomach  ;  or  of  muslin  bags  of  aliment,  secured  in 
tho  same  way ;  almost  invariably  produce  similar  ef- 
fects, if  repealed  a  number  of  limes  in  close  .succes- 
sion. 

These  morbid  changes  and  conditions  are,  however, 
seldom  indicated  by  any  ordinary  symptoms,  or  partiCf^ 
ular  sensations  described  or  complained  of,  unless  when 
in  considerable  excess,  or  When  there  have  been  cor- 
resi)onding  symptoms  of  a  general  affectioh  of  the  sys- 
^lem.  They  could  not,  in  fact,  in  most  cases, 'h&V6  been 
anticipated  from  any  external  symptonos)  and  their  ex- 
istence was  only  ascertained  by  actual,  occular  ae« 
tnonstratiou*  im  ^ 

It  is  interesting  to  observe  to  what  extent  the  stomach, 
perhaps  the  most  important  organ  6f  the  ttnirndf  rjw- 
tem,  may  become  diseased,  without  mariifesting  any* 


J  # 


w 


«Jt>BSBllVATIONS. 


m 


^xtefftal  tymptoms  of  such  disease,  or  any  ovident 
signs  of  functional  aberration.  Vitiated  secretions  may 
also  take  place,  and  continue  for  some  time,  witliout 
afTocting  the  health,  in  any  aensiblo  (Jiogroe. 

Uxtensivo  active  or  chronic  disease  may  exilt  in  the 
membranous  tissues  of  the  stomach  nnd  bowels,  more 
frequently  than  has  boon  genenerally  believed ;  and  it 
is  possible  that  there  are  good  grounds  for  {he  opinion 
advanced  by  a  celebrated  teacher  of  medicine,  thrit 
most  febrile  complaints  nro  the  oilbcts  .  gastric  and 
enteric  inflammations.  In  the  case  of  the  subject  of 
these  experiments,  inflammation  certainly  does  exist, ^ 
to  a  considerable  extent,  even  in  tk%  apparmt  state  of 
health — greater  than  could  have  been  believed  to  com- 
port with  the  due  operations  of  the  gastric  functions. 


EXPERIMENTS,  &c. 
Experiment  1. 


*il 


September  18.  At  8  o'clock,  46  mius.,  St.  Martin 
breakfasted  on  four  ounces  of /rosA  salmon  trout jfried^ 
three  ounces  otbread^  and  drank  half  a  pint  of  water.  The 
coatt  of  the  stomach  were  not'  perfectly  healthy ;  some 
aphthous  patches  and  dark  red  spots  to  be  seen  on  the 
raticous  surface ;  gaatrio  juice  slightly  viscid ;  acid  taste 
distinctly  perceptible.  At  10  o'clock,  15  mins.,  stomach 
notify  empty.    Breakfoft  qpmplctoly  chymiftedand 


256 


EXPEaiMEN'Ts  'and 


^one  ;  nothing  but  a  little  gastric  juice  and  flcx^uli  'of 
mucus,  remaining  in  th6  stomach. 


■^.iifcSSi  -^ 


j^_u 


% 


1 

Experiment  2. 

^'ep/.  18.  At  2  o'clock,  P.  M.,  he  dined  on  six  ounces 
of  boiledf  fresh,  salmon  trout,  three  ounces  of  bread, 
and  a  potato,  and  drank  half  a  pint  of  water.  Con- 
tinued at  work,  sawing  and  splitting  wood.  He  had 
eaten  nothing  from  the  time  he  took  his  breakfast ;  had 
been  hard  at  work  all  the  time ;  looked,  and  said  he  felt 
iilquite  fatigued.  ^ 

\y     At  3  o'clock,  40  mins.,' stomach  about  half  full  of  a 
*|,nearly  homogeneous  semi-fluid,  of  a  rich  milk  or  cream 
color,  and  about  the  consistence  of  fine  corn-meal  gruel 
—a  few  small  particles  of  the  fish,  and  some  of  the 
potato,  could  be  distinguished.    4  o'clock,  15  mins.; 
V     stomach  empty  and  clean.  ; 


.-*- 


'•*:)l»*t 


:* 


Experiment  3. 


Sept.  20.  At  1  o'clock,  15  mins.,  P.  M.,  he  dined  on 
three  ounces  fat  pork,  and  one  pint  of  corn  and  6eaws, 
(green,)  two  ounces  of  6r<?arf,  and  half  a  f'nt  oi  water  ; 

^  and  kept  Exercising.     Digested  in  three  hou^s  and  three 

^quarters. 

Experiment  4. 

Sept.  21.  At  8  o'clock,  A.  M.,  he  breakfasted  on  eight 
ounces  of  beef  *s  liver,  broiled,  two  biincea  of  bread, 
and  drank  half  a  pint  of  water.    Continued  u^ual 


%.■ 


OB8ERYA.TIPI78. 


287 


exercise.  9  o^clock,  30  mins.,  stomach  full  of  partially 
chymified  food,  considerable  oil,  (melted  butter,)  float- 
ing on  the  surface ;  black  pepper  mingled  with  it,  and 
emitting  a  strong  aromatic  odor  of  the  spice.  10  o'clock, 
30  mins.,  stomach  empty  and  clean.  Extracted  two 
drachms  of  gastric  juice. 


Experiment  5. 

'  At  1  o'clock,  30  mins.,  P.  M.,  same  day,  St.  Martin 
dined  on  one  pint  of, rich  beef  and  vegetable  soup,  made 
of  the  joint,  marrow  bone  and  muscle  of  the  leg  of  an 
ox,  three  ounces  of  bread,  and  continued  moderate  ex- 
ercise. 3  o'clock,  15  mins.,  stomach  nearly  full  of 
thick,  greyish-white,  porridge-like  semi-fluid,  with  a 
thick  pellicle  of  oil  floating  on  the  surface.  4  o'clock, 
P.M.,  stomach  empty.  ^ 


%, 


Experiment  6. 


iSept.  30.  At  7  o'clock,  30  mins.,  A.  M^,  he  break-^ 
lasted  on  bread  and  milk,  and  continued  his  usual  exer- 
cise. 8  o'clock,  30  mins.,  stomach  nearly  full  of  milky 
fluid,  pulp  of  bread  and  coagulee.  9  o'clock,  contents 
of  stomach  considerably  diminished  since  lat^  examin- 
ation— took  out  a  portion,  nearly  chymified ;  very  little 
flne  coagulffi  perceptible ;  bread  in  small  particbs,  redu- 
ced to  a  greyish,  soft  pulp ;  the  menstruum  of  a  whitish, 
whey-color  and  consistence.  9  o'clock,  30  mins.,  chymi- 
flc^tion  coniplete.    Stomach  empty  and  clean. 

The  portion  ta)tea*QUt.of  the  stomach,  at  9  o'clock, 
into  a  vial  a^d  continued  in  the  axilla,  till  12  o'clock,  M. 
22* 


.^:- 


* 


■'«••*? 


i*^ 


EXPERIMENTS  AND 


•  I 


Was  almost  completely  chymified ;  small  pulpous  par- 
ticles of  bread  only  discernible ;  the  fluid  of  a  rich 
whey,  or  gruel  color  and  consistence;  a  little  lodse,  light 
colored  sediment  fell  to  the  bottom,  on  standing. 

.    '     '  4 

Experiment  7.    ^  if 

Oct.  I.  At  1  o'cl()ck,'30  mins.,  P.  M.,  St.  Martm  dined 
on  boiledj  fresh,  lean  beef,  potatoes  and  bread,  and  con 
tinned  his  usual  exercise.    4  o'clock,  15  min^.,  sibmacl 
empty.  . 

•  - 

Experiment  8.       . 

Oct.  2.  At  1  o'clock,  30  mins.,  P.  M.,  he  dined  on  same 
kind  of  food  as  yesterday,  lean,  boiled  beef,  potatoes 
and  bread,  dressed  with  a  liberal  quantity  of  strcmg 
mustard,  and  vinegar,  and  continucKi  th^  same  di&ircise. 
3  q?clock,  30  mins.,  stomach  nearly  Ml  of  heterogeneous 
mixture.  4  o'clock,  30  mins.,  stomach  stul  contains 
chyme  and  some  undissolved  food  pfliiids* taste  and 
smell  quite  strongly  of  the  niustard^^^  complains  of  more 
smarting  at  the  edges  of  the  apettur6,  Uian  usual ;  somo 
slight  morbid  appearance  on  the  mucous  surface.  5 
o'clock,  stomach  empty. 

These  two  last  experiineut^  were  made  under  almost 
exactly  similar  conditions  of  the  stomach,  with  a  view 
to  notide  the  efie(!ts  of  this 'kind  of  ^tinmlating  condi- 
metit.  The  resull  was,  that  it  appatently  retarded  the 
proci^ss  of  digestion ;  bo  other  apprecial>le  cause  exited 
for  this  differendifr  of  tesulf:  The'j^maeh  ipresentedk^e 
usiial  healthy  appearance  immediately  pi^tidus  to  the 
ingestion  of  the  meal.    Nothing  occurred  to  interfere 


#^ 


>x 


•^ 


OBSERVATIONS. 


m9 


with,  or  interrupt. the  digestive  functions.    The  slight 

'morbid  appearance  on  the  mucous  surface,  towards  the 

^lose  of  chymification,  I  conceive  to  have  been  more  the 

effect  of  the  over  jexci  ^ment  of  the  mustard  than  any 

other  cause. 

It  would  seem  then,  that  stimulating  condiments,  in- 
stead of  being  used  with  impunity,  are  actually  prejudi- 
cial-to  the  he£^lthy  stomach.  They  can  only  be  requir- 
ed, and  taken  with  benefit,  when  the  gastric  apparatus 
is  languid  and  relaxed,  and  requires  stimulants  to  excite 
the  tone  and  action  of  its  vascular  tissues. 

■*■ 


•  ■(•"'■ 


'^'':^     '     Experiment^,     "tf        ',  ; 

/»(t-?l  ■■       '  '-■',■  ,' 

^^»;IOc^  3.^  At  2  o'clock,  35  mins.,  P.  M.,  St.  Martin  ate 

riii^^ouncei*  of  raw,  ripe,  sour  apples.    3  o'clock,  30 

ixfli]piBt«^Qmach  full  of  fluid  and  pulp  of  apples ;  quite 

acffaf  ffilji  irritating  thetcdges  of  the  aperture,  as  is  al- 

•^-aysth^tease  wh^i^ie  edts  acej3<itent  fruits  or  vegettikles. 

4  o'db^kJ%t<4na<jli.iiQt  ^nijfty ;  eototents  more  sharp  and 

>'acrid;'  pl^^t*|tf*ap|)tfii'Wiil  *to  be  seen.    4  o'clock,  40 

ftains.,  SoiAacli  fjiiaAty'f  mcXbid  appearance  of  the  gastric 

■^^isurface  considemwy  ihcreased. 


i. 


Experiment  10. 


*    Oct»7.    At  8  o'clock,  A.  M.,  he  breakfasted  on  bean 

soifp^Mmade  with  fresh  beef  and  bread.    Digested  in 

.three  hours.    And  at  2  o'clock,  P.  M.,  he  dined  on  the 

'*ifllRine^  which  was  digested  in  three,  and  a  quarter  hours. 


^fij  ',*   -• 


''n-n*im  wi 


^yj^.s  .jiiiiiUii^y.      XtkH/'     ini  W 


.% 


)Mf^- 


L#7 


.i^.. 


feSili 


m^ 


260 


•  I. 


EXPERIMENTS  AND 


Experiment  11.^ 


«« 


Oct.  10.  At  8  o»clock,  A.  M.  Weather  fair.  Wind 
W.,  light.  Th.  61  deg.  Stomach  empty  and  healthy! 
Temperature  101  deg.,  after  moderate  exercise.  Break- 
fasted on  baked  potatoes  and  bread.  10  o'clock,  stomach 
nearly  empty ;  a  little  chymous  fluid  to  be  seen ;  quit# 
acrid.  Temperature  101 J  deg.,  after  usual  exejrcise. 
10  o'clock,  45  mins.,  stomach  empty.  Temperature 
lOli  deg.  •     , 


Experiment  12.  * 

At  2  o'clock,  P.  M.,  same  day.   Weather  hazy.   Wind 
S.,  moderate.    Th.  61  deg.    Stomach  empty  and  heal- 
thy.   Temperature  lOlf  deg.,  after  exercise.    Di^eipn** 
roast  beef,  bread,  potatoes  and  boiled  cabbage,  ,4  o'clock,  f- 
wind  S.  W.,  brisk — raining.    Th.  61  deg^  St6i||ftite}ialf  ; 
full  of  heterogeneous  mass  of  acrid^uid,  oil:  beef  and 
caBbage.    Temperature  10^  deg.*  ^had  bej(h  smartly 
exercising  for  two  hours.    ^  o'ojqpk,  30,n4p«i^,wind  and' 
weather  same  as  at  4  o'clo^rk.    Th.  63  fieg.    Stomach  ' 
empty.    Temperature  102.    Exercise  continued  mode- 
rately till  this  examination. 

t 

;  In  this  experiment,  the  temperature  of  the  stomach  ' 
rdse  to  103  deg.,  one  degree  higher  than  I  haye  ever 
before  observed  it  to  rise ;  and  chymification  was  pro- ; 
tracted.  ,J 

^Yhether  these  two  circumstances  were  occasioned  by  i 
uhukualiy  increased  exercise,  ^nd  the  consequ^t  fatigiier 
of  the  system,  or  from  the  naturil  of^the  aliment  €^9^n, 
and  the  unusual  fulness  of  the  meal,  I  am  not  iable 


jm 


ii  liiiiiifiliiiiiii  li 


w^f^ff^m^m 


*^ 


OBSERVATIONS. 


■m 


positively  to  say;  but  am  inclined  to  think,  from  previ- 
ous observations,  that  they  are  attributable  to  the  latter — 
as  the  usual  morbid  appearances,  consequent  on  too  full 
alimentation,  followed  this  meal  in  the  course  of  twen- 
ty-four or  thirty-six  hours — as  may  be  seen  by  the  two 
aubsequent  experiments. 


mv 
&?*- 


Experiment  13. 

Oct.  11.  7  o'clock,  30  niins.,  A.  M.  Weather  fair. 
Wind  N.  W.,  brisk.  Th.  32  deg.  Stomach  empty. 
Temperature  100  J  deg.,  after  moderate  exercise  in  open 
air.  8  o'clock,  45  mins.,  wind  and  weather,  same.  Th. 
38.  Stomach  empty.  Temperature  102  deg. — had 
been  smartly  exercising,  shovelling  dirt,  for  an  hour  or 
more,  and  was  quite  warm.  Breakfasted  on  stewed  veal 
and  bread.  11  o'clock,  stomach  not  empty.  Tempera- 
tute  102  deg. — continues  exercise,  12  o'clock,  stomach 
contams  a  very  little  chymous  fluid,  and  a  trace  of  the 
muscular  fibres  of  the  veal.  12  o'clock,  30  mins.,  stom- 
ach empty. 


SI- 


Experiment  14. 


At  2  o'clock,  P.  M.,  same  day,  he  dined  on /rierf  veal 
and  bread,  and  continued  moderate  exercise.    6  o'clock,j 
30  mins.,  stomach  empty.  Temperature  101  f  deg.  Somei 
morbid  appearance  on  the  mucous  surface. 

At  8  o'clock,  30  mins.j  weather  fair  and  calm.    Th,,. 
3Gdeg.     Stbnikdh  empty;   slightly  morbid,  with  few^ 
aphthous  spots.  '  Temperature  lOlJ^  deg* ;  ^^^  ^e^ 
still  and  quiet  for  three  or  four  hours. 


•m. 


'.t-!  ,]!»«!«■. 3?  ^■  .mi  '-.fjire:,- 


■'t, 


.'  *-7<firT"'  >f«'T«T  ^''i-^iT  • 


Usa 


eXPCKIMEN^    AND 


EX 


Experiment  15. 


f*.-n»»; 


LSfc-! 


Oc/.  12.  At  7  o'clock,  30  mins.,  A.  M.  Weather 
hazf .  Wind  S.,  light.  Th.  36  deg.  Stomach  empty 
— coats  not  entirely  healthy — some  erythema  and  aph- 
thous patches.  Temperature  101  deg.,  after  usual 
morning  exercise.  8  o'clock — circumstances  same  as  at 
last  examination.  Temperature  101  deg.  Breakfasted 
on  fresh  beef  fried  drt/j  and  bread.  10  o'clock,  stomach 
full  of  fluids ;  particles  of  beef,  bread  and  oil,  distinctly 
to  be  seen.  Temperature  1 01  deg.  12  o'clock,  stomach 
empty. 

Experiment  16. 

Oct.  13.  At  7  o'clock,  A.  M.  Weather  rainy.  Wind 
N.  E.,  brisk.  Th.  42  deg.  Stomach  empty.  Temper- 
ature 101  aeg.,  after  morning  exercise.  9  o'clock,  tem- 
perature same.  Breakfasted  on  old,  salted  porkj  fat  and 
lean  together,  (fried)  four  ounces  of  bread,  and  the  yolks 
of  six  eggs,  fried  hard  with  the  pork.  11  o'clock,  con- 
tents of  the  stomach  heterogeneous  ;  distinct  particles  of 
lean  pork,  egg  and  oil  to  be  seen ;  fluid  sharp  and  acrid. 
Temperature  101  deg.  12  o'clock,  M.,  oil  and  egg  still 
to  be  seen,  floating  in  a  milky,  chymous  fluid  ;  the  oil, 
or  lard  on  the  surface,  and  the  egg,  in  firm  coagulee,  dif- 
fused through  the  fluid.  Temperature  101*>  deg.  1 
b^clock,  16  mins.,  P.  M.,  stomach  empty  and  clean. 
Temperature  101  deg. — was  quiet  and  inactive  during 
this  experiment. 

Experiment  17. 
At  2  o'clock,  20  mins.,  P.  M.,  same  day,  St.  Martin 


^W'' 


■*■  -it   'l  - 


mm 


HillP'^^f^'^WPPil 


0B8£BVATI0N8.^  f 


263 


dined  on  six  ounces  of  the  spinal  marrow  of  an  ox, 
steamHxx)ked,  and  seasoned  with  a  little  buiterj  tinegarf 
salt  and  pepper j  and  three  ounces  of  bread.  4  o'clock, 
P.  M.,  contents  of  stomach  a  perfectly  milk-white,  semi- 
fluid pulp.  Temperature  102  deg.  5  o'clock,  10  mins., 
stomach  empty  and  clean. 


Experiment  18. 

At  6  o'clock,  P.  M.,  he  ate  a  full  meal  of  boiled  rice, 
simply  cooked  in  water,  and  seasoned  with  a  little  salt. 
7  o'clock,  stomach  empty  and  clean ;  not  a  vestige  of 
the  rice  to  be  seen. 


Experiment  19. 

Oct.  14.  At  ^  o'clock,  A.  M.,  he  breakfasted  on  the 
albumen  of  six  eggs,  fried  hard,  in  pork  fat*  12  o'clock, 
15  mins.  M.,  all  chymified — stomach  empty. 


'    ^       Experiment  20. 

At  1  o'clock,  P.  M.,  same  day,  he  dined  on  eight 
ounces  boiled  beef's  brains,  seasoned  with  salt,  and  a 
small  piece  of  bread.  2  o'clock,  stomach  full  of  milk- 
white,  pulpous,  pr  porridge-like  semi-fluid ;  slightly  acid 
taste,  and  of  a  bland,  insipid  flavor.  2  o!clock,  30  mins., 
stomach  almost  empty  ^  scarcely  any  of  the  white,  pulp- 
ous mass  to  be  seen.  Temperature  102  deg.  3  o'clock 
15  mins.,  P.  M.,  stomach  empty  and  clean. 


■•0 


M. 


■K' 


Wm^ 


BXPSBIMENTS  AND 


Experiment  2L 


At  3  o'clock,  30  mins.,  P.  M.,  same  day,  St.  Martin 
ate  a  small  head  of  raw  cabbage^  weighing  ten  ounces. 
6  o'clock,  45  mins.,  not  a  particle  of  the  cabbage  in  the 
stomach ;  little  albuminous,  or  greyish,  chymous  fluid, 
only  remained. 


r» 


Experiment  22. 

At  6  o'clock,  30  mins.,  P.  M.,  he  ate  six  ounces  boil- 
ed leg  of  fresh  mutton^  rare  done,  dressed  wit^  a  little 
melted  butter  and  vinegar^  and  two  ounces  of  bread,  8 
o'clock,  stomach  empty  and  clean.  » 


Experiment  23. 

■'..'  ■  .. .  ,\ 

Oct.  15.  At  8  o'clock,  45  mins.,  breakfasted  on  three 
fresh  eggSj  softly  coagulated,  by  being  broken  and  put 
raw  into  boiling  water,  and  three  ounces  of  dry  bread, 
12  o'clock,  M.,  stomach  empty. 


Experiment  24. 


» _•, 


At  1  b'clock,^  30  mins.,  P.  M.,  he  dined  on  apple  dump- 
lings,  made  of  wheaten  dough  and  sweet  apples,  boiled, 
one  and  a  half  pounds.  4  o'clock,  all  chymifi^d,  and 
stomach  empty.  .  . 

Experiment  26. 

Oct.  16.  At  8  o'cbck,  45  mins.,  A.  M.,  he  breakfasted 
on  broiledy  salted  pork  and  bredd,  12  o'clock.  M.,  all 
chymifled,  and  gone  Irpm  the  Eftomach.      ,  ,-m 


¥"■ 


.^^■' 


V 


OBaERVATIONf. 


Experiment  26. 


866 


At  1  o'clock,  P.  M.,  same  day,  he  dined  on  ratpf  salted 
porkf  cut  thin,  and  eaten  with  dry  bread.  Digested  in 
three  hours. 


Experiment  27, 

.  At  4  o'clock,  30  mins.,  same  day,  he  ate  half  a  pound 
of  raw  cabbagej  cut  fine,  and  macerated  in  vinegar.  5 
o'clock)  46  mins.,  stdmach  entirely  empty,  not  a  vestige 
of  cabbage  to  be  founa.  Extracted  four  drachms  of  gas- 
tric juice,  mixed  wit]^  very  little  greyish  white,  chymous 
fluid.  • 


Experiment  28. 

Oct.  17.  At  9  o'clock,  A.  M.,  he  breakfasted  on  stew- 
edj  salted  pork^  potatoes  and  bread.  Digested  in  three 
hours.    Extracted  gastric  juice. 


X 


Experiment  29. 

At  2  o'clock,  39  mins^,  P.  M.,  same  day,  he  dined  on 
boiled  muttoUj  recently  salted^  squashy  potatoes  9i.vA  bread. 
Digested  in  three  hours. 

Some  morbid  spots  begin  to  make  their  appearance  on 
the  mucous  surface  again ;  grumous  blood  exuding  from 
several  small  points  of  the  membrane ;  tongue  slightly 
coated ;  contenance  rather  sallow ;  dull  pain  acros  the 
forehead,  and  through  the  eyes ;  appetite  not  impaired ; 
at  bed-time,  put  in  through  the  aperture  four  drachms  of 
23 


.;?;: 


.jS,>-^^ 


sea 


EXPERIMENTS  AND 


tinct.  of  aloes  ..id  myrrh^  diluted  with  water.  Tliis 
had  the  effect  of  correcting  the  morbid  appearance  of  the 
stomach,  and  removed  the  pain  in  the  head,  d&c. 


;i^ 


I 


Experiment  30. 

Oct.  18.  At  9  o'clock,  45  mins.,  A.  M.,  he  breakfasted 
on  boiled  carrots^  and  nothing  else — full  meal.  12 
o'clock,  M.,  examined  stomach  ;  considerable  yellowish, 
pultaceous  scmi-fluid,remaining.  1  o'clock,  P.  M.,  stom- 
ach empty. 

Experiment  39 

At  7  o'clock,  P.  M.,  he  ate  three  large  roasted  -pota- 
toes^ with  a  little  salt — nothing  else.  9  o'clock,  30 
mins.,  stomach  empty. 

«■■' 

Experiment  32.  • 

Oct.  19.  At  9  o'clock,  A.  M.,  he  breakfasted  on  broil- 
ed mutton  and  pancakes.  Digested  in  three  hours  and 
forty  minutes. 


Experiment  33. 

At  2  o'clock,  15  mins.,  P.  M.,  he  dined  on  stewed 
mutton  and  pancakes.  Digested  in  three  and  a  half 
hours. 

Experiment  34. 


Oct.^.    At  9  o'clock,  45  mins.,  A.  M.,  he  breakfasted 


OBSERVATIONS. 


# 


\.  T:. 


tf     III  I  iii'i^iiOi 


on  one  pint  of  saffo,  boiled,  thick  anci  ricTi,  sweetened 
with  sugar.  11  o'clock,  30  mins.,  stomach  cmptf  and 
clean. 

There  was  no  acrimony  of  the  gastric  contents,  or 
smarting  of  the  edges  of  the  aperture,  during  the  chym- 
ification  of  this  meal,  as  is  usual  in  most  vegetable  and 
farinaceous  aliments ;  it  seemed  peculiarly  grateful  to 
the  siirfaci)  of  the  stomach ;  rendering  the  membrane 
soff,  uniform  and  healthy. 


'  Experiment  3i5. 

At  12  o'clock,  M,  ho  ate  four  eggs,  roasted  hard^ 
without  any  thing  else.  3  o'clock  P.  M.,  stomach  empty; 
no  trace  of  the  eggs  to  be  seen. 


Experiment  36. 

At  4  o'clock,  30  mins.,  P.  M.,  he  dined  on  roasted  dude 
and  fried  onions.  8  o'clock,.  30  mins.,  stomach  not 
empty — distinct  particles  of  food  to  be  seen.  9  o'clock, 
stomach  empty. 


m 


Experiment  37. 

Oct.  21.  AfO  o'clock,  A.  M.,  St.  Martin  breakfasted 
on  one  pint  of  sago,  boiled  and  sweetened  with  sugar. 
10  o'clock,  45  mins.,  stomach  empty  and  clean;  no 
vestige  of  the  sago  remaining ;  no  acrimony  of  the  gas- 
tric contents,  or  smarting  of  the  edges  of  the  aperture, 
during  the  chymification  of  this  meal. 


fcH.ii 


268 


Bxperin^  38. 


* 


■J1'..l 


Oc/.  22.  At  12  o'clock,  M.,  he  ate  four  fresh  eggs^ 
roasted  hard.  3  o'clock,  P.  M.,  stomach  empty;  no 
trace  of  the  eggs  to  be  seen. 

At  4  o'clock,  P.  M.,  he  dined  on  roasted  duck,  (domes- 
ticated,) dressed  with  onions.    8  o'clock,  stomach  empty. 

Experimetit  39. 

Oct.  24.  At  2  Q'clock,  30  mins.,  P.  M.,  he  ate  a  pint 
ofiwft  cftsiard,  and  nothing  ilse.  5  o'clock,  15  mins., 
s:^omach  empty  and  clean.  • 

.At  6  o'clock,  he  ate  three  ounces  of  ^/row^  old  cheese, 
and  a  piece  of  bread.  9  o'clock,  30  mins.,  stomach 
empty. 

'/  .  Exreriment  40. 


Oct.  26.  At  9  o'clock,  A.  M.,  he  breakfasted  on 
fricasseed  chickens,  bread  a  Ad  Cyjfee.  11  o'clock,  45 
mins.,  stomach  empty  and  clean. 

At  12  o'clock,  M.,  he  dined  on  roast  chicken,  bread 
and  potatoes.    4  o'clock^.  M.,  stomach  empty. 


■^^' 


Experiment  41. 


'.*'■ 


'^^Oct.  27.  At  8  o'clock,  A.  M.,  he  breakfasted  on 
broiled  chicken,  bread  and  coffee.  11  O'clock,  all  digest- 
ed, and  stomach  empty  and  clean.  * 
'  At  12  o'clock,  M.,  he  dined  on  chicken  soup  and  rice. 
3  o'clock,  stomach  empty.  >%- -^^.^ '-* -«^  ^#':,^^;#«*.-*H-;^«i* 


4*^'    .«■.■.■  ■* 


ii; 


V*-%^'^  :m 


■^/^^ 


■■■i'  ■"">"", nr*J^--"^.»' 


n     OBSERVATIONS. 


im 


r    At  5  o'clock,  P.  M.,  h*^  ate  a  meal  of  oyst^  soup  and 
crackers.    8  o'clock,  30  mins.,  stomach  empty.  ^ 


•(■I 


^•' 


Experiment  42. 


^i 


'*?V 


Oct.  28.  10  o'clock,  A.  M.,  stomach  empty,  healthy^ 
and  clean.  I  suspended  through  the  aperture  into  St. . 
Martin's  stomach,  thirty  grains  precisely,  of  each  of  the 
following  articles  of  diet,  severally  masticated  and  sepa- 
rately contained  in  small  muslin  bags,  viz : — Fricasseed 
breast  of  chicken ;  liver  dinA  gizzard  of  do.;  boiled,  salt- 
ed salmoi,;  boiled  potato,  and  wheat  bread ;  and  he  kept 
moderately  exercising.  At  3  o'clock,  P.  M.,  took  out 
and  accurately  examined  the  several  parcels.  The 
breast  of  chicken  was  all  digested  and  gone  from  the  bag, 
to  a  mere  atom,  less  than  half  a  grain.  The  liver  was 
almost  as  completely  dissolved  as  the  breast,  half  a 
grain  only,  remaining — of  the  bread,  about  the  same ; 
less  then  a  grain.  The  residuum  of  the  gizzard,  con- 
sisting principally  of  tendinous  fascia,  weighed  seven  and 
a  half  grains.  The  salmon,  twelve  grains,  and  the  po- 
tato, six  grains.  The  bags  containing  these  several  ar- 
ticles, were  attacned  to  a  string,  at  equal  distances  ^rom 
each  other,  a'bout  an  inch  apart;  and  I  allowed  length 
enough  for  them  to  move  freely  through  the  stomach, 
and  pass  even  to  the  pylorus.  They  were  attached  in 
the  following  order: — 1st,  the  breast  of  chicken — 2d, 
liver — 3d,  gizzard — 4th,  bread — 5th,  salmon,  and  6th, 
potato.  When  I  withdrew  them,  they  appeared  to  be 
retained  quite  forcibly  at  the  pyloric  end,  requiring  con- 
siderable force  to  start  them  at  first,  but  after  being 
(]jawn  two  or  three  inches,  they  pfime  easily.,   The  bags 


'"*.\ 


^kl 


», 


S-wJ 


h  ■ 


tn:<    -S' 


J270 


EXPERIMENTS  IND 


PV     v- 


\>. 


t/too,  appeared  to  have  been  compressed,  in  proportion  as 
^  they  had  been  settled  into  the  pyloric  extremity,  and 
*■  were  emptied  in  about  the  same  proportion,  with  the  ex- 
\..  ception  of  those  containing  the  bread  and  potato,  which, 
.though  above,  had  less  remaining  than  that  containing 
«,  the  gizzard.     This,  however,  may  be  accounted  for, 
V  from  the  more  difficult  solubility  or  digestibility  of  the 
,  tendinous  parts  of  the  gizzard.    The  bags  sec  led  to 
.   have  been  as  forcibly  pressed,  as  if  they  had  been  firmly 
grasped  in  the   hand.     The  four  first  on  the  string, 
v-  (counting  from  the  lower  end  upwards)  more  so,  than 
».  the  other  two;   and  the  fourth  more  than  the  third. 
■    These  circumstances  coincide  with  the  apparent  con- 
tractions of  a  band,  or  circular  muscle  of  the  stomach, 
indicated  by  the  motions  of  the  glass  tube,  observed  in 
former  experiments.     In  comparing  the  length  of  the 
string,  and  situation  of  the  bags,  with  the  stem  ajpd  bulb 
of  the  tube,  it  brought  the  fourth  bag  to  that  point  in  the 
stomach,  where  the  contraction  upon  the  bulb  of  the 
thermometer  has  invariably  been  observed  to  take  place ; 
the  third  bag  just  below,  and  the  fifth  and  sixth  above 
^if^m.  The  sensations  expressed  by  St.  Martin,  on  the  ex- 
traction of  these  bags,  were  also  indicative  of  the  same 
facts.     Wlien  I  first  commenced  pulling  the  string,  he 
complained  of  a  sense  of  pain  and  distress  at  the  pit  of 
the  stomach,  and  towards  the  pylorus,  which  increased 
wliilo  the  bags  were  withdrawing,  and  particularly  at 
this  extremity,  for  the  first  three  or  four  inches,  till  they 
had  passed  the  band,  into  the  splenic  end. 

The  effectp  of  this  experiment,  upon  St.  Martin's  feel- 
ings and  appearance,  were  vtry  manifest,  and  afibrd  in- 
teresting and  important  subjects  of  pathological  conside- 
ration. .  He  har,  not  eaten  or  drunk  any  thing,  that 


:%k 


,  'i   ---; 


i'i.i    OBSSRVjLTlONS. 


.'   T0(^' 


morning,  and  felt  and  looked  in  perfect  health,  when  the 

bags  were  introduced ;  continued  moderately  exercising 

and  ate  nothing  but  a  small  piece  of  dry  bread,  till  they 
«*^were  taken  out.  ; 

St    Soon  after  they  were  suspended  in  the  stomach,  he 

felt  a  sense  of  weigh^  and  distress  at  the  scrobiculus 
i^cordis ;  slight  vertigo  and  dimness  of  vision.  These 
,1  continued  to  increase  and  become  quite  severe,  accom- 
^  panied,  at  the  latter  part  of  the  time,  by  slight  pain  in  ' 
^the  forehead  and  through  the  eyes,  and  a  sense  of  tight- 
I  ness  or  stiffness  across  the  breast.  His  countenance  had 
J  changed  from  a  florid,  healthy,  to  a  sallow,  sickly  ap- 
.t^ipearance,  during  the  time  of  the  experiment,  and  a  sere- 
in ness  at  the  pit  of  the  stomach  continued  after  the  extrac- 
,^tion  of  the  bags,  for  eight  or  ten  hours,  and  had  not  en- 
.-.tirely  subsided  the  next  morning. 

Morbid  action  of  the  inner  membranes  was  evident 
;  next  day,  with  considerable  erythema  and  aplithous  ap- 
,  pearance.  .  ^^ 

The  first,  second  and  third  bags  were  covered  with 

,  a  thick  mu.  us  coat,  tinged  with  yellow  bile ;  the  others 
^  had  very  little  or  none  of  this  appearance.  This  cir- 
,.  cumstance  I  conceive  to  have  been  owinsr  to  the  irrita- 
jf  tion  of  the  bag,  at  the  pyloric  extremity,  inviting  the  bile 

,  from  the  duodenum  to  the  stomach,  in  the  latter  part  of 
.this  experiment.      Hence  the  pathological  indications 

which  ensued.    The  same  appearance  and  ci^cumstan- 
'  .^  ces  have  before  occurred  during  these  experiments. 


■?.'**' 


■f-i':^.''S^:- 


'■^^ 


ii;i#iThe  following  experiments  on  artificial  digestion,  were 
*t  instituted  with  a  view  of  ascertaining  more  particularly, 
*j^  the  relative  digestibility  of  many  of  the  different  kinds 


'M 


■¥•■ 


v.  J.:.  , 


■.aa**ai..  ^■'. 


l^.  »■ 


':,->,r' *'-">". 


272 


EXPERIlIENTfl  AND 


^^■■ 


^i-:4^' 


t 


'^. 


of  aliment  used  in  the  foregoing  gastric  experiments,  on 
natural  chymification,  and  to  test  the  correctness  of  the 
results.  They  are  minutely  detailed  for  the  purpose  of 
showing  the  manner,  progress  and  operation  of  the  gas- 
tric solvent,  on  the  alimentary  substances,  subjected  to 
its  action.  How  far  they  may  illustrate  these  subjects, 
the  reader  will  judge  for  himself. 

The  gastric  juice  was  taken  out  of  the  stomach  in 
different  states  of  purity  and  put  into  vials  ;  when  food 
was  submitted  to  its  action,  it  was  placed  in  a  temper- 
ature between  96'^  and  100*^,  Fahrenheit,  and  kept 
either  in  the  axilla,  or  on  a  sand  bath,  and  frequently, 
though  not  constantly  agitated. 

The  discrepance  of  results  in  some  similar  experiments 
will  generally  be  found  to  arise  from  the  variable  de- 
grees of  purity  of  the  gastric  juice,  or  different  circum- 
stances  of  the  experiments.  ■^y.^V^^'-'Mt' 


*^^ 


% 


■■■^'j,- 


Experiment  13.V'' 


(» 


ISeptember  18.  At  8  o'clock,  45  mins.,  A.  M.,  I  put 
one  drachm  oi  fresh  salmon  trout,  fried,  and  masticated, 
and  one  drachm  of  wheat  bread,  into  two  ounces  of  gas- 
tric juice,  taken  from  the  stomach  yesterday  and  this 
morning.  The  juice  was  not  perfectly  clear,  but  con- 
tained some  viscid  mucus.  Placed  them  in  the  axilla  and 
kept  moving.  10  o'clock,  15  mins.,  residuum  of  aliment 
taken  out,  filtered  and  pressed  as  dry  as  when  put  in, 
weighed  one  drachm  and  five  grains.  The  menstruum, 
after  filtering,  was  white  and  opaque,  about  the  color 
and  consistence  of  rich  gruel.  Mixed  the  residuum  and 
fluid  together  again  and  placed  the  vial  on  the  sand 
bath,  and  kept  it  constantly  agitated  for  one  hour. 


kM 


tt^am*  >«lu>--' .  tJk4M^ 


■«^*^ 


■je^siKSti'k. 

OdSERVA'fkONd. ' 


V 


IP 

Taken  out,  filtered  apd  dried%s  before,  the  undissolved 
residuum  now  Weighed  jiist  thirty  graiiis.    The  fluids 
had  becom^  thfcKIr  arid  richer  hi  color  and  consistence/ 
Put  them  togetHlbr»  agieim  Into  the  vial,  and  continued 
them  on  bath  and*ih  axilift,  another  hour,  though  not  so 
cdbstantly  agitated,  as  during  the  last  hour.    The  resi-' 
duum.  treated  ih  the  same  mtnner  as  before,  now  weigh- 
ed twenty-four  graim.    Mixeil  together  and  continued 
in  axilla  two. hours  more,  the  resid(iu|a  weighed ^t^c^t^c 
grains.    After  continuing 'f /tree  hours  longer  'in^the 
axilla,  the  uijdissolved  portions  of  rajMient,*  consisting 
princlpallypfparticles  offish  skin;  weighed /owrg'^atTW 
wbich'beokme  gptodually  diminished  during  its  contin- 
uance anTiauf  l«figer  in  tfie  axilla. 
.   The  mtinstruum  at  this  time,  was  of  a  rifth  gnielly^ 
color  ana  tjof^sislence,   slightly  tipged  w^th  a  reciWIh 
cast,  or  «qK*  of  thelish.     Set  this  aside'for  thirty-eight 
or  nine  hours.  ♦ 

iSep.  20.  .  "9  o'clopk,  A.  M.,  food  alniost*^  ^WWte^'re- 
duced.to  chyme,  of  a  rich,  lightish  colored,  gruelty-c^-  • 
pearan/3e  f  some  few  particles  of  the  skin  of  #ie  fisfi  ^f 
maining  undissolved,  with  some  sinall^  apparently  (or- 
oign  anal  indige&tfble  substances,  which  were  probably 
adventitiously  mixed  with  the  food.  ^ 

To  observe  the  effect  produced  on  this  chyme,  by  the 
£<ddition  of  bile,  and  having  very  opportunely  obtained 
some,  from"the  human  stomach,  by  the  operation  o#an 
emetic,  I  added  one  drachm  of  this  pu^e,  albumingus^ 
orange  colored  bile^  to  six  drachms  ofthfe  chym^.  'Th» 
first  apparent' changCj'Vas  m  the  color,  which  partook 
6f  the  bile;  then  a  slight  effervescence  was  perceived, 
and  very^ne  coagulte  were  formed.     The  fluid  becamd' 

jrfcher  in  appearftnde,  ahd  less  opaque.    The  foreign  or 

.■^    *,♦'>♦    #   ■'«*    %.     »ll    #  I '■■  d% 


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EXPEIUMENTS  AND 


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indigestible  particles,  we»  more  perceptible;*lftnd  small, 
bright  particles,  resembling  tery  minufd  scales*  or  skin 
offish,  were  also»qiiite  plain  to  be  secfti.  •    '  '' 

I  now  divided  this  into  two  cqtial  ^arts ;  to  one  of 
which,  1  added  half  i\  dracMn  of  ditute  muriatic  acid, 
and  set  it  by  to  subside.  Examined  at  lO'o'clock,  the 
21st.  I'he  TiiaU'containing  the  mixtureC  of  chyme,  bile 
and  muriatic  acid^ Qijfliibited  the  Allowing*  appearance: 
It  HiicNt  thick,  cj^nso  sediment,  of  a^  yellowish  green 
coldl,  \vliich  occupied  abouf  ond  quarter,  of  the  space, 
^he  ilnid  »bovo,*w^s  of  the  color  of  whey,  ahd  about  the 
consistence.  The^vial  containing  the  mixture  of  chyme 
s$ni  bile  only,  showed  the  following  a^earaiJce**  The 
sediment  was  not  so  dense,  and  its,  co4^r,  as  Ifell  as  the 
supernatai^t  liquid,  was  rather  more  yellow*  •Standing 
aHliet  a  fc\^|  days,  th6  sediment,  at.  the  Botton^s  of  both 
vials,  bc(jp,nic  more  compact ;  that  <in  the  m^riglic  mix- 
ture, n^ore  so  than  the  Other,  and  was  of  a. deeper  green 
color ;  dit  fluid  continued  of  a  rich,  whey  coloj:  and 
con#Bteftce,  and  a  "\jery  thin  pellicle,  or  snrjall  tyhitish 
flpcculi,  ro^c  on  the  top,  or  adhered  to  the  sides  of  the 
vial. 


'i'f;^; 


•'»■• 


»>  • 


r*. 


I*** 


■ffe«^-'*    Experiment  44. 

^;    ■  .  ^   '  .  . 

^1  >SI?p.  20.  At*  1  oxlock,  15  mins.,  P.  M.,  I  put' one 
drachm  ^f  boiled,  gremi  corn  and  heans,  Anio  twelve 
drachms  pf  gastric  juice,  and  kept  the  vial  in  the  axilla, 

^r  on  tlje  liath^"  aij  usual,  frequently  agitating  it,  till  7 
o'cIq^,  p.  M.  The  reslflifum,  Ikt  tnis  time,  taken  out, 
weighed  tvfenty-eight  grains,  consisting  wholly  of  the 

tJ^iuUs  or  cuticular  parts  of  the  broken  kernel^  and  one 
entire  bean  and  a  kernel  of  corn  j  the  first  of  which 


#» 


'4"* 


^ 


-w         » 


A^? 


^ 


iJiilJill^fW  "iipipppiffW^ 


•r^ 


^wi 


I 


OBSERVATIONS,    t 


275 


"W^ghed  thirteen,  and  the  other  eleven  grains,  leaving 
ipva  grains  of  the  skins  of  the  broken,  dissolved  grain. 
The  two  entire  kernels,  (the  bean  and  the  corn)  were 
Resignedly  put  in  whole,  to  test  the  effect  of  the  gastric 
juice  upon  them,  in  the  entire  state.  The  other  portion 
of  toe  grain  was  mashed  soft  before  put  in.  The  pulpous 
Pinion  of  the  broken  kernels  was  all  dissolved,  and  ap- 
peared completely  chymified.  The  fluid  was  nearly  as 
white  as  milk,  and  of  the  consistence  of  clear  rich  gruel. 
■^.  JThe  gastric  juice  used  in  this  experimeni,  was  con- 
si^lerably  vitiated  when  taken  from  the  stomach,  some 
thirty-six  or  forty-eight  hours  previously,  and  was  quite 
foetid  when  used.  This  fcetor  was,  in  a  great  measure, 
corrected  after  cliymitication  of  the  food  had  commenc- 
ed ;  the  *harp,  axjid  flavor,  so  peculiar  to  forming  chyme, 
was  increased*      ,  ,  ».,;*-:  .»^  .,iW    - 


^'  ^ 


Experiment  4«^^-^J^**^*f* , 


ij^- 


r^  Sep.  21)  At  8  o'clock,  15  mins.,  A.  M.,  T  put  thirty 
grains  of  fresh  beefsteak  and  thirty  grains  oi fresh  beef  ^9 
liver,  (broiled  and  masticated)  contained  loosely  in  sepa- 
rate mlislin  bags,  into  one  ounce  of  fresh  gastric  juice, 
and  kept  them  in  axilla.  At  9  o'clock,  45  mins.,  the 
two  parcels  of  aliment,  taken  out  and  pressed  as  dry  as 
when  put  in,  weighed  as  follows :  The  steak,  seventeen 
grains;  the  liver,  eleven  grains.  Put  into  the  vial 
again,  and  continued  in  the  axilla,  till  1  o'clock,  P.  M. 
The  steak  weighed  fourteen,  and  the  liver  eight  grains. 
Put  into  the  vial  again  and  continued  in  axilla  for  four 
hours;  no  further  change  was  effected.  They  both 
weighed  the  same  as  at  last  examination.    The  solvent 


# 


il 


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■-^BM'   "^ : 


276 


EXPERIMENTS  AND 


% 


action  having  ceased,  I  added  one  ounce  more  of  gastcic 
juice,  and  continued  in  axilla,  two  hours  and  thirty  min- 
utes.   The  beef  weighed  Ave  grains,  and  the  liver  four ; 
the  residue  of  the  liver  consisted  mostly,  of  membranous 
particles,  like  sections  of  the  hepatic  bloodvessels,  of 
which  I  conceived  them  to  be  portions. 
I  now  mixed  them  both  together,  in  one  bag,  and 
..    continued  them  in  axilla,  three  hours,  when  the  whole 
were  completely  dissolved  and  chymified,  and  the  bag 
empty  ;  with  scarce  a  trace  of  aliment  left  on  the  inside. 
The  fluid  was  of  a  greyish  white,  gxuelly  appearance. 
^     A  brownish  sediment  was  deposited  on  standing. 


•#P 


'^ 


H 


C-ir 


-1 


.4.,.  ,'^.j, 


Experiment  46. 


Sep.  22.  At  12  o'clock,  30  mins.,  I  put  thirty  grains 
of  new  cheese^  (masticated)  into  three  drachms  of  gastric 
juice,  and  placed  it  in  the  axilla,  eight  hours  and  thirty 
'minutes,  when  five  grains  of  the  cheese  remained  un- 
dissolved or  rather  imchymified,  as  the  residuum  was 
in  nearly  a  liquid  form,  consisting,  principally,  of  oil, 
sombined  with  a  soft  caseous  substance,  floating  on  the 
surface  of  a  rich,  milky  fluid.  A  little  very  fine,  white, 
compact  sediment,  at  the  bottom  of  the  vial.  At  this 
time,  it  had  acquired  a  strong  acid,  or  peculiar  acrid 
taste,  and  emitted  a  strong,  caseous  smell,  even  stronger 
than  the  cheese  itself  presented,  when  put  in. 

At  12  o'clock,  M.,  I  put  one  drachm  of  sago,  boiled  so 
as  to  leave  some  of  the  grains  whole  and  entire,  but  soft 
and  gelatinous,  into  three  drachms  of  gastric  juice  and 
kept  it  in  the  axilla.  When  first  mixed,  they  were  so 
much  alike,  that  they  could  only  be  distinguished  from 
each  other  by  the  globular  forms  of  the  grain.    But  by 


.S.,  _i  T,  »^i 


n4a 


vi 


.::V, 


*^'  .- 


^ 


ilkt- 


these,  however,  the  gastric  jlike  coiild  diitinctly  b^per- 
ceived  to  diesolve  the  grains  of  sago,  till  the;)M>|wtt}^ " 
disappeared.'    ''  .        ;,v»  .».;  i,    .^^^^^ 

The  fluid  hadnow  becomeTnore  opaHne  attd%hilil»h, 
^Cind  in  two  hours  aiid  tWeiity  itrirtut6s,  notrac^of^tUe 
sago  could  be  discerned^  At  this  tinie  the  fluid  htid  be- 
come more  opaque  and-  milky.  No '^edilnentwns?  de- 
posited on  standing  for  twenty-four  hours*.  A  slight'acii^'^k 
was  perceptible.  i      - 

'•  ■  At'  1  o'clock,  P.  M.,  I  took  thee  vials,  the  first  com«i!!h- 
ihg  two  drachms  of  gastric  juice;  the  secottil,  tWo 
drachms  of  common  vinegar ;  and  the  third,  tVo  df^Wa^s 
of  simple  water.  Into  each  of  these,  I  put  ten  grains  of 
raw  albumen  of  a  freshegg.  lyhen  first  put  together, 
they  presented  the  follo^ving  appearances ;  The  albu- 
men put  into  the  gastric  juice,  at  a  temperature  of  about 
76  deg^,-  produced  loose  coaguliae  in  a  few  minute^  gene- 
rally diffused  through  the  juice  but  soon  coHected  into  a 
more  compact  mass,  and  subsided  towards  the  bottom  of 
the  vial.  That  put  into  the  vinegar,  produced  similar 
coaguloB  and  loose  mass,  and  fell  down;  Thsiti&tbe 
vial  of  water  produced  loose,  light  tiolored  flocculf, 
equally  suspended  through  the  water,  but  not  inclining 
to  collect  together,  like  the  Other  two. 
i'  These  three  parcels,  kept  in  the  axilla,  and  agitated 
for  two  hours,  presented  the  following  appearances ; 
The  coagulai  in  the  gastric  juice,  was  half  dis^lved, 
and  the  menstruum  of  a  milky  appearan(;e^  ^ 

Those  in  the  vinegar  and  Water,  ijmained  the  same, 
and  their  fluids  unaltered.  In  five  hours,  that  in  the 
gastric  juice  was  entirely  dissolved,  and  the  fluid  more 
opaque  and  white;  the  other  two  remained  of  the  same 
appearance  as  ^at  fast  examination;  the  coagul«  in  the 


f^i'v 


,^j»'. 


* , 


•''  t 


••.^' 


»  «i 


V 


EXPBRIMENTS  AND 


vin^ar,  taketi  out,  weighed  nine  grains — that  in  the 
\^at^  WHs  too  loose  and  frothy  to  be  collected  and 
weighed* 


t* 


'rWh' 


\* 


♦.I 


Experiment  47. 

A§pp.  25.  At  7  o'clock,  A.  IM.,  I  put  t\^enty  grains  of 
J^iMghf  sponge  cake  into  three  drachms  of  gastric  juice, 
^  and  kept  it  in  axilla.  It  was  all  dissolved  and  chym- 
ififed,  in  seven  hours.  The  fluid  was  rich,  yellowish 
white,  or  cream  color,  and  of  the  consistence  of  gruel 
with  a  little  loose,  broWn  sediment  at  the  bottom  of  the 
vial,*ififter  standing. 


Experiment  48. 

At  9  o'clock,  A.  M.,  I  put  two  purple  fox  grapes^  one 
skinned  and  the  other  entire,  into  six  drachms  of  gastric 
juice,  and  kept  them  in  axilla,  six  hours,  with  very  little 
alteration  in  their  appearance ;  the  skinned  grape,  weigh- 
ing, .when  first  put  in,  thirty-four  grains,  weighed  now, 
thirty  grains^  retaining  its  shape  and  texture.  The 
whole  grape  was  not  affected  in  the  least,  either  in 
shape,  color  or  texture.  It  weighed  fifty-four  grains- 
when  put  in,  and  the  same  now.  Continued  in  axilla, 
twelve  hours,  they  remained  unaltered,  and  weighed  ex- 
actly the  same  as  at  last  examination;  Added  one 
ounce  of  fresh  gastric  juice,  and  continued  them  in  axilla, 
twenty-four  hours,  unaltered.  The  texture  of  the  skin- 
ned grape,  was  as.  firm  and  hard  as  when  first  p tit  in  ; 
r.nd  the  fluid  was  unchanged  inUts  appearance,  except ' 
a  slight  foBtor,  perceptible  at  th^  end  of  three  or  four 


days. 


:. ;v-^v4.-  ■-« -^m^^^im  r f^'-»fE»  IJ 


■<%. 


*f 


T 


ODBBRVATIONI. 


*'   Tbis,  rthink,-  is  a  fair  sp^imen  of  ^he  indi 
hatiii^  of  this  kind  of  fruit 


«.?! 


Experiment  49. 


.n: 


Sep,  26.    At  10  o'clock,  A.  M.,  I  put  thirty  grains  o{ 
ripcj  mellow  peach,  and  thirty  grains  of  ripe,  l^ird  apj)U>J 
into  one  ounce  of  gastric  juice,  and  kept  them  in  axillflr;*r 
till  8  o'clock,  P.  M.    At  this  time  the  residuum  of  the 
peach,  weighed  eighteen  grains — the  apple,  twenty-four 
grains.     They  were  neither  of  them  mashed  or^paasli-   • 
cated,  but  cut'  into  small,  square  pieces,  strung  on  a  strirfg, 
and  suspended  into  the  juice  in  a  vial.  rjp 

At  10  o'clock,  A.  M.,  of  the  27th,  after  having  been  ; 
continued  in  axilla,  six  hours  longer,  the  peach  weighed 
ten  grains,  and  the  apple  the  same  as  at  last  examina- 
tion, twenty-four  grains.     The  peach  had  now  become 
soft  and  pulpous,  and  fallen  from  the  string.     Eight 

^  hours  longer  continuance  in  axilla,  completed  the  diges- 
tion of  the  peach;  bu    the  apple  remained  near] J  the 

l^ame. 


>!«> 


-.  ■•^f 

\ 
"p 


Experiment  50. 


<n 


'•  Sep.  27.  At  2  o'clock,  P.  M.,  I  put  one  drachm  of 
^alhvanen.  of  egg  into  four  drachms  of  gastric  juice,  fresh 
ifrom  the  healthy  stomach.  At  first,  the  albumen  fell  to 
.*  the  bottom  of  the  vial;  but  in  being  agitated,  it  was  dif- 
•;  fused  through  the  juice,  and  in  a  few  minutes,  loose 
^■^coagulee  formed,,  and.  remained   suspended    near  the 

bottom  of  the  fluid.    Kaised  the  temperature  to  100  deg. 

and  placed  the  vial  in  the  axilla. 


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Hiotographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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'  ^       EXPERIMENTS    AND 

le  same^Jiime,  I  put  one  drachm  oi  albumen  into 
hm|j|;||'  simple  water,  at  the  same  teraperatnrcj 
a«^^  it  with  the  other  in  the  axilla.  When  first 
tn^r,  the  albumen  was  diflused,  .in  loo^e,  light 
;  through  the  water,  not  coagulating  and  collect- 
ing .Uli^e  that  in  the  gastric  juice,  and  subsiding  to  the 
bptt0|n.  but  adhered  to  the  sides  of  the  vial,  or  rose  to 
'  e  iliirface. 

Wlien  both  vials  were  smartly  agitated,  a  white, 
frothy  mass,  formed  on  the  top  of  the  water,  fdling  the 
two  ounce  vial  in  which  i  was  contained.  The  vial  of 
albiiifen  and  gastric  juice  exhibited  the  coagula^,  broken 
intCLSfhuU  particles,  falling  towards  the  bottom  again. 

eptin  the  axilla  and  fiequenlly  agitated,  for*bne  and  a 
tliilf  hour,  the  gastric  mixture  had  become  semi-opaque 
and  the  coagulai  considerably  diminished  in  quantit3^ 
The  aqueous  mixture  reaiained  luichanged ;  the  frothy 
portion  on  top,  and  the  fluid,  perfectly  limpid  and  clear, 
below.  No  appearance  of  the  albumen  in  any  shape, 
could  be  seen,  except  the  floating  froth.  Indeed,  the 
albumen  seemed  to  have  clarified  the  water,  and  ren- 
dered it  clearer  than  at  first.  At  G  o'clock,  P.  M.,  the 
albumen  in  the  gastric  juice  was  completely  dissolved; 
the  fluid  was  white  and  milky,  with  a  little  very  fine, 
dirty  white  precipitate  falling  to  the  bottom,  on  standing 
at  rest.  That  in  the  water  was  strikingly  .4ifft^rent  in 
appearance.  The  agitation  had  beaten  up  the  albumen 
completely  into  beautiful  while  froth,  and  it  lay  like  a 
snow  ball  or  bunch  of  clean,  raw  cotton^  on  the  surface 
of  the  water,  npw  transparent  as  crystal,  without  the 
least  particle  of  secliment  to  be  s§en. 

At  7  o'clock,  I  added, two  drachms  of  gastric  juice  to 
the  vial  containing  the  wAter  and  albujiien,  and  contiti- 


^:  '. 


r* 


nij 


;::■'"■'':* 


iHLiipil'Hil^l 


3 


OBSERVATIONS. 


iT» 


ued  it  in  axilla.    In  two  hours,  the  solvent  effm  of  tm 
juice,  upon  the  frothy  mass,  was  very^  evident jfejETtaA 
white  froth  upon  the  top,  was  almost  enti|ely  ^nMsn^ 
ed  and  gone.    Neither  could  agitation  re^prod|^  it  as  at 
first ;  small  white  coaguke,  like  those  seen  in  ih^Sfftk^^^^ 
vials,  were  now  distinctly  visible ;  the  fluid  had  become 
opaque  and  whitish,  like  the  other,  and  a  little  fine  sed- 
iment settled  to  the  bottom,  on  standing.    Continued  in  . 
the  axilla,  two  houra  longer,  it  resembled,  almost  ^xact^  \ 
iy,  that  in  the  other  vial,  in  every  particular.        *       4    ^  • 


'M 


^t 


fit 


Experiment  51, 


■■>»  vjiirf 


■;  Ai  2  o'clock,  P.  M.,  I  put  one  drachm  of  yolk  of  egg 
into  four  drachms  of  gastric  juice,  and  another  drachm 
into  four  drachms  of  simple  ira^er,  and  kept  them,  as 
usual,  in  the  axilla ;  no  difference  at  first  could  be  per- 
ceived between  the  gastric  juice  and  aqueous  mixtures ; 
each  exhibited  a  yellow  mixture,  like  the  egg,  simply 
beat  up  with  any  white  or  watery  menstruum.  Six 
hours  continuance  of  this  treatment,  produced  little  dif- 
ference in  the  appearance  of  the  two,  and  effected  a 
slight  modification  in  the  gastric  mixtuife  only ;  this 
seems  to  have  been  converted  into  a  very  fine  coagulee, 
of  a  rich  cream  color  and  consistence,and  of  a  paler  yellow 
than  the  other.  In  twelve  hours  more,  a  striking  dif- 
ference was  manifest — that  in  the  water  remained  the 
same  as  when  first  put  together — a  dull,  yellow  colored 
sediment,  in  the  proportion  of  about  one  fifth  of  the 
space  occupied  by  the  whole,  had  subsided  to  the  bot- 
tom of  a  thin  fluid,  of  ^  the  saihe  color,  and  now  emitted 
a  foetid  odor.     That  in  the  gastric  juice  had  become 


••,'^\, 


-:& 


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,*7^ 


-;  -.<■  ■  ' 


4. 


t'jV 


■        A-T  " '  •--i'^* 


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EXPERfMENTS  AND 


•4 


W'^  vdore  cream-Iikc  and  lighter  colored,  separating,  on 

^    ^9tan$lpg»  into.  th.  je  distinct  portions — a  loose^  coagula- 

^df yellow  niass,  rose  to  the  top,  occupying  more  than 

;y  .  .Iialf  the^pper  space — a  clear,^  whey-colored  fluid  below, 

4r   witira  dirly^  yellow  sediment  at  the  bottom,  in  about 

"  the  proportion  of  one-twelfth  of  the  whole  ;  not  the  least 

foBtor  was  perceptible. 


^  ^m^^^-^^--^-   EiperimeiU^. 


•»\ 


■v-.t 


t. 


■^< 


\«%' 


•Z^; 


';>  At  \  o'clock,  30  mins.,  P.  M.,  I  mixed  one  drachm  of 
olive  oil  with  three  drachms  of  gastric  juice,  and  kept 
fcequently  agitated  in  axilla,  for  eight  hours.  When 
first  pu,t  together  and  shalken,  the  mixture  resembled 
water  and  oil',  precisely;  after  continuing  in  the  axilla 
four  or  five  hours,  the  oil  had. perceptibly  diminished 
jand  chyme  began  to  be  formed,  rendering  the  juice 
^aque  and  milky.  At  10  o'clock,  P.  M.,  the  oil  was 
■ftbout  one-sixth  diminished,  the  menstruum  nearly  the 
color  and  consistence  of  milk. 

::  Sep.  30.  8  o'clock,  A.  M.,  continued  in  the  same 
manner,  in  the  axilla  for  twelve  hours,  the  oil  was  pro- 
portionally diminished,  and  the  opacity  and  milkiness, 
gradually  increased. 

Oct.  1.  At  8  o'clock,  'A  M.,  I  added  one  drachm  of 
ga«tric  juice — not  clear,  but  considerably  vitiated.  Con- 
tinued in  axilla  fourteen  hours.  Similar  proportional 
decrease  of  the  oil,  and  change  of  the  color  of  the  fluid, 
%-we  producedj  and  a  slight  foetor  was  perceptible.  This 
la^tcircuttistanciBj'^wb' doubt  was  attributable  to  the 
titrated  juice  addied. 

'  Oet.  2.  It)  6'eldck,  A.  Ml,  added  three  drachms  of 
pure  gastric  juice,  aad  continued  in  axilla,  ten  hours. 


l;* 


»«WF»'fPP«"'*5'l"lf  \ 


0B9ERVATIdN9.  *•  .4 


283 


This  addition-  corrected  the  foBtor  in  a  great  measure. 
The  stratum  of  oil  was  not  much  diminished  in  bulk, 
but  considerably  changed  in  appearance,  having  become 
quite  white  and  frothy,  exhibiting  myriads  of  minute 
globules ;  and  the  color  and  consistence  of  the  fluid, 
were  more  rich  and  milky. 

On  the  3d  at  10  o'clock,  A.  M.,  I  divided  the  contents 
of  the  vial  into  two  equal  parts,  and  put  them  into  two 
separate  vials.  To  No.  1, 1  added  two  drachms  of  pure 
gastric  juice ;  and  to  No.  2,  two  drachms  of  fresh  ex 
tracted  gastric  juice,  containing  a  large  proportion  of 
yellowish  green  bile,  and  continued,  as  usual,  in  axilla. 
The  following  changes  were  produced :  The  portion  in 
No.  2  vial,  which  had  received  the  yellow  gastric  juice, 
at  first  partook  of  the  yellow  color  of  the  juice  added, 
generally  diffused  through  the  whole  mass — a  separa- 
tion then  took  place ;  the  bile  seemed  principally  to  unite 
with  the  oil,  breaking  it  down  and  reducing  it  to  very 
minute  and  almost  imperceptible  globules;  and  after 
remaining  in  the  axilla  ten  hours,  and  theiJ  standing  at 
rest  a  few  minutes,  the  under  surface  of  the  supernatant 
stratum  of  oil  exhibited  a  milky  or  creamy  appearance, 
and  small,  white  flocculi,  resembling  coagulated  milk 
or  albumen ;  these  soon  became  dissolved,  and  increas- 
ed the  richness  of  the  fluid  below — no  sediment  to  be 
seen.  The  portion  in  No.  1  vial,  to  which  the  clear 
gastric  juice  was  added,  at  the  end  of  ten  hours,  had 
-undergone  some  change.  The  pellicle  of  oil  on  the 
surface,  was  reduced  to  minute  globules,  of  a  whitish 
color.  The  same  appearance  of  white  flocculi,  or  coag- 
ulw,  were  exhibited  upon  the  under  surface  of  the  super- 
natant stratum  of  oil,  as  in  the  other,  but  not  so  abundant, 
a]«,4  the  fluid  was  not  so  rich  in  color  and  consistence,   4,. 


ft; 


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284 


EXPERIMENTS    AND 


♦  .V 


'4^ 


li. 


Oct.  4.  At  9  o'clock,  A.  tkl.,  I  added  two  drachms 
more  of  each  kind  of  juice,  to  their  respective  parcels, 
and  continued  them  as  usual^  in  axilla,  for  eleven  hours. 
The  difference  between  the  two  parcels,  was  now  con- 
siderably increased.  The  fluid  in  No.  2  vial,  was  of  a 
rich  cream  color  and  consistence ;  the  supernatant  stra- 
tum of  oil  was  converted  into  a  light  yellowish  mass, 
.resembling  a  mixture  of  gelatine  and  coagulee ;  few  of 
the  globules  of  the  oil  could  be  distinguished ;  yellow 
flocculi  adhered  to  the  sides  of  the  vial,  above  the  fluid, 
after  being  agitated.  When  suffered  to  stand  at  rest  a 
short  time,  loose  yellow  flocculi  rose  on  the  surface,  oc- 
cupying more  than  twice  the  space  of  the  oil,  before  the 
last  addition  of  gastric  juice — no  sediment  subsided. 

The  parcel  in  No.  1  vial,  had  regularly  progressed  in 
chymification,  in  ratio  proportional  to  the  juice  added ; 
the  supernatant,  oily  stratum  was  diminished,  in  thick- 
ness, nearly  one  third,  since  the  last  addition  of  gastric 
juice;  had  changed  from  its  oily  appearance,  into  a 
white,  semi-gelatfinous  mads,  intermingled  with  milk 
wl)ite  flocculi ;  the  fluid  of  the  same  milky  appearance ; 
a  little  white  sediment  at  the  bottom. 

Oct.  5.  At  10  o^clock,  A.  M.,  I  added  six  drachms 
pure  gastric  juice,  and  six  drachms  of  fresh  extracted 
juice,  containing  about  the  same  proportion  of  yellow 
bile  as  the  other,  to  their  respective  vials,  and  put  them 
on  the  bath,  and  kept  them  continually  agitated  for  five 
hours.  Thtj  effect  was  palpable  and  ylain.  The  super- 
natant stratum,  in  No.  2  vial,  was  now  completely 
broken  down,  and  not  a  globule  remained ;  ^,  thin,  yel- 
low pellicle,  or  loose  flocculi,  rose  upon  the  surface,  on 
standing,  and  the  fluid  was  of  a  rich  cream  color  and 


^5J!    ■;'^P'  = 


■'is>XK\ir-^:' 


>?^^ 


#. 


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f 

,'■* 


OnSERVATIONS. 


.\.f- 


m 


286 

consistence,  sligntly  tinged  with  bile — no  wdimcnt  per-    ^ 
ceptible.  .,,       '    .  t       L 

The  contents  of  No.  1  vial,  n ad  undergone  considera- 
ble change  ;  the  oily  pellicle  on  the  surface,  was  dimin- 
ished but  little  in  volume,  but  changed  in  appearance ; 
had  become  converted  into  a  white  semi-gelatinous,  "bf 
rather  saponaceous  consistence,  and  the  milky  vichncss 
of  the  fluid  was  increased.  .        .,  ^  . 

This  experiment  is  raiiiutcfy  anS  accurately  'detailed,  ^ 
with  a  view  to  demonstrate  the  slow,  but  certain  digcs*  ^ 
tibility  of  oils,  and  the  manner  Ihoy  are  acted  upon  by 
the  gastric  juice.     It  may  be  tedious,  from  its  prolixity,  "^ 
but  I  considered  its  comnumication  might  be  of  sbmn 
importance  and  usefulness  to  physiological  science,  the 
interests  of  which  liavc  been  of  pttramount  consideration 
with  me,  in  all  those  experiments. 

It  very  clearly  appears,  by  this  experiment  alone,  that 
hilc  accelerates  the  solution  of  oil,  by  the  gastric  jnice; 
and  I  have  no  doubt,  it  facilitates  the  chymification  of 
all  fatty  and  oily  aliments ;  and  is  required,  and  neces- 
sarily called  into  the  stomach  onli/  for  that  purpose. 
This  has  been  frequently  indicated  in  the  course  of  these 
experiment^,  by  the  effect  which  it  has  produced  on  fatty 
or  oily  aliments,  when  adventitiously  mixed  with  the 
gastric  juice.  /  * 

^mv4m^^    4*tofij    Experiment  53^.  ^    m-^w^ 

'^ep.  29.    At  1  o'clock,  P.  M.,  I  mixed  one  drachm  of  .-^ 
sweet  creaifi,  with  three  drachms  of  clear  gastric  juice, 
and  placed  them  in  the  axilla.    When  first  put  togeth- 
er, the  juice  fell  to  the  bottom  of  the  vial,  and  remained 
distinctly  separate  from  the  cream,  till  agitated,  whe%- 


M'i 


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fm 


EXPERIMEMTS  AND 


'  ^thf  y  unitei||^ut  exhibited  no  other  immediate  change  of 
^^searance.  When  the  temperature  was  raised  to  about 
80  4eg«)  the  whole  gradually  formed  into  very  fine 
creamy  coagulo).    Continued  in  axilla  twelve  hours, 

tis  coagulated  mass  was  'more  than  half  diminished, 
id  rising  to  the  top  of  an  opaque  white,  whey-colored 
liquid.     Small  globules  of  oil  were  now  seen  on  the  up- 
per surface  of  the  supernatant  coagulne — no  sediment    ^ 
III      Oct.  i.     10  o'clock,  A.   M.,  I  added  one  drachm  of 
3  clear  gastric  juice,  and  continued  in  axilla  ten  hours, 
Hj^cn  the  creamy  coagulse  were  still  more  diminished  ; 
the  globules  of  oil  on  the  surface  increased,  and  the 
Miquor  below,  resembled  clear,  rich  gruel,  occupying  about 
one-sixth  of  the  space  of  the  whole.  •* 

Oct.  2.  12  o'clock,  M.,  I  added  another  drachm  of 
gastric  juice,  and  continued  it  in  axilla,  eight  h  urs. 
the  creamy  coagulaj  were  now  reduced  to  about  one- 
fourth,  and  more  loose  and  white  than  at  first.  The 
globules  of  oil  were  now  much  increased,  and  formed  a 
complete  pellicle  over  the  whole  upper  surface,  nearly 
resembling  soft  butter,  and  emitted  a  slight  rancid  fla- 
vor. The  richness  of  the  chymous  liquid  below  was 
proportionally  increased.    No  sediment 

Oct.  3.     12  o'clock,  M.,  I  divided  the  contents  of  the 

vial  into  two  equal  parts,  and  put  them  into  two  separate 

vials.     To  No.  1, 1  added  two  drachms  of  pure  gastric 

juice;  and  to  No.  2,  two  drachms  of  fresh  extracted 

'  gastric  juice,  strongly  tinged  with  yellowish  green  bile, 

H  and  kept  them  in  axilla  nine  hours.    The  changes  ef- 

,  i  fected,  after  thip  addition,  were  strikingly  evident,  and 

different  in  the  two  parcels.    That  in  No.  2,  to  which 

added  the  yellowish  green  juice,  exhibited  a  per- 

y  homogeneous,  rich,  gruel-like  liquid,  slightly  ting- 


4 


"■::.A? 


■J.  t 


w 


T^ 


wii't  ■■iinni'ii 


OBSERVA^IONt 


lirliseftlv-' 


; 


,ed  with  the  bile ;  the  creamy  coaguls  w«  ^, 
ed^nd  not  a  globule  of  the  oil  to  bo  "seen ;  all  appeaild 
chymified — a  little  dirty  white  sediment  fell  to  thejbot-  jfl^  tk 
tom.  .     „      .M     ^^jf*     ^ 

The  creamy  coagultt  of  No.  1  vial,  were  not  cond^     -   '  ' 
plotely  dissolved,  but  reduced  to  a  thlrt,  loose  layer,  afH(»-  '^  ^ 
the  oily  pellicle  was  scarcely  perceptible;  the  globules;   v» 
extremely  minute  and  whitish,  and  of^  a  saponaceous  A 

consistence.  The  fluid  below,  was  of  a  light  colored,  #  m*.# 
rich,  gruolly  appearance.  No  sediment  deposited.  To 
complete  the  chymificution  of  the  contents  of  No.  1,  I 
added  two  drachms  more,  clear  gastric  juice,  and  con- 
tinued it  in  axilla,  twelve  hours  longer ;  at  the  end  of  * 
this  time,  the  coagulas  were  reduced  to  a  very  thin  lay*- 
er ;  the  oily  pellicle  entirely  dissolved,  and  the  liquid  oi 
a  rich  gruel ly  color  and  consistence.  No  sediment  sub- 
sided on  standing. 

'*n'^.       iff  I  •-> 


• 


4 


t^Ji 


f' 


'h^ti 


Experiment  H.  ^*»^,  ^^  '^^^^, 


Oct.  1.  Mixed  four  drachms  oi  sweet,  skimmed  milk 
with  four  drachms  of  gastric  juice,  and  kept  in  axilla. 
The  juice  fell  to  the  bottom,  when  first  put  together,  as 
with  the  cream ;  but  when  shaken,  and  raised  to  90  deg. 
or  100  deg.  temperature,  formed  into  loose  and  coarser 
coagulce,  than  the  cream,  which  were  diffused  and  sus- 
pended through  the  milky  fluid.  Continued  in  axilla 
eight  hours,  the  coagulae  were  more  collected,  firmer  and 
more  than  half  diminished.  The  fluid  of  a  light  whey, 
or  thin  gmel-color  and  consistence,  with  a  few  loose, 
white  flocCuli,  and  a  creamy  pellicle  on  the  top* 

Oct.  2.  Continued  i".  axilla  eight  hours  more,  j^ 
coagulae  were  almost  completely  dissolved  ;' fluid  ^ 


:^^' 


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XPERIJjIENTS  AND 

W^cbijf  on\M^mB.{x\ed  gruel^  a  few  light  flocculi  on  the 
^    sifRace,  buTno  creaky  pellicle ;  a  little  coarse  sedimAit, 
||K||j^fti*-lMse,  white  coagulfiB  at  the  bottonh       -    -^  -■^  ■-■  >  ^■ 
^^       ^"f   4,  .u«  JJ.KI  ffMiAii  'tiMiv.    i-ijtt  ,e•|vi*»»«i■»^«>l,'lWf• 
L  Jl  f„      '  rExperimcnt  5o.  .  ^.4»    .*  iv,'iNih**'4rt 

^»  %H  Oct.  3.    Put  fifteen  drops  of  gastric  juice  into  thrfee 
dtathms  of  sw6et  fnil/c,  at  the  temperature  of  65  deg. ; 
■♦.anslight  appearance  of  very  fine  coagulae,  was  first  ex- 
hibited, but  not  so  as  to  become  distinctly  scpoiated,  till 
«  afjter  the  temperature  was  raised  to  85  deg.  or  90  deg., 
^when  the  whole  mass  gradually  formed  into  a  tremu- 
lous, jelly-like  curd,  which,  after  cooling,  and  standing 
at  rest  a  few  hours,   separated  into  two   about  eqUal 
ffarts;  a  soft,  caseous  substance,  and  a  thin  light  color-^ 
ed  Whey. 


•<fU.. 


Eccperiment  56. 

Oct.  3.  Put  two  drachms'  of  the  soft,  caseous  stih'^ 
stance  formed  in  the  above  experiment,  (55)  into  one 
ounce  of  gastric  juice,  and  placed  in  axilla,  six  hours ; 
at  the  end  of  this  time^  the  curd,  or  caseous  substance, 
was  nearly  all  dissolved ;  the  menstruum  of  a  white'" 
oruel-like  appearance,  with  a  thin  pellicle  of  loose,  white 
coa^'ulfB  oh  the  surface.  In  four  hours  more,  it  was  all 
dissolved ;  the  fluid  richer,  and  perceptibly  acid.       .  . 

r->i|^t^?^*A#>^  E:,periment  57.     ^  ^  '   '  ;„. 

-^   Oct.  13.    9  o'clock,  A.  M.    Into  one  ounce  of  gastric  * 
iuice    I  put  one  and  a  half  drachms  of  the  medulla 


¥i 


■■w 


*>!,,»: 


.'•  .,>  ,1^4.  ^.  •:'  ■?: 


^•A.-'.-Mi''    "•^■. 


1^ 


•1^ 


apinaiis  of  ah  ox,  enveloped  >  in' itA'  ^ 

and  placed  it  on  the  sand  bath,  or  f^axillli, 
At  3  o'dpck,  P.  M^  examined^»-the^  ^medulla  Had 
out  of  its  envelope,  and  when  taken  out  and^epa 
fi^m  the  fluid,  by  the  filter,  weighed  fifteen  grains  f 
neurilema,  at  the  sume  time,  weignMI  eighteen  grai 
Put  these  remaining  portions  into  two*  drachms  fres: 
gastric  juice,  and  continued  in  axiUi^  Ax  hours.    Att^^.   ^    . 
o'clock,  P.  M.,  the  remainder  of  the  medullary  portionL  f^^ 
weighed  eight  grains,  and  the  neurilema,  nine  grainJT  \ 
Continued  in  axilla,  three  hours  longer,  the  medullqnr '^ 
part  weighed  three  grains,  and  the  neurilema,  fo^^l 
grains.    The  menstruum  was  now  a  rich,  iriHk  whi 
lic^uid,  of  nearly  the  consistence  of  cream.    A  loose,  jjj^^tif 
sediment  fell  to  the  bottom,  on  standing;  thefiuiare% 
tained  its  rich,  milky  whiteness  and  creamy  consistence. 


'f 


Oct.  14.  9  o'clock,  A.  M.,  put  half  a  4rachm  oi  med- 
ullary substance,  the  brain  of  an  ox,  bo'^'^d,  into  four 
drachms  of  gastric  juice,  and  kept  it  on  ti'o  bath,  fre- 
quently agitated,  six  hours,  when  it  was  al"  dissolved, 
and  had  produced  a  rich  milky  fluid,  with  a  loose,  light 
sediment. 


■^  Experiment  59. 

Obt.  15.     Put  twelve  grains  of  solid*  tee/*  hone,  broken 

into  small  pieces,  with  the  periosteum  attached  to  one 

side,  into  one  ounce  of  fresh  gastric  juice,  and  kept  in 

axilla  twelve  hour^.    At  this  time  the  periosteum  was 

25 


■■%-uf' 


-  y" 


■Jat. 


i"' 


•,:  :^ 


.^' 


la^r 


BRN»NTB   AND  * 

weight  of  th«  bone,  ten  grains.    Ad- 


decTsix  drachms  of  gfestric  juice,  considerabfy  vitiated. 


't^'iieatly  dfSi 

i  g  ^^nd  continued  in  axilla  nine  hours,  and  the  bont  jseigh- 
fj2    v^fi'd  nine  grains.    The  menstruum  was  now  a  wni'i-'h 
lue  fluid,  about  the  consistence  of  clear,  thin  ^rueL 
a  little  light  brown  sediment,  settling  to  the  bot- 
tom, on  standing.     Added  one  ounce  more  gastric  juice, 

*  and,continued  it  ia  axilla,  twelve  hours.    The  weight 

•  r  of  the  bone,  at  the  end  of  this  time,  was  six  grains.  The 
oi)%rity  and  richness  of  the  fluid  increased;  smell, 
slightly  fa;tid.     DiscoDtinued  the  experiment. 

.  ^   "'<     The  result  o.f  this,  confirms  the  correctness  of  some 
^    "^rmer  obecrvations,  in  similar  experiments,  and  suflSi- 

ciently  demonstrate  the  solubility  of  solid  bone,  in  the 

l^stric  juice  of  the  human  stomach. 


itf"' 


H- 


Experiment  00. 

c,f^  Od.  17.     1  o'clock,  P.  M.,  I  put  twenty  grains  of 

boiled  mutton  sitct,  cold,  and  divided  into  small  pieces, 
into  six  drachms  of  gastric  juice,  tinged  with  bile,  and 
kept  it  in  axilla,  seven  hours.  The  undissolved  resi- 
duum, separated  by  the  filter,  now  weighed  ten  grains  ; 
and  the  fluid  was  as  white  as  milk,  and  about  the  con- 
sistence of  thick  gruel ;  there  was  no  appearance  of  any 
oily  particles ;  it  seemed  to  have  been  coagulated,  and 
converteltl  i.uto  chyme,  like  milk  or  albumen ;  the  chy- 
mous  part  very  jnuch  resembled  that  formed  from  med- 
ullary substance.  ,  Continued  in  "axilla,  three  hours 
longer,  it  was  all  dissolved,  and  the  richness  of  the  fluid 
considerably  increased. 


-\>Kl 


r* 


W   V 


^l^OBIiRITATtOira. 


^ 


%;^  »i 


'  Oc/.  261  '  2  o^clpck,  P..  M.,  put.  91^8  drac)»n  c^ttaj-t^  -*  . 
into  o^iG  ounce  of  gastric  juice,  fresh  froip  the  stpina9hi 
and  placed  it  in  axilla.    8  o'clock,  30  ipinss,  all  dissgtlv-     ^ 
ed  and  chymifi^d ;  fluid,  as  usual,  from  sucli  alimq^t^of,  ^fr 
iioioT  and  consistence  of  rich  gruel. 


■i-iiS' 


Experiment  62. 


..fe 


1  1/ 


Nov.  1,  1833.  To  pne  ounpe  of  gastric  juice,  tafcen 
from  the  stomach  iti  J9eo.,  1832,  (and  whicli  was  as  pui^ 
as  when  first  extracted,)  I  oddc4  tliirtj^  grains  of  /cow, 
boiled  mutton,  masticated.  Kept  in  axilla,  six  hours,  it 
dissolved  sixteen  grains.  The  iluid  exhibited  the  usual 
appearance  of  chyme. 


#' 


If 


> 


292 


EXVSftTMENTS  A17D 


TABLE, 

IShomng^the  mean  time  of  digestion  0/  the  different 
Ariiaea  of  Diety  rwiurallyy  in  the  Stom>ach,  and  arti- 
ficially j  in  Vials,  on  a  bath. 

Tbs  proportion  of  fattrio  juleo  to  aliment,  in  artifictni  digattion^  wai  gtntrallf 
ciUeaiaiad  at  one  ouuee  oftiie  former  to  one  draohm  of  tlie  latter,  tlie  bath  Iwinf  kept 
a*  nf«r  as  praetioable  at  the  natural  temiierature,  100  deg.  Faliionhek,  with  fluent 
agitation. 


Articles  of  Diet. 


Rice, 

Sago, 

Tapioca, 

Barley, 

Milk, 

Milk, 

Gelatine, 

Pig's  ftet,  soused, 

Tri]^,  soused, 

Brains,  animal, 

Venison,  steak. 

Spinal  marrow,  animal^ 

Turkey,  doinresticated, 

Turkey,  domesticated, 

Turkey,  wild, 

Goose,  wik], 

Pig,  suckir^. 

Liver,  beers,  fresh, 

Lamb,  fresh. 

Chicken,  futl  growr^ 

Eggs,  fresh, 

Eggs,  fresh, 

Eggs,  fresh) 

Eggs,  fVesh, 

Eggs,  fresh, 

Eggs,  whipped. 

Custard, 

Codfish,  cured  dry, 

Trout,  salmon,  fresh, 

Trobt,  salmon,  fVesh, 

Bass,  striped,  firesh. 


Moan  tim£  of  Chyn.  ification. 


In  stomach. 

In  viah 

. 

prep. 

h.  m. 
1  00 

prep. 

h.  m. 

boiled 

1  45 

boiled 

3  15 

boiled 

2  00 

boiled 

3.20 

boiled 

2  00 

boiled 

2  00 

boiled 

4  15 

raw 

2  15 

raw 

4  45 

boiled 

2  30 

boiled 

4  45 

boiled  • 

1  00 

♦ 

boiled 

1  00 

bbiled 

1  45 

boiled 

4  30 

broiled 

1  35 

boiled 

2  40 

boiled 

^%^ 

PCiASted 

2  3ft 

boiled 

2  25 

roasted 

3  18 

' 

roasted 

%  30 

.  . 

roasted 

2  30 

«  ' 

broiled 

^00 

cut  fine 

6  30 

broiM 

2  30 

' 

fricasseed 

^45 

hard  boiled 

3  30 

hard  boiled 

8  00 

soil  boiled 

3  00 

soil  boiled 

6  30 

fVied 

3  30 

.   * 

roasted 

^15 

. 

^'rav? 

2  00 

row 

4  15 

TftV 

1  30 

whipped 

4  00 

baked 

a  45 

baked 

6  30 

boiled 

2  OCV 

boiled 

5  00 

boiled 

1  30 

boiled 

aso 

fried 

1  30 

i 

broiled 

aoo 

.-.<;-'       9 

^ 


pi"*P|;" '  *',fff  !^^  <!•  ^M^ 


eBSEHyATIONR. 


mr- 


*^M 


TA^l^T^Contiiiued. 


Articles  of  Diet. 


\i  »*»■*»«>;  »4 


>.»-,-ni. 
I  ii<    i  ■ 


Plotintld^  fresh,      '  ^^*  " 

Catfish,  fresh, 

Salmon,  salted. 

Oysters,  i'resh. 

Oysters, freish,*  >  ,* 

Oysters,  fresh. 

Beef  fresh,  leai^,  rare, 

Beef,  fresh,  lean,  dry, 

Beef  steak, 

BeeiJ  steak, 

BejBf,,steak, 

Beef,  witli  salt  only, 

Beeif,  iiv^ith  mustard,  &c. 

Beeif  fresh,  leap, 

Beef, 

Beef,  old,  hard  salted, 
Porl^,  steak,,  ,,j         ^^  ( 
Pork,  fat  and  lean,      ■•   > 
Porlt,  recently  saltcdy , 
Pork,  recently  salted. 
Pork,  recently  salted, 
Pork,  recently  salted, 
Folk,  recently  salted, 
Mutton,  J  fr6ah, 
Mutton, 'fr^sh,.,,,. 
Mutton,  fresh,  ^,^  . 

Mutton,  fresh,  >f^  ^ 

VeaJ,  fresh, 
Ve^j.  fresh, 
Fowls,  domestic,       ,,; 
Fowls,  domestic,        .  ^  . 
Ducka,  domeftticated, 
Duj^B^wild. 
Su^beef,fjr^. 
IBuejt,  mutton,  ,u,,      .  ,  < 
BuHt^r,        .;,,,; 
Cream, 

Cheese,  old,  strong,  .y^ 
Cheese,  old,  strone. 
25* 


Mean  time  of  Chymificctio^- 


\ 


In  stomach. 


prep. 


fried 

boiled 

raw 

I  roasted 

stewed 

roasted 

roasted 

broiled 

broiled 

raw 

l^oiled 

boiled 

boiled 

,  boiled 

!  hoiled 

broiled 

^rqastqd 

boiled 

broiled 

rajy 
s^wed 
rpijisted 
bjToiled 
br.oiled 
j   Ijpiled 
broiled 
.  fneiiM. 
bpil^ 
^roasted 
rpaated 
roiled 
bpued 
boiled 
melted 

i  raw 


h.  m. 


30 
30 
00 
55 
16 
30 
00 
30 
00 


2  45 

3  30 


00 
15 
15 
15 
80 
15 
15 
00 
00 
15 


3  00 


3 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
5 
4 
3 


00 
00 
30 
00 
00 
00 
30 
30 
30 
30 


3  30 


Invialft.   * 

1   i     -u   i"~ 


prep. 


h.  m. 


boiled 
raw,  entir 

Stewed 
roasted 
roasted 
masticated 
cut  fine 
cut  fine 


masticated 
entire  p. 


masticated 


raw 


masticated 
unmas'd 


masUc'.d^ 

])■■■■ 

entire  p. 
divided' 


raw.  25  30 
magUckU;  7, 15> 
entire  p.    13  DC 


12  30 


6  30 


8  30 


6  45 

8  3a,  J 


mm 


,>■  *  •'■a 


\  / 


^A 


m 


'if^. 


IM'^ 


Articles  M  Diet. 

..|Wfc»^  . 


ExiPERiMl^Nlfs  AND 


TABtE^eoniinued. 


Cheese,  new,  mild, 

$oup,  be0f,  veg.  and  bread, 

Soqp,  marrow  bunes, 

Soup,  bes(n, 

Soup,  barley, 

Soup,  mutton, 

Green  corn  ami  beans, 

t)liicken  soup, 

Oyster  soup, 

Hash,  meat  a^W  veg. 
^  Sausage,  fresh, 
^l^rtj  animal, 
i(Tf(ndon, 
j,|rendon, 

Cartilage, 

Cartilage. 
-^ApPbneuro'sis,  ' 
jh'Boine,  beef's  solid^ 
,  3046,  hog'sj  solid, 

Beans,  pod, 

Brei>d,  wheat,  fresli^ 

•'Bredd,  6orn; 

Qake,  corn, 
Ygttke,. sponge, 
'  Dumpling,  apple, 
^Apples,  sour,  hard, 
j|^^  X jjples,  iiou\^," mellow, 

Apple*,  sweety  mellow, 

Parsnips,    >  ^ 


f 

Parsmps,    ,jj 

«V- 

Carrot,  oif&hgfe, 

M 

Carrot,  orange. 

ljf 

Carri^  orange, 

£■ 

Beets, 

i. 

Turnips,  flat, 

m  ■ 

Potatoes,  Irish, 

'$r 

Potatoes,  Irish, 

i- 

Potatoes,  Irish, 

Mmn  time  of  Chymification. 

Ih  stomach. 

In  vialsl 

prep. 

h.  m. 

prep. 

h.  m. 

divided 

8  30 

. « 

raw 

60  oa 

boiled! 

^*0O 

ti 

boiled 

4  15 

boiled' 

3  00 

boiled 

1  30 

boiled 

3  30 

boiled 

3  45 

boiled 

3  00 

boiled 

3  30 

warmed 

2  30 

broiled 

3  20 

fried  . 

4  00 

entire  p. 

13  30 

boiled 

5  30 

niasticated 

12  45 

,. 

entire  p. 

24  00 

boilecl 

.lib 

masticated 

10  03 

•'■'■■■  -'  •   Vl  M? 

I'tTTv  ' 

divided 

12  Oft 

boiled 

3  00 

boiled 

6  SO- 

!  •>/; 

entire  p. 

SO  00 

entire  p. 

80  00- 

>oiled:' 

'2  30 

'baked 

3  30 

masticated 

4  3a 

baked 

3  15 

] ' 

baked 

3  00 

.  ' 

.  baked 

2  ,30 

.,  broken,  ^ 

6. 15^ 

boiled 

3  do 

,■'  \ 

r^w 

2  50 

entire  ps. 

IS  00 

faw*  . 

12  00 

niastipated 

&  30 

raw     ' 

1  30 

masticated 

6  45 

boiled, 

2  30 

■i  mashed 

6,45 

boiled 

entire,  p. 

13. 15 

raw 

entire  p. 

18  00 

boiled 

2  la 

-mashed 

6  45 

entire  p. 

12  30 

ra,w,  do. 

17  15 

boiled 

3  45 

boiled 

3  30 

boiled 

3  30 

mashed 

8  30 

entire  p.. 

14  00 

roasted 


2  30 


>*     Xi 


Ill  ■  JV.pii!p  ■'  Jiiiii'^-'!iiPjyf'iJ''*>^  ' mm 


Meian  time  of  ChymiJicatiortS^ 

Articles  of  Diet 

In  stomach.    ^ 

m^  In  viala. 

.(»  .«f      , 

prep. 

h.  m. 

prop.      h.  m. 

Potatoes,  Irish, 
Cabbage,  he^d. 
Cabbage,  with  vinegar. 
Cabbage, 
Peach,  mellow, 
Peach,  mellow. 

baked 
raw 
raw 

boiled 

*2  30. 
2  30 
2  00 
4  30 

masticated 
shaved  . 
boiled 

cut  small 
mashed  ^ 

12  pO 
10  16 
20  00 
10  00 
6  00 

1'.l»' 


'  The  foregoing  table  is  formed  from  all  the  experiments  made 
iopon  St  Martin,  since  1825,  taking  the  average  from  such  qb 
were  generally  performed  under  the  naturally  healthy  condition 
of  the  stomaoh,  and  ordinary  exercise. 

•  The  mean  timec  of  artificial  chymification,  have  been  taken 
frbni  Bubh  experiments  as  were  generally  made  with  the  piiire 
gastric  juice,  or  such  as  was  too  slightly  vitiated,  to  impair  its 
spl vent  e0ect,  in  any  essential  degree. 

They  exhibit  the  average,  w  Jiear  as  practicable,  for  the  di- 
gestion of  one  drachm  of  alimentary  matter,  in  one  ounce  of  gas- 
tric juice;  or  in  about  that  proportion,  counting  the  time  actually 
kept  on  ti:ie.bath,  or  in  the  axilla: 

i  Kxcepijlons,  however,  must  be  made  for  the  bone,  oil,'  cream, 
and  one  or  two  other  articles,  which  chymify  much  slower  and 
more  diflSculily,  than  the  less  cpncentrated  aliments.  * 

,,  Severll  experiments  have  beeh  omitted,  especially  when  th^y 
Tfcjrp  oflb^^jiatne  kinds,  and j^roduced  similar  results. 


#■■ 


m  "$ 


i- 


' 


4 


:^\ 


1^ 


.^«^-','A*t'' 


m 


EXPERIMENTS  AND 


iSKdwing  the  temperature  of  the  interior  of  the  tSfornach, 
in  different  conditions,  taken  in  different  seasons  of 
the  yedr,  apd  at  various  ti^nes  of  the  day,  from  5 
o'clock  in  the  morning ^  till  12  o'clock  at  night. 


Pat*. 


1829. 

DeoG 
7 
8 
0 

1830, 

Jaq24 
25 

Mr  17 

18 

9 

18^i^ 

o 

•^6 

7 

8 

18 

14 

15 

22 

23 

r25 

t 

27 
28 
39 
80 
3 
1833 
Jan-1 


Wind 


;  HI' 

9 
N  W 

N  W 

s  w 

N  W 


N  \Y  snowijng 


E 

N   E 

S 
N 

N  W 
W 


ft 


Weather, 


cl'dy  art!  damp 
cl'dy  and  damp 
clear  and  dry 
clear 

clear  and  cold 
clear 
rainy 
clear 


Toitn .  k.  opniiir'nofitoini 


Tb 


',tii 


Empty. 


rop«t 


cl'dy  and  damp 


variable       ,, 
cl'dy  and l^amp 
foul  and  damp 
clear  (. 

clear       ***    ' 
clear 
clear 
cl'dy  and  damp 

rainy 


■AiS 


63 
27 
13 
10 

0 


35 
30 

38 
28 
46 


31 
38 
38 
62 
34 


30 


930  *- 
98'* 
99 
99 


100 
100 

99 
100 

98 


100 

[V\) 

)9 

>0 

1( 

100, 
100' 
100^ 
100, 
100 
9i 


ei'oii 


100 

1 


*;i 


00 

ooil 


loo 


■  1  'r 
4lt 


101 


101 

101. 

Ill 


Ml 


%m 


'■  burlng 
OhymiAcat'ti 


rtpoa 


100 


100 
99 


100 
lOd 
IQU 

m 

lOQ 


IrWOWJ  «    S:Slft» 


•NlWi^- 


«x'oU 

rrr 


»JKii  i 


102 

■  h 
lOli 


101 
101 


.^i 


'>..i. 


Romarka. 


iTK; 


,.*  >»<•■• 


atomach  mprbid,<  { 
stomach  mprbici* 

stomacSi,  morbi4 
stonaachi  D^prbii^; 

..      i  ■•■         i    : 

stomach  morbid| 
ston^n^Clh  morbid. 


»i 


{*'..(• 


f  i-ri  ■ 


»i 


.)  .  iitfUii}  weitwv 


sK^HIJ^jnorbWi 


i     4 


W  '"^ 


wm 


• 

*'dB8EiivATION0. 

">^          1 

TABLfj—Continued.                                                     >lH  | 

Wind 
NE 

W«tthor. 

Th 

Tani.  <e  eundii'n  of  •(om. 

Remarkf.                                        fl 

DaU. 

Em|ity. 

J^urinf 
cHPmificat'n 

npoi 

ox'cii 

repoi 

os'cii 

'^ki\ 

Jan  7 

cl'dy  and  damp 

48 

100» 

fX% 

11 

8  W 

clear 

15 

100 

>                           m  \ 

18 

cl'm 

cloudy  and  dry 

12 

100 

101 

100 

1004 

titomach  morbid.                      S 

1^ 

N  W 

clear 

28 

100 

1014 

'.^M    : 

NB 

cloudy  and  dry 

a5 

100 

101 

.u 

17 

NW 

clear  and  dry 

19 

100 

100 

102 

fltomack  morbid«                     "^m 

23 

N  E 

rainy 

39 

looa 

1011 

'i            cwM 

24 

N 

cl'dy  and  damp 

39 

100^ 

loii 

• 

'^1  i  1 

24 

NE 

rainy 

9Qii 

after  sleeping.                         ^^B    1 

25 

8 

36 

99 

before  rising.                          ^^H    i 

26 

38 

1001 

102 

-Jh 

26 

N  W 

cleijr 

36 

loei) 

1001 

101 

004  after  sleeping                    "^B 

27 

cl'm 

cloudy 

32 

09a 

lOU 

994  before  rising.                    ^m 

28 

8  W 

cletir 

35 

101* 

1014 

.  .';^,:       iJH 

28 

SW 

clear 

46 

ion 

1014 

""^ilB 

28 

lou 

1014 

<<^B 

20 

N  E 

clear 

28 

1001 

U)14 

102 

100  before  rising.                     '''^m 

30 

NE 

cl'dy  and  damp 

39 

lOU 

lOli 

102 

994  before  rising.                     ^1H 

31 

NB 

rainy 

45 

1014 

lOU 

100  before  rising.                       fl 

Febl 

NW 

clear 

28 

101 

103 

100  before  rising.                      *^ 

Mr  26 

clear 

• 

1004 

101 

v-fl^l 

JttJyO 

W 

cl'dy  and  damp 

100 

Before  rising.                           'wm 

10 

w 

clear 

63 

100 

101 

I^^^V 

11 

N  E 

cloudy 

65 

100 

101 

IB 

12 

W 

clear 

70 

1004 

1011 

^m 

13 

cl'm 

clear 

69 

1001 

1015 

jft^^^H 

.   14 

8 

variable 

75 

100 

108 

15 

W 

clear 

74 

100 

102 

W 

clear 

74 

1004 

• 

1011 

'f^^^H 

16 

W 

cloudy 

78 

101 

1014 

'.^^^1 

28 

NW 

clear 

66 

101 

H     •  ^1 

OctlO 

W 

fair 

61 

100 

1014 

1014 

gjH 

8 

rainy 

61 

101} 

102 

103 

.J^^H  ' 

11 

NW 

fair 

32 

100 

102 

102 

11 

1011 

1011 

xi^^^H 

12 

8 

cloudy 

36 

101 

. 

101 

''w^M 

13 

NE  rainy               1 

101 

101   102 

'^m 

*At  thill  and  th«  ■uhMqnant  examintlioiut  lh«  bulb  of  the  tli«rinoimt«r  was  plaead 
throe  or  four  iiiohea  nearer  the  pylorui  than  before,  and  exhibited  an  inereaM  of  tem- 
perature, indicating  t  difference  of  three-fourths  of  a  degree,  between  the  iplenic  and 
pytorio  extreipetiea.  * 


'P**.1»"'''^FW 


rr^m^ 


998 


BXPBJIIMCNT8  &C. 


Abstract  of  Dmipcraturc  of  thn  Stomach. 
Whon  empty,  and  In  repoio,  highoit,  100|     '         )  }liQ^n^  I00i» 


Whon  ompty,  and  in  tfipoio,  luwost,    08 

When  empty,  and  cxorci«hff,  highest,  102, 
When  ompty,  and  exorcising,  lu\V(«pt,  100, 


I  Moan,  10U<> 


Full,  or  during  chymifloation,  in  repose,  highest,  103,  ^  kf  .     innio 

Full,  or  during  lUiyniincation,  in  repose,  lowest,  09,  S  '        ' 

Pull,  during  chymification,  in  exorcise,  highest,  103,  ^  »*  ,„  miio 

Pull,  during  chymincalion,  in  exorciso,  lowest,  1004,  {  ♦       * 


In  all  tho  obsorvations  ptcviously  to*tho  4tli  of  De- 
cember, 1832,  tho  cxumiiuitions  wore  made  with  a  Mer- 
curial Thormomctoi',  (Fahrenheit's)  and  north  of  latitude 
43^.  Subsequently,  and  to  March,  1833,  tho  examina- 
tions wore  made  at  Wasliington,  p.  C,  in  latitude  38^ 
53',  with  the  spirit  thermonjetfer,  from  Pool's  Barometer, 
vr\\\c\L  varied  half  a  degree  from  the  mercurial  one. 
From  July  ^,  to  Novcrnbor,  1833, 1  used  Pool's  Glass 
Chemical  Spirit  Thermometer,  (Fahrenheit's  scale)  at 
Pittsburgh,  N.  Y.,  in  latitude  about  44°  40',  N. 


^Pi 


w=^'> 


.*. 


fv> 


f-i, 


INFEIIENCES,  ,   , 

i 

fVum  thvfo?^g0ng  Experiments  and  Observations. 

1.  That  rt»t//i«/ and /ammceon*  alihieiits  are  more* 
easy  of  digustion  than  vvji^ctabta.  * 

2.  That  tlip  Niiscoptibility  of  digestion  does  not,  how- 
cver,,c||>jpojtid^jiflltogethoj:>iijnpn  natural  or  c/^ewtca/ dis- 
tinctions. ,  *        ^     *,    ,  '  , 

3.,Timt.digesi^ion  is  IJiciUtated  Jby  minutcnoss  o{ di- 
vision and  tciiUcrnass  Jn  fibre,  cyjd  rotardod  by  opposite^ 
qualities.* 

4.  Tliat  the  ultimate  principlefoi  aliment  arc  always 
the  same,  from  ^ivhiitover  food  they  may  be  obtained. , 
.^6..  That  thpj^ct^on, of  the  stomach,  and  its  fluids  are 
the  same  on  all  kinJ.3  of  diet. 

G.  T.hHt!t}ie(/i^e5^%7i^y^  of  aliment  does  not  depend 
upon  the  quantity  of  nutrient  principles  that  it  contains.      ,^^. 

7.  That  the  quantity  of  food  generally  taken,  is  more  ^p| 
than  the  wants  of  the  system  rcquirp ;  and  that  such  *  !►  \ 
excess,  if  persevered  in,  generally  produces,  not  only  .  .  - 
functional  aberration,  but  disease  of  the  coats  of  the  1|  f 
stomach. 

8.  That  bul/c,  as  well  as  nutriment,  is  necessary  to  th9      '*^ 
articles  of  diet. 

9.  Thcft*ot/y  food  is  difficult  of  digestion,  though  it 
cott.ta;in8  a  large  proportion  of  the  ijutrient  principl^^^^^ 


m 


y"- 


10.  That  the  time  required  for  the  digcst^ofupf  food, 
is  various,  depending  upon  the  quantity  and^qualitv  of 
the  food,  state  of  the  stomach,  d&c;  but  thartKe^uM^ 
bhlinariiy  required  for  the  disposal  of  a  modbJilte  hieal 
of  the  fibrous  parts  of  meat,  with  bread,  ^c^  is**5rroft 
three  to  three  And  a:  half  hours*  '  "^  *' 

11.  That  solid  food,  of  a  certain  texture,  isedsiet'^bf 
.  digestion,  thaa/uie?.  f  ♦  ^* 

12.  That  sffmulating^onrftmeyt/g  ai#injuriou*t6''the 
it^^ealthy  stomach.        •^  '      "*  ''tf*^ 

^  IS.^hat  the  use  of  ardent  spirits  always  produces 
disease  of  the  stomach,  if  persevered  in.  fv»*f«w-«« 

14.  That  hunger  iS  the  effect  of  rfw/en/»on'^of  the  Ves- 
sels that  secrete  the  gastric  jifice. .  » «t#^  V;^   »* 

1  fi'5.'  That  the  processfes  tW  mastication^  itisali9htion  ahd 

deglutitiony  in  an  abstract  poin^f  vievf,  do  not,'  in  in'j^ 

way^  affect  the  digestioif  of  foodf  or,  in*othfl6f  woirds, 

when  food  is  introduced  directly  intt)  the  stomach,  in  a 

finely  divided  state,  without  these  previous  stips,  it  ih  as 

readily  and  aft  perfectly  digested  as  when' tKey  have 

becntaken.  "'*  ^^         ^      ^ 

16.  That  saliva  does  not  possess  the  properties  of  ah 

alimentary  solvent.  "       "*    '  >  **v     «^ 

,i^'17.'  That  the  first  stage  of  dig;estion  i§  effected  in  the 

stomach.         »  '  .j* 

f       '  18.  That  the  n^tuiaUemperature  of  the  stomach  is 

IQfif  deg.  Fahtenheit.  >     .     -B 

^M^^That  th^illilperatuire  is  not  elevated  by  the  inges^ 
tioirof  food.   '' •  "  '   ^^ 

■  zOr  That^^er^fi  elevates  the  temperatu|e;  a^^^t^at 


ste^^^eMi  in  a  ]recumbeggpQ9^tipn,  depres^^^t 
2)k.  Thatt^  agenf  of  chymification  is  the 


■M. 


:.|P'. 


kM>^ 


*! 


V , ,. 


INFERENCES. 


301 


^'       22.  That  it  acts  as  a  solvmf,  of  j^fejiL  ^^  alters  its  .      ^^ 
proportios. 

23.  Tliat  its  aqtion  is  facilitated  by.thu  ^varmth  ^.w\ 
motioiis  of  tho  stomach. 

24.  That  it  contains   free  Muriatic  Acid  and  sonic 
other  active  c/tewMcar principles.  '    "%. 

25.  That  it  is  never  fonnd  free  in  the  gastric  .':avity;.^  r**' ' 
but  is  always  excited  to  discharge  itself  by  the  kitro-  '••* 
duction  of /oof/,  or  otlier  irriturttfi.  '♦^^. 

26.  That  it  is  secreted  from  vessels  distinct  f|gm  tho     ;^'  '•,  ^J 


■  i't  'J  'i  'Imi 


n 


mucous  follicles. 

27.  That  it  is  seldom  obtained  pure,  but  is  generally 
mixed  with  mucus,  and  sometimes  with  saliva.  When 
pi^re,  it  incapable  of  being  kcpt^  for  months,  and  per- 
haps for  years.*  ,L 

28.  That  it  coagulates  albumen,  and  afterwards  rfw- 

solves  iho  coagulai,,->  *f\s'<'^^*i'\^f^mWv**'"    m  ''^ 

29.  That  it  checks  the  progress  of  putrefaction. 

30.  That  tho  pure  gastric  juice  i»  fluid,  clear  and 
transparent;  without  odor;  a  little  salt,  and  perceptibly 
add,  <♦  .'..•>'.-•♦- aifv^  v>ji, fi*.  :    ■    '  ♦ 

31.  That  like  other  chemical  agents,  it  commences 
its  action  on  food,  as  soon  as  it  comes  in  contact  with 
it.  '-■^--  • 

32.  That  it  is  capable  of  coiuhining  with  a  certain  and 
fixed  quantity  of  food,  and  when  more  aliment  is  pre- 
sented for  its  action  than  it  will  dissolve,  disturbance 
of  the  stomach,  or  "  indigestion,"  will  ensue. 

♦  I  Have  now  (Nov.  1,  1833)  in  my  possesion,  some  clear  gas- 
tric juic^  possessing  all  its  original  properties*  unchanged  and 
undiminished,  which   was  taken  from  thd  stomach  in  December, 
1832,  about  eleven  months  ago,  and  has  been  kept  tightly  corked 
in  vials.  ■'^''  , ,,  "  t','--    ;^:'>"^5v'-i. 

26 


u 


•;;..v*^ 


i 


■'iv.. 


^ 


'4' 


^     302 


A- 

INFERENCES. 


***»      "#1 


*  i* 


^.      ♦ 


33.  Th^  it  beconjes  intimately  ^nized  and  blmdcdjtft 
witli  dhe  iiigestu;  in  tlic  stoniacli,  by  the  motions  of  that 

34.  That  it  ia  invariably  the  same  substance,  modi* 
jfied  only  by  admixture  with  other  fluids,     j 

B5.  That  gentle  exercise  facilitates  the  digestion  of 
food. 

3^  That  bile  is  not  ordinarily  found  in  the  stomachy 
and  is  not  commonly  necessary  for  the  digestion  of  food : 
but    _^ 

37.^hat,  whei}.  oily  food  has  been  used,  it  assists  its 
digestion.  i  .  :  ,  ., 

38.  That  chyme  is  homogeneous,  but  variable  .in  its 
color  diiidi  consist&ice.,  ^\ 

39.  That  towards  |]he  latter  stages  of  chyrtiificatflfe,' 
it  becomes  more  acid  and  stimulating,  and  passes  more^ 
fapi^y  fton^the  stomach. 

40.  lUjat  water,  ardent  spirits,  and  most  other ^?«*rf* 
are  not  affedte^  by  the  gastric  juice,  but  pass  from  the 
stomach  soon  after  they  have  been  received. 

41.  That  the  inner  coat  of  the  stomach,  is  of  a  pale 
pink  color,  varying  in  its  hues,  according  to  its  full  or 
empt^  state. 

'  42.  That,  in  health,  it  is  constantly  sheathed  with  a 
mucous  coat. 
43.  Thgit  the  gastric  juice  and  mucus  are  dissimilar 
*  indieir  physical  and  chemical  properties.  ^ 

*,  44*  That  the  appearance  of  the  interior  of  the  stom- 
aJckf,  in  disease,  is  essentially  different  frpnithat  of  its     .  ^, 
healthy  state.        ^;  ^  ^^'  *  % 

•#^^j^^a|  the  motions  of  the  stomach  produce  a  con- 
stant cKur^ing_of  ijpcontenti^  and  admixture  csf|^pd 
and  gastric  jiSie.    W  *^  '       *    f  *     H,  . 


'■■srh,At 


^*'- 


it 

% 


♦ 


^1    .1 


IttYEREJ^CJEB. 


303 


# 


46.  That  these  motions  are  in  t>^o  directions ;  trans- 
versely and  longitudinally. 

47.  That  the  expulsion  o/  the  chyme  is  assistedf% 
a  transverse  band,  ^c,  ^ 

48.  Thg^chyle  is  formed  in  the  duodenum  and  snijill 
intestines,  by  the  action  of  bile  and  pancreatic  juice^ 
on  the  chyme. 

49.  That  crude  chyle  is  a  semi-transparenty  whey- 
colored  fluid.  *** 

50.  That  it  is  further  changed  by  the  actioi^f  the 
lactedls  and  mesenterid  glands.  Sf hie  is  only  an  infer- 
ence from  the  other  facts.  It  has  %ot  beeif  the  subject 
of  experiment.       '    .  :' 

«..  Tb^i  no  other  fLuid  produ^^the  same  effect^on  ' 
that  gastric  juice  does ;  anomat  it  is  the  onlysQl- 
veni  of  aliment. 


4 


♦ 


^*r 


♦-     . 

#      ?-;' 


» 


'*-•. 


■-^ 


<*.'.!l'. 


m 


n 


■&■ 


^(wtJiTJ 


^^^^m^  '• 


'0C 


it 


#1  "^ 


^ 


INDEX. 


.r. 


,«(<•• 
^ 


:i 


'*  HtwkCK  to  2nd  Edition, 
«      %^  £(!Ktion,« 

^TION, 
LRY  OBSettVATIONS, 


n|tlLI]l||§lRY  UBStiltVATIpNI 
#    ipc.     I.  Of  Aligk, 

,  .  «  '*  V  "•  oc  pi«nP 


4\. 


and  Thirst, 


9 
13 
33 


i 


«i 


'  •*   "     ^"'  OP5||ti8f8UJtion  and  Satiety,  -       -       59 

^  V^  jVy  JK^^  Of  HNtication,  Insalivatiori;  and  Deglutition,  63    ** 


H 


>  y^  Of  Digestion  by  the  Gastric  Juice,       -         69 
f||[jj^Of  the  Appearance  of  the  Villous  Coat,  and 
«         •  ^    of  the  Moiflp  ^f  the  Stomach,  -       95 

^    M*    '*    VII.  Of  iSttylificauK,   and  Use  of  the  Bile  and 
"    '       #  Pancreatic  Juice, 

Bxra|iMlwTS— First  Series, 


Second  Series, 
il^ird  Series, 
Jffontih  Series, 
j[o  Examinations,       -      '  ^ 

|il_ri||PrTTT1Tli1  OF  CSTMIFICATION, 

4r  'J^MPE'EATCftB  l&.^lpMACH) 


%    ' 


109 

■^  ^  117      '^ 
1S!S 

17a 

'249 
^        247 
2fii3 

296      % 
8 


1 


# 


.«.    - 


0 


^ffL 


♦■    «,. 


:^ 


^ 


.*^' 

J'*!'"-^ 


m 


;*- 


ri»^ 


4." 


r* 


'>^ 


